All questions of The Rise of Fascism & Governments of the Right for UPSC CSE Exam

The primary goal of the Fascist policy known as the "Acerbo Law" was to suppress the socialist movement in Italy. This law was proposed by Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in 1923 and was designed to ensure that the Fascist Party would have a majority in the Italian Parliament.

Key Points:
- Background: The Acerbo Law was introduced as a way to solidify Fascist power in Italy and prevent the rise of socialist and other opposition parties.
- Provisions: The law proposed that whichever political party or coalition of parties won at least 25% of the vote in a general election would automatically receive two-thirds of the seats in Parliament. This ensured that the Fascist Party, which was the dominant party at the time, would have a majority in the legislature.
- Impact: The Acerbo Law was passed in 1923 and played a significant role in consolidating Mussolini's power. It effectively marginalized other political parties and made it difficult for the opposition to challenge the Fascist regime.
- Suppression of Socialists: By guaranteeing a majority of seats to the Fascist Party, the Acerbo Law effectively suppressed the socialist movement in Italy, as well as other political opponents. This allowed Mussolini to establish a dictatorship and further consolidate his control over the country.
In conclusion, the Acerbo Law was a key instrument used by the Fascist regime in Italy to suppress political opposition, particularly the socialist movement, and to solidify Fascist power in the country.

March on Rome:
The event that marked the appointment of Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy was the March on Rome.

Explanation:
- The March on Rome took place in October 1922 when Mussolini's Fascist supporters marched on the capital to demand the resignation of the then Prime Minister Luigi Facta.
- The march resulted in the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III, appointing Mussolini as Prime Minister to avoid further unrest and maintain stability in the country.
- Mussolini's appointment as Prime Minister marked the beginning of his dictatorial rule in Italy, leading to the establishment of a fascist regime that would last until the end of World War II.
- The March on Rome was a crucial event in Italian history as it paved the way for Mussolini to consolidate power and establish a totalitarian regime.

Adolf Hitler became the leader of the Nazi Party in 1920. He played a significant role in the rise of the party and eventually became the dictator of Nazi Germany.

The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War was triggered by a failed coup attempt led by General Francisco Franco and other military leaders. The coup attempt aimed to overthrow the republican government and establish a right-wing dictatorship in Spain.

The primary goal of the Fascist policy of increasing the birth rate in Italy was to justify colonial expansion. Mussolini believed that a higher birth rate would provide a demographic justification for Italian colonial expansion, particularly in Africa. This policy aimed to encourage more Italians to have children to support the idea of an Italian Empire.

The main goal of Japanese statism during the Sh?wa period was to achieve economic self-sufficiency. Japan sought to reduce its dependence on foreign resources and establish a self-reliant economy, especially in preparation for future wars.

The outcome of the Fascist military campaign known as the "Pacification of Libya" was ethnic cleansing and mass killings. Italian authorities engaged in brutal actions, including mass killings, the use of concentration camps, and the forced starvation of thousands of people during this campaign. They sought to subdue and control the Libyan population through violence and oppression.

Italian Fascism viewed the concept of "spazio vitale" as aiming to establish control over the Mediterranean Sea. The Fascists believed that Italy needed to expand its territories and assert its strength by controlling key strategic areas, including the Mediterranean.

Italian Fascism promoted a corporatist economic system, which involved syndicates representing both employers and employees. These syndicates collectively represented the nation's economic producers and worked alongside the state to set national economic policies. This system aimed to resolve class conflict through collaboration between different classes.

In the 1920s, Germany received loans from the United States. The politician Gustav Stresemann arranged American loans, which helped Germany pay off its reparations and stabilize its economy.

The Fascists aimed to enforce traditional gender roles by banning literature on birth control and increasing penalties for abortion. Mussolini's regime wanted women to return to their traditionally subservient positions as wives and mothers, reinforcing traditional family values and gender roles.

The hyperinflation crisis in Germany in 1923 was caused by the economic instability resulting from the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty imposed heavy reparations on Germany and the government resorted to printing more money to pay off the debts, leading to hyperinflation and the devaluation of the currency.

Francisco Franco was the leader of Francoist Spain. He ruled over Spain as a dictator from 1939 until his death in 1975. Franco established a one-party military dictatorship and named himself El Caudillo, similar to the titles used by Mussolini and Hitler.

The main consequence of Mussolini's appointment as Prime Minister in 1922 was the consolidation of Fascist power in Italy. This marked the beginning of the Fascist regime's rule, which gradually led to the suppression of opposition, censorship, and the establishment of a dictatorship under Mussolini's leadership.

The SS (Schutzstaffel) was responsible for overseeing the secret police (Gestapo) and the concentration camps in Nazi Germany. The SS played a crucial role in maintaining control and suppressing opposition to the Nazi regime.

The event that led to the political scandal known as the "Aventine Secession" was the assassination of Giacomo Matteoti, a Socialist Party deputy. Matteoti's kidnapping and murder by a Fascist figure triggered a crisis in the Italian government, and as a result, the liberals and the leftist minority in parliament walked out in protest.

In the 1920s, the Fascists in Italy adopted the ideology of "free enterprise" to appeal to conservatives and the political right. This shift in their political agenda involved promoting policies that supported capitalism and the interests of businesses. They abandoned their previous populist and syndicalist stances in favor of economic liberalism.

After World War One, Germany became democratic. All adult Germans were able to vote and the system of proportional representation meant a wide range of views were given a voice in Parliament. There was also an elected President instead of the Kaiser.

The group targeted the most for persecution in Nazi Germany was the Jews. Under the Nazis, Jews in Germany had their rights gradually taken away, including their German citizenship. The Holocaust, which occurred during World War Two, saw the systematic murder of 6 million Jews from across Nazi-occupied Europe.

Francoist Spain promoted the ideology of fascism. The regime under Francisco Franco adopted authoritarian, nationalist, and conservative policies, which were characteristic of fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.