All questions of Social Science for Class 9 Exam

Explanation:

Assertion (A): The media was not independent in Zimbabwe.

- The assertion is true. The text mentions that television and radio were controlled by the government and only provided the ruling party's version. Independent newspapers faced harassment from the government, indicating a lack of media independence.

Reason (R): Television and radio had freedom of the press and gave fair and equitable version.

- The reason is false. The text clearly states that the media in Zimbabwe, including television and radio, were not independent and did not provide a fair and equitable version of events. They were controlled by the government, which restricted freedom of the press.

Therefore, option 'C' is the correct answer as assertion (A) is true (lack of media independence) while reason (R) is false (media did not have freedom of the press).

Women did not have the right to vote in Saudi Arabia.
Women in Saudi Arabia were not granted the right to vote until 2015. Prior to that, they were excluded from participating in the country's electoral process. This exclusion was a result of various cultural and societal norms that limited women's participation in public life.

Historical context:
- Saudi Arabia has traditionally been a conservative society with strict gender roles.
- Women were not allowed to participate in elections or hold political office for many years.

Legal changes:
- In 2011, King Abdullah announced that women would be allowed to vote and run for office in the 2015 municipal elections.
- This decision was a significant step towards gender equality and women's empowerment in Saudi Arabia.

Challenges faced by women voters:
- Despite gaining the right to vote, women in Saudi Arabia still face challenges such as restrictions on their mobility and participation in public life.
- Cultural barriers and societal expectations continue to affect women's ability to fully exercise their voting rights.

Progress towards gender equality:
- The inclusion of women in the electoral process marked a significant milestone in Saudi Arabia's journey towards gender equality.
- It is an important step in recognizing women's rights and promoting their participation in decision-making processes.

Most Labour Absorbing Sector of the Economy: Agriculture

Introduction:
In the given options, the most labour absorbing sector of the economy is agriculture. This means that agriculture requires the largest workforce compared to the other sectors mentioned.

Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of why agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy:

1. Nature of Agriculture:
Agriculture involves various activities such as farming, cultivation, livestock rearing, fishing, and forestry. These activities require a significant amount of manual labor, as they involve tasks like sowing seeds, plowing fields, harvesting crops, tending to livestock, and so on.

2. Labor-Intensive Techniques:
Traditionally, agriculture has relied on labor-intensive techniques rather than capital-intensive techniques. Unlike industries where machines and technology have replaced manual labor to a large extent, agriculture still heavily relies on human effort. This is because many agricultural tasks require precision and care, which is best achieved through manual labor.

3. Small and Marginal Farmers:
In many countries, including developing nations, agriculture is primarily practiced by small and marginal farmers who often lack access to advanced machinery. These farmers rely on family labor and hired workers to carry out agricultural activities. As a result, a large number of people are engaged in agricultural work to sustain their livelihoods.

4. Seasonal Nature of Work:
Agricultural activities are often seasonal, requiring a considerable workforce during specific periods such as planting and harvesting seasons. This leads to a temporary surge in agricultural labor demand, attracting individuals from other sectors who may be unemployed or seeking additional income.

5. Employment Generation:
Agriculture plays a crucial role in generating employment opportunities, especially in rural areas. It provides livelihoods for a significant portion of the population, particularly in developing countries. The agricultural sector absorbs a substantial workforce, including farmers, farm laborers, agricultural technicians, and workers in related industries such as food processing and marketing.

Conclusion:
Considering the labor-intensive nature of agriculture, its reliance on manual labor techniques, the prevalence of small and marginal farmers, and its significant contribution to employment generation, it is evident that agriculture is the most labor absorbing sector of the economy.

Explanation:

Assertion (A):
- The rivers of northern mountains are involved in depositional work causing the formation of riverine islands.

Reason (R):
- Due to the gentle slopes in the lower course of the river, its velocity decreases resulting in the formation of riverine islands.

Explanation:
- The assertion is true because the rivers in the northern mountains undergo depositional work due to the decrease in velocity in their lower course, leading to the formation of riverine islands. This process occurs as the rivers carry sediments downstream and deposit them, creating landforms like riverine islands.
- The reason is also true as the gentle slopes in the lower course of the river reduce its velocity, allowing for the deposition of sediments and the formation of riverine islands. This process is a natural consequence of the river's flow dynamics.
Therefore, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains why the rivers of the northern mountains are involved in depositional work, leading to the formation of riverine islands.

2nd Estate - Nobility

The 2nd estate in the traditional feudal system comprised of the nobility. This group consisted of individuals who held hereditary titles and land, often passed down through generations. Nobles were typically granted their titles by the monarch in exchange for their loyalty, military service, or other forms of support.

Characteristics of the Nobility

- The nobility held significant power and influence in society, often controlling vast amounts of land and resources.
- They were exempt from many taxes and had special privileges, such as the right to hunt on their land or hold court.
- Nobles often served as advisors to the monarch and held positions of authority within the government, military, and church.

Role of the Nobility

- The nobility played a crucial role in maintaining social order and stability, as they were responsible for governing their lands and providing protection for their subjects.
- They also played a key role in the feudal system, where they swore loyalty to the monarch in exchange for land and protection.

Decline of the Nobility

- The power and influence of the nobility began to decline with the rise of centralized monarchies and the emergence of a more modern, merit-based society.
- The French Revolution in 1789 marked a significant turning point for the nobility, as many nobles lost their privileges and titles during the upheaval.

In conclusion, the 2nd estate, comprised of the nobility, played a significant role in medieval society but eventually saw its power diminish over time.

Understanding Disguised Unemployment
Disguised unemployment refers to a situation where individuals appear to be employed but are, in fact, not contributing significantly to the productivity of the economy. This type of unemployment often goes unnoticed because people are technically working, yet their roles do not utilize their skills or capacities fully.
Characteristics of Disguised Unemployment
- Underemployment: Individuals may have jobs that do not utilize their skills, education, or experience. For example, a highly qualified engineer working as a manual laborer.
- Low Productivity: The contributions of these workers are minimal. Despite being employed, they do not add value to production, leading to inefficiencies in the labor market.
- Hidden Nature: This form of unemployment is often hidden because it doesn't show up in traditional unemployment statistics. People are counted as employed, even when they are not fully engaged in productive work.
Examples of Disguised Unemployment
- Family Businesses: Many family-run businesses employ family members who may not be actively involved in work, yet they are considered employed.
- Agricultural Sector: In rural areas, farmers may have more workers than needed for their land, leading to many being employed but not effectively contributing to agricultural productivity.
Importance of Addressing Disguised Unemployment
- Economic Growth: Reducing disguised unemployment can lead to increased productivity and economic growth.
- Skill Utilization: It is crucial to match workers with appropriate jobs to ensure that their skills are effectively utilized.
Disguised unemployment highlights the complexity of labor markets and the importance of addressing inefficiencies to enhance overall economic health. Understanding this concept is vital for students studying economics and labor dynamics.

Small scale manufacturing is the most labor absorbing in the secondary sector.

Explanation:

Secondary sector refers to the sector of the economy that involves the processing of raw materials into finished goods. It includes activities such as manufacturing, construction, mining, and quarrying. In this sector, small scale manufacturing stands out as the most labor absorbing option due to the following reasons:

1. Labor-intensive nature: Small scale manufacturing typically involves the use of a significant amount of manual labor. This is because small scale industries often have limited funds and resources, which means they rely heavily on human labor to carry out various tasks. As a result, these industries tend to employ a large number of workers.

2. Diverse job opportunities: Small scale manufacturing encompasses a wide range of industries, such as textiles, food processing, handicrafts, and electronics. Each of these industries requires different types of skills and expertise. As a result, small scale manufacturing provides diverse job opportunities for individuals with varying educational backgrounds and skill sets.

3. Local employment generation: Small scale manufacturing units are often located in rural or semi-urban areas where unemployment rates may be high. By setting up these industries, local employment opportunities are created, allowing individuals in these areas to earn a livelihood without having to migrate to cities in search of work.

4. Potential for entrepreneurship: Small scale manufacturing also offers opportunities for entrepreneurship. Individuals with innovative ideas and skills can start their own small businesses and contribute to the growth of the economy. This promotes self-employment and fosters a culture of innovation and creativity.

5. Economic development: Small scale manufacturing plays a crucial role in the economic development of a country. It contributes to GDP growth, generates income for individuals, and promotes industrialization. Additionally, the labor-intensive nature of small scale manufacturing helps reduce unemployment rates, alleviate poverty, and improve living standards.

In conclusion, small scale manufacturing is the most labor absorbing in the secondary sector due to its labor-intensive nature, diverse job opportunities, local employment generation, potential for entrepreneurship, and its contribution to economic development.

The Old Regime Explained
The term "Old Regime" refers to the societal structure and institutions of France prior to the French Revolution, specifically before 1789. This period was characterized by a feudal system and a distinct social hierarchy.

Key Features of the Old Regime
- Social Structure
- The Old Regime was divided into three estates:
- **First Estate**: The clergy, who held significant power and wealth.
- **Second Estate**: The nobility, enjoying privileges and tax exemptions.
- **Third Estate**: Comprised the vast majority of the population, including peasants, urban workers, and the bourgeoisie, who bore the tax burden.
- Political Authority
- The monarchy held absolute power, with King Louis XVI as a prominent figure. The king was seen as the divine right ruler, and his authority was unquestioned.
- Economic Conditions
- Economic disparity was rampant. The Third Estate faced heavy taxation while the First and Second Estates were largely exempt, leading to widespread discontent and resentment.
- Cultural Aspects
- The Old Regime maintained traditional values and customs, heavily influenced by religion, which played a central role in daily life and governance.

Impact Leading to Revolution
The injustices and inequalities of the Old Regime ultimately fueled the desire for reform and equality among the Third Estate. This discontent culminated in the French Revolution, which sought to dismantle the old feudal structures and establish a new order based on liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Understanding the Old Regime is crucial for grasping the motivations behind the revolutionary changes that transformed French society and influenced the modern world.

Assertion (A): Constituent Assembly Debates has been recorded and preserved.
Reason (R): It is used to interpret the meaning of the Constitution.

The correct answer is option 'A': Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:

The Constituent Assembly Debates refer to the discussions and deliberations that took place during the framing of the Indian Constitution by the Constituent Assembly of India. These debates were recorded and preserved for future reference and have played a crucial role in interpreting the meaning and intent of the Constitution.

Importance of Recording and Preservation:
The recording and preservation of the Constituent Assembly Debates have several important implications:

1. Historical Reference: The debates provide a historical record of the thought processes, discussions, and arguments that went into the making of the Constitution. They serve as an invaluable resource for understanding the context in which different provisions were framed.

2. Intent of the Framers: The debates help in understanding the intent and vision of the framers of the Constitution. They shed light on the objectives, principles, and ideals that guided them during the drafting process.

3. Interpretation of the Constitution: The Constituent Assembly Debates are often referred to by the judiciary, scholars, and legal experts to interpret the meaning and scope of various provisions of the Constitution. When there is ambiguity or a need for clarification, the debates provide insight into the framers' intentions and help in arriving at an informed interpretation.

4. Democratic Process: The recording and preservation of the debates reflect the commitment to transparency and accountability in the democratic process. It allows for public access to the discussions that shaped the Constitution and promotes a better understanding of the principles and values it upholds.

Overall, the preservation of the Constituent Assembly Debates ensures that the constitutional framework is not only a static document but a living one, capable of evolving with changing times while remaining true to its original spirit. It enables a deeper understanding of the Constitution and its significance in shaping the democratic fabric of India.

Therefore, both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) correctly explains Assertion (A).