All questions of Forest Society and Colonialism (Old NCERT Syllabus) for Class 9 Exam

Option d

The main reason why shifting agriculture is discouraged is that when a forest was burnt, there was the added danger of the flames spreading.

Large areas of natural forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee, and rubber plantations to meet europes growing need for these commodities

Option a

The forest management based on scientific, technical and economic principles is what scientific forestry. ... Scientific forestry is the science of managing forests amd tree plantations. Natural forests with different types of trees were cut down and replaced with one type of tree planted in rows known as plantation.

Yes it will be correct because in colonial period profile were not allowed to go inside the forest...then how they complete their melees without forest ...so for their survival and growth they kill animals .. ..

Explanation:
The correct answer is A: Nethanar. Gundadhar was an inhabitant of the Nethanar village.
Reasoning:
To arrive at the correct answer, we need to analyze the given options and determine the correct village where Gundadhar was an inhabitant.
- Option A: Nethanar
- Gundadhar was an inhabitant of Nethanar village.
- Option B: Munda
- There is no information given to suggest that Gundadhar was an inhabitant of Munda village.
- Option C: Kalanga
- There is no information given to suggest that Gundadhar was an inhabitant of Kalanga village.
- Option D: Matram
- There is no information given to suggest that Gundadhar was an inhabitant of Matram village.
Based on the given options, it can be concluded that Gundadhar was an inhabitant of Nethanar village.

Reserved forests were regarded as the best out of the three categories mentioned: Reserved forests, Protected forests, and Village forests.

Reserved Forests:
- Reserved forests are those forests that have been legally declared as reserved under the Indian Forest Act, 1927.
- These forests are meant for the protection and conservation of wildlife and biodiversity.
- The main objective of reserved forests is to maintain the natural ecosystem and prevent any unauthorized activities like hunting, grazing, or logging.
- Reserved forests are usually under the control and management of the government forest department.
- These forests are important for maintaining ecological balance, preserving rare and endangered species, and providing a habitat for wildlife.

Protected Forests:
- Protected forests are also areas that are legally protected under the Indian Forest Act, 1927.
- These forests are primarily meant for the conservation of forests and wildlife.
- The main difference between reserved forests and protected forests is that protected forests may have limited human activities like grazing or collection of non-timber forest products, but logging and hunting are strictly prohibited.
- Protected forests are managed by the government forest department, and the focus is on sustainable use of forest resources.

Village Forests:
- Village forests, also known as community forests, are forests that are owned and managed by local communities.
- These forests are typically found in or near villages and are used by the local communities for various purposes like grazing, collection of firewood, and non-timber forest products.
- Village forests are managed by the community members themselves, who follow traditional practices and rules for sustainable use of forest resources.
- These forests play an important role in the livelihoods of the local communities and are often considered as a common resource.

Conclusion:
While all three categories of forests have their own significance, reserved forests are regarded as the best because they are specifically designated for the protection and conservation of wildlife and biodiversity. These forests are strictly protected from any unauthorized activities and are managed by the government forest department. Reserved forests are crucial for maintaining ecological balance, preserving endangered species, and providing a natural habitat for wildlife.

The story of the forests and people of Bastar does not end with the rebellion of 1910 because both option (a) and (b) are true. Let's discuss each of these points in detail.

a) Practice of keeping people out of the forests and reserving them for industrial use continued even after Independence:
After the rebellion of 1910, the British government implemented policies to exclude local communities from accessing the forests in Bastar. The forests were considered as a valuable resource for commercial exploitation, and the government wanted to reserve them for industrial purposes. This practice of excluding people from the forests continued even after India gained independence. The Forest Department, which was established during the British rule, continued to wield significant control over the forests, and local communities were deprived of their traditional rights and access to forest resources.

b) The World Bank proposed that 4,600 hectares of national sal forest should be replaced by tropical pine for the paper industry. It was scrapped later:
In the 1980s, the World Bank proposed a project in Bastar that aimed to replace 4,600 hectares of national sal forest with tropical pine plantations for the paper industry. This proposal was met with strong opposition from environmental activists and local communities. The project would have resulted in the displacement of indigenous communities and the destruction of the natural ecosystem of Bastar. However, due to the resistance and protests against the project, it was eventually scrapped.

c) Both (a) and (b):
Considering the above points, option (c) is the correct answer. The story of the forests and people of Bastar does not end with the rebellion of 1910 because the practice of excluding people from the forests for industrial use continued even after Independence, and there have been instances like the World Bank proposal where attempts were made to exploit the forests for commercial gains. The struggle of the local communities and environmental activists to protect their rights and the forest ecosystem has been ongoing, making it clear that the story is not limited to a single event or period.

The correct answer is option 'B' - 1910.

Explanation:
The rebellion in Bastar took place in 1910. Here is a detailed explanation of the rebellion and its significance:

1. Introduction:
- The rebellion in Bastar was a tribal uprising against the British colonial rule in the princely state of Bastar, located in present-day Chhattisgarh, India.
- The tribal people of Bastar, primarily the Gond and Maria tribes, were subjected to exploitation and oppression by the British administration.

2. Causes of the Rebellion:
- The tribal communities were forced to provide free labor and resources to the British, leading to economic exploitation.
- The British implemented oppressive revenue policies, demanding high taxes and land revenue from the tribals.
- The tribal customs, traditions, and cultural practices were disregarded, leading to a sense of cultural alienation and resentment among the tribal communities.

3. Trigger Incident:
- The rebellion was triggered by an incident at the palace of Rani Bodhan Kumari, the ruler of Bastar.
- The British had demanded tax arrears from the Rani, who was unable to pay the entire amount.
- As a result, the British confiscated the Rani's personal jewelry, which enraged the tribal people.

4. Rebellion and Resistance:
- The tribal people, led by their chiefs and local leaders, organized themselves and launched a rebellion against the British.
- They resorted to guerrilla warfare, ambushing British forces, attacking their camps, and targeting British officials.
- The tribal warriors used traditional weapons like bows and arrows, swords, and axes to fight against the British.

5. British Response:
- The British administration responded with a heavy hand, deploying military forces to suppress the rebellion.
- The British used superior weaponry and military tactics to quell the uprising.
- Many tribal villages were burnt down, and the rebels were subjected to brutal reprisals.
- The rebellion was eventually suppressed by the British, but it left a lasting impact on the tribal consciousness.

6. Significance:
- The rebellion in Bastar was one of the earliest tribal uprisings against British colonial rule in India.
- It highlighted the resistance and resilience of the tribal communities against exploitation and oppression.
- The rebellion also served as an inspiration for future movements and struggles for tribal rights and autonomy in India.

In conclusion, the rebellion in Bastar took place in 1910 as a tribal uprising against the British colonial rule. The tribal people fought against economic exploitation, cultural alienation, and oppressive policies implemented by the British administration. Despite being suppressed, the rebellion left a lasting impact on the tribal consciousness and inspired future movements for tribal rights in India.

Option c is correct because villagers saved forests as sacred groves. colonial doesn't wanted to anger them since they had a lot of work from them. If they will come to revolt then it would not be easy for colonials to work properly at that place.

Reference :- NCERT pg no. 95 - 4.5 New developments in Forestry.

The Forest Act brought severe hardship for the villagers across the country due to various reasons, as explained below:
Restrictions on Activities:
- Cutting wood, grazing cattle, collecting fruits, roots, hunting, and fishing became illegal under the Forest Act.
- This restricted the villagers' access to essential resources for their livelihoods.
Forced Theft and Bribes:
- With the restrictions in place, villagers were often forced to resort to stealing wood or other forest resources to meet their needs.
- If caught, they had to pay bribes to the forest guards to avoid legal consequences.
- This put additional financial burden on the already struggling villagers.
Harassment of Women:
- Women who collected firewood, an essential resource for cooking and heating, were specifically targeted and harassed by forest guards.
- This created a hostile environment for women and made their daily lives even more challenging.
Overall Impact:
- The combination of restrictions on activities, forced theft, bribery, and harassment created severe hardship for the villagers.
- They faced economic difficulties, legal issues, and social challenges, making it difficult for them to sustain their livelihoods and meet their basic needs.
In conclusion, the Forest Act had a detrimental impact on the villagers across the country, causing severe hardship due to the restrictions on activities, forced theft, bribes, and harassment.

The British Policy towards Forests in India during the First and Second World Wars

The policy followed by the British in India towards forests during the First and Second World Wars was characterized by the cutting of trees to meet the war needs of the British. This answer option 'A' is the correct one, and we will now explore this policy in detail.

1. Context: British Colonial Rule in India
Before delving into the policies during the World Wars, it is essential to understand the broader context of British colonial rule in India. The British had significant control over the administration and resources of India, including its forests. They exploited India's rich natural resources, including timber, for their own economic interests.

2. War Needs and Timber Demand
During the First and Second World Wars, there was a substantial demand for timber due to the British war efforts. Timber was crucial for various purposes such as constructing barracks, railway lines, bridges, and ships. The British government relied on India's forests to meet this demand.

3. Forest Department and Tree Cutting
The British Forest Department, responsible for managing India's forests, cut trees freely to fulfill the timber requirements for the war. This policy allowed them to exploit the vast forest resources of India without many restrictions. The focus was primarily on meeting the war needs, and the forests were seen as a source of revenue and raw materials.

4. Impact on Forests and Environment
The policy of unrestricted tree cutting had severe consequences for India's forests and the environment. The large-scale deforestation led to ecological imbalances, loss of biodiversity, and soil erosion. It also disrupted the lives and livelihoods of indigenous communities who depended on the forests for sustenance.

5. Economic Exploitation
The British policy of freely cutting trees during the wars further exemplified the economic exploitation of India. The timber extracted from Indian forests was primarily used for the benefit of the British war machinery, while the local population did not receive significant economic benefits.

6. Conclusion
In conclusion, the policy followed by the British in India towards forests during the First and Second World Wars involved the unrestricted cutting of trees to meet the war needs of the British. This policy had detrimental effects on the environment and the livelihoods of indigenous communities. It also highlighted the economic exploitation of India by the British colonial administration.

The correct answer is option 'C' - Dehradun.

The Imperial Forest Institute was indeed set up in Dehradun. Let's delve into the details to understand why Dehradun was chosen as the location for this prestigious institute.

1. Historical Context:
During the British colonial period, the need for systematic management of forests in India was recognized. The British government realized that forests played a crucial role in the economic and strategic development of the country. To address this, they established the Imperial Forest Department in 1864, which aimed to conserve and manage forests in a sustainable manner. As part of this initiative, the Imperial Forest Institute was established in Dehradun.

2. Geographical Advantage:
Dehradun, the capital city of Uttarakhand in northern India, was chosen as the location for the Imperial Forest Institute due to its favorable geographical features. The city is nestled in the foothills of the Himalayas and is surrounded by dense forests. This made it an ideal location for studying and researching various aspects of forestry. The presence of diverse flora and fauna in the region provided ample opportunities for practical fieldwork and research.

3. Access to Forest Resources:
Dehradun's proximity to vast forest resources also played a significant role in the establishment of the Imperial Forest Institute. The region is known for its rich forest cover, including the famous Sal forests of the Shivalik Hills. This allowed the institute to have easy access to different forest types and study their ecology, management practices, and utilization methods.

4. Education and Research Hub:
Dehradun had already gained recognition as an educational and research hub during the colonial period. The city was home to several renowned institutions, including the Forest Research Institute (FRI), which was established in 1906. The presence of such institutions created a conducive environment for the growth of forestry-related education and research in Dehradun.

5. Government Support:
The British government's support and investment in forestry education and research in Dehradun further solidified its position as the ideal location for the Imperial Forest Institute. The government recognized the importance of trained forest professionals and provided resources to establish and develop the institute.

In conclusion, the Imperial Forest Institute was set up in Dehradun due to its historical context, favorable geographical features, access to forest resources, the presence of other educational institutions, and government support. These factors made Dehradun an ideal location for the institute to carry out research, education, and training in the field of forestry.

Option b

The people of Bastar believes that each village was given its land by the Earth and in return, they look after the Earth and in return, they look after the Earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival. In addition to the Earth, they show respect to the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountain. Since each village knows where its boundaries lie, the local people look after all the natural resources within that boundary.

By the early 19th century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply from the Royal Navy. English ships could not be built without a regular supply of strong and durable timber. Imperial power could not be protected without ships. Therefore by the 1820's, search parties were sent to explore the forest resources of India.

Option A is correct

The establishment of the Indian Forest Service
The Indian Forest Service (IFS) was established in the year 1864. This service was created as a result of the need to manage and conserve the forest resources of British India. The IFS was formed under the British colonial regime to ensure the sustainable utilization and protection of forests.

Background
During the mid-19th century, the British authorities recognized the importance of conserving forests for various reasons such as timber supply, wildlife conservation, and maintaining ecological balance. The rapid deforestation due to extensive logging, shifting cultivation, and commercial exploitation of natural resources necessitated the establishment of a dedicated service to manage the forests effectively.

Key Points
The following key points explain the establishment of the Indian Forest Service:

1. Appointment of Dietrich Brandis
- In 1864, Dietrich Brandis, a German-British botanist, was appointed as the first Inspector General of Forests in British India.
- Brandis played a crucial role in formulating policies and strategies for forest conservation and management.
- He advocated for the establishment of a professional cadre of forest officers to oversee the implementation of these policies.

2. Creation of the Indian Forest Department
- In 1864, the Indian Forest Department was established under the leadership of Dietrich Brandis.
- This department was responsible for managing the vast forest resources spread across various regions of British India.
- The primary objective of the department was to ensure sustainable utilization and conservation of forests.

3. Formation of the Indian Forest Service
- The Indian Forest Service was formally established in 1864 as a dedicated cadre of officers to manage the forests effectively.
- The officers of the IFS were recruited through a rigorous selection process, which included written examinations and interviews.
- The selected candidates underwent training in forestry techniques, scientific management, and administrative skills.

4. Role and Responsibilities
- The Indian Forest Service was responsible for the protection, conservation, and development of forest resources.
- The officers were tasked with implementing forest laws, regulating timber extraction, preventing illegal logging, and promoting afforestation.
- They also played a crucial role in wildlife conservation, watershed management, and environmental protection.

Conclusion
The Indian Forest Service was established in 1864 to address the pressing need for effective forest management and conservation in British India. The service played a vital role in shaping forest policies, implementing sustainable practices, and protecting the rich biodiversity of the region. Over the years, the Indian Forest Service has continued to evolve and adapt to the changing environmental challenges, playing a significant role in the conservation and sustainable management of forests in India.

Forest laws and their impact on forest dwellers:
The new forest laws brought significant changes to the lives of forest dwellers. The specific change that occurred due to these laws was:
Prohibition of hunting animals:
- The forest laws prohibited people from hunting animals in the forest areas.
- This was a major shift as hunting was a traditional practice for many forest dwellers for their livelihood and sustenance.
- The prohibition aimed to protect the wildlife and preserve the ecological balance in the forests.
Impact of the hunting prohibition:
- Forest dwellers had to find alternative sources of food and income, as hunting was no longer an option.
- This led to a change in their lifestyle and economic activities.
- Many forest dwellers had to rely on agriculture or other non-forest related occupations for their livelihood.
- The prohibition also contributed to the conservation of wildlife in the forests, preventing overhunting and preserving the biodiversity.
Other changes brought by forest laws:
Though not the specific change mentioned in the question, it is worth noting that the new forest laws brought other significant changes as well. These include:
Restrictions on building houses:
- Forest laws often enforced restrictions on building houses or settlements within the forest areas.
- This aimed to protect the forest ecosystem and prevent encroachment on the forest land.
Gender restrictions:
- Some forest laws imposed restrictions on women's activities in the forest areas.
- This could include limitations on women working in the forests or participating in certain forest-related activities.
Conclusion:
The new forest laws had a profound impact on the lives of forest dwellers. The prohibition of hunting animals was one of the key changes brought by these laws, which required forest dwellers to adapt to alternative sources of livelihood. Additionally, restrictions on building houses and potential gender restrictions further altered the way forest dwellers interacted with and utilized the forest resources.

Scientific forestry, also known as sustainable forestry, is a method of managing forests that involves the application of scientific principles and practices to ensure the long-term health, productivity, and sustainability of forest ecosystems. It aims to balance the economic, social, and ecological aspects of forest management.

In the given options, the feature that was not a part of scientific forestry is option 'D' - Forest officials did not survey and estimate the area. This means that forest officials did conduct surveys and estimate the area as a part of scientific forestry.

Here is a detailed explanation of the other features of scientific forestry mentioned in the options:

a) Natural forests were cut down:
- One of the features of scientific forestry was the harvesting of natural forests. However, this was done in a sustainable manner, ensuring that the rate of harvest did not exceed the rate of regeneration.
- Selective logging, where only mature or diseased trees were cut down, was practiced to minimize the impact on the overall forest ecosystem.

b) One type of trees were planted in rows:
- Another feature of scientific forestry was the establishment of monoculture plantations, where one type of tree species was planted in rows.
- This was done to optimize the growth and yield of the trees, as well as facilitate easier management and harvesting.
- However, in modern forestry practices, there is a shift towards mixed-species plantations to enhance biodiversity and improve ecosystem resilience.

c) Area cut was replanted:
- Replanting or reforestation was an integral part of scientific forestry.
- After the harvest of trees, the cut area was replanted with new seedlings to ensure the continuous growth and regeneration of the forest.
- This practice helped maintain the forest cover and prevent deforestation.

In summary, while the cutting down of natural forests, planting one type of trees in rows, and replanting the cut areas were features of scientific forestry, the absence of surveys and estimation by forest officials was not a part of this practice.

Forestry is the scientific management of forests, including the conservation, utilization, and regeneration of forest resources. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance, providing livelihood opportunities, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Over the years, there have been several new developments in forestry, one of which is the conservation of forests.

Conservation of Forests:
The conservation of forests refers to the sustainable management and protection of forest ecosystems and their biodiversity. It involves the preservation of forests for future generations, ensuring their ecological integrity, and promoting responsible use of forest resources. Conservation measures are aimed at maintaining the overall health and productivity of forests while minimizing the negative impacts of human activities.

Importance of Forest Conservation:
Forest conservation is of utmost importance due to the following reasons:

1. Biodiversity Conservation: Forests are home to a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are unique and endangered. By conserving forests, we protect these species from habitat loss and ensure their survival.

2. Carbon Sequestration: Forests act as carbon sinks and play a vital role in mitigating climate change. They absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing its concentration and helping to combat global warming.

3. Water Conservation: Forests play a crucial role in maintaining the water cycle. They regulate the flow of water, prevent soil erosion, and recharge groundwater reserves. Conservation of forests helps in ensuring a sustainable supply of freshwater.

4. Livelihood Opportunities: Forests provide various livelihood opportunities for local communities, including timber extraction, non-timber forest products, and ecotourism. Conservation efforts can help in promoting sustainable livelihoods and improving the socio-economic well-being of communities.

5. Ecological Services: Forests provide numerous ecosystem services, such as air purification, pollination, and soil fertility. Conserving forests ensures the continued provision of these services, which are essential for human well-being.

Initiatives for Forest Conservation:
To promote forest conservation, several initiatives have been undertaken globally, such as:

1. Protected Areas: Establishing protected areas, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries to conserve critical forest ecosystems and biodiversity.

2. Sustainable Forest Management: Adopting sustainable forest management practices that ensure the ecological, social, and economic aspects of forests are balanced.

3. Community Participation: Involving local communities in forest management and empowering them to protect and sustainably utilize forest resources.

4. Reforestation and Afforestation: Undertaking tree plantation drives and restoring degraded forests to enhance forest cover and ecosystem health.

5. Awareness and Education: Conducting awareness campaigns and educational programs to sensitize people about the importance of forests and their conservation.

Conclusion:
Conservation of forests is a crucial development in forestry as it ensures the long-term sustainability of forest resources and the preservation of ecological balance. It involves a holistic approach that considers the needs of both present and future generations. Through various initiatives and efforts, forest conservation plays a vital role in promoting environmental stewardship and sustainable development.

< b="" />Introduction< />
The Indian Forest Service (IFS) is one of the prestigious civil services in India. It is responsible for the management and conservation of forests and wildlife in the country. The establishment of the Indian Forest Service can be traced back to the colonial era when the British recognized the need for a dedicated cadre of officers to manage the vast forest resources of India.

< b="" />Answer Explanation< />
The correct answer to the question is option 'B' - 1864. The Indian Forest Service was set up in the year 1864. This was done by the British colonial government with the intent of better managing the forest resources of India.

< b="" />Historical Context< />
During the colonial period, India was known for its rich and diverse forests, which were highly valued for their timber, wildlife, and other resources. However, the forests were being exploited without any proper management or conservation measures in place. This led to rampant deforestation and the loss of valuable natural resources.

< b="" />Establishment of Indian Forest Service< />
In order to address the concerns of deforestation and ensure sustainable management of forest resources, the British colonial government established the Indian Forest Service in the year 1864. The service was initially known as the Imperial Forest Service and was set up under the British Indian government.

< b="" />Role and Responsibilities< />
The Indian Forest Service was entrusted with the responsibility of protecting and managing the forests and wildlife of India. The officers of the service were trained in scientific forestry techniques and were responsible for implementing forest conservation policies, preventing illegal logging, promoting sustainable forest management, and protecting wildlife.

< b="" />Evolution and Development< />
Since its establishment, the Indian Forest Service has evolved and adapted to the changing needs and challenges of forest management in India. Over the years, the service has played a crucial role in promoting afforestation, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable forest management practices.

< b="" />Conclusion< />
The Indian Forest Service was established in the year 1864 with the aim of better managing the forest resources of India. Over the years, the service has played a crucial role in the conservation and sustainable management of forests and wildlife in the country.

Explanation:
The correct answer is A: Deforestation. Here is a detailed explanation:
Deforestation:
- Deforestation refers to the permanent removal of trees from forests and the conversion of the land for other purposes, such as agriculture, urbanization, or logging.
- It is the process by which forests are destroyed or degraded, leading to the loss of biodiversity, disruption of ecosystems, and negative impacts on climate change.
- Deforestation is often driven by human activities, including illegal logging, unsustainable agricultural practices, and the expansion of infrastructure.
- The disappearance of forests has significant consequences, including the loss of habitat for numerous plant and animal species, reduced carbon sequestration, and increased greenhouse gas emissions.
Afforestation:
- Afforestation is the process of establishing a forest, or stand of trees, in an area where there was no forest.
- Afforestation is the opposite of deforestation and aims to increase forest cover to combat climate change, restore ecosystems, and provide various ecological, economic, and social benefits.
Shelterbelts:
- Shelterbelts are rows of trees or shrubs planted to provide protection from wind and soil erosion.
- They are often used in agricultural areas to mitigate the negative impacts of wind, such as damage to crops and topsoil erosion.
- While shelterbelts can contribute to the conservation of trees and biodiversity, they do not necessarily prevent deforestation or the disappearance of forests.
All of these:
- This option is incorrect because shelterbelts do not refer to the disappearance of forests.
- The correct answer is A: Deforestation, as it specifically addresses the loss and disappearance of forests.
In conclusion, the disappearance of forests is referred to as deforestation. Deforestation is a significant global issue with impacts on biodiversity, climate change, and sustainable development. Efforts to combat deforestation and promote afforestation are crucial for the preservation of forests and the well-being of the planet.

River Indravati flows through Bastar.

Explanation:
Bastar is a district located in the southern part of the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. The district is known for its dense forests, waterfalls, and wildlife. The Indravati River is a major river that flows through this district.

The Indravati River originates in the Dandakaranya forest in the Kalahandi district of Odisha and flows through the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. It is a tributary of the Godavari River and has a total length of around 535 km.

The river is an important source of water for irrigation and other purposes in the Bastar district. It is also a major tourist attraction, with many waterfalls and scenic spots along its course.

In conclusion, it can be said that the Indravati River is the river that flows through Bastar district.

According to the text all the above mentioned factors are responsible so the answer should be 'd'