All questions of Clothing: A Social History (Old NCERT Syllabus) for Class 9 Exam

Achkan

Pabulum refers to anything essential to maintain life and growth. It can be described as the necessary sustenance or nourishment required for the well-being and development of living organisms. In other words, pabulum is the food, nutrients, or other substances that are necessary for the survival and growth of living beings.

Here is a detailed explanation of the correct answer:

1. Definition of Pabulum:
- Pabulum is anything essential to maintain life and growth.
- It refers to the necessary sustenance or nourishment required for the well-being and development of living organisms.

2. Examples of Pabulum:
- Food and water: These are the most basic forms of pabulum that humans and animals require for survival. They provide the necessary energy and nutrients needed for bodily functions and growth.
- Nutrients: Essential nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals are also considered pabulum. These substances are required in specific amounts to support various bodily functions and maintain health.
- Oxygen: For many living organisms, oxygen is a vital pabulum. It is necessary for cellular respiration, the process by which cells convert nutrients into energy.
- Sunlight: Plants and some microorganisms require sunlight as a pabulum for photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight into energy and produce oxygen as a byproduct.

3. Importance of Pabulum:
- Pabulum is essential for the survival and growth of all living beings. Without adequate nourishment, organisms would not be able to perform basic functions or develop properly.
- Proper nutrition is crucial for maintaining a healthy immune system, promoting growth and development, and preventing various diseases and deficiencies.
- Pabulum also plays a role in maintaining the overall well-being and vitality of organisms, allowing them to adapt to their environment and function optimally.

In conclusion, pabulum refers to anything essential to maintain life and growth. It encompasses food, nutrients, and other substances necessary for the survival and development of living organisms. Understanding the importance of pabulum is crucial in ensuring the well-being and proper nourishment of all living beings.

The statement, "It is evident physiologically that air is the pabulum of life, and that the effect of a tight cord round the neck and of tight lacing differ only in degrees ... for the strangulations are both fatal. To wear tight stays in many cases is to wither, to waste, to die," was made by the Registrar General in the Ninth Annual Report of 1857.
Explanation:
- The Registrar General made this statement in the Ninth Annual Report of 1857.
- The statement highlights the harmful effects of wearing tight stays, which are corsets or garments that were popular during that time.
- The Registrar General draws a parallel between the tight cord around the neck and tight lacing, stating that both can be fatal.
- The statement emphasizes the importance of air as the source of life and suggests that wearing tight stays can lead to withering, wasting, and even death.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: The Registrar General in the Ninth Annual Report of 1857.

Long skirts swept the grounds collecting filth and causing illness:
- Traditional feminine clothes in the USA, like long skirts, were criticized for sweeping the ground and collecting dirt and filth.
- This accumulation of filth could lead to health issues and illnesses, as it would be brought into homes and living spaces.

The skirts were voluminous and difficult to handle:
- Another criticism of traditional feminine clothes was that the skirts were often voluminous and cumbersome to manage.
- The excess fabric made it hard for women to move freely and perform daily tasks comfortably.

They hampered movement and prevented women from working and earning:
- The restrictive nature of traditional feminine clothes hampered women's movement and limited their ability to work and earn a living.
- Women found it challenging to engage in physical activities or perform tasks that required agility and flexibility.

Overall, all the above reasons contribute to the criticism of traditional feminine clothes in the USA:
- Long skirts collecting filth, voluminous skirts being difficult to handle, and the hindrance of movement and work opportunities all played a role in the critique of traditional feminine attire in the USA.
- These criticisms eventually led to changes in fashion trends and the adoption of more practical and comfortable clothing options for women.

Ermine is a type of fur that is highly valued for its soft and luxurious texture. Here are some key details about ermine:
- Description: Ermine fur comes from the winter coat of the stoat, a small mammal belonging to the weasel family. It is characterized by its dense, silky, and white fur, with a black tip on the tail.
- Historical Significance: Ermine fur has been historically associated with royalty and nobility. It was commonly used to trim the robes and garments of monarchs and high-ranking officials, symbolizing wealth, power, and prestige.
- Symbolism: In heraldry, ermine fur is represented by a series of black spots on a white background, known as ermine spots or ermine tails. This pattern is often used to symbolize purity, dignity, and honor.
- Usage: Ermine fur is highly sought after for various purposes, including the production of fur coats, stoles, and accessories. It is known for its warmth and durability, making it a popular choice in cold climates.
- Conservation: Due to overhunting and habitat loss, the population of stoats has declined in many regions. This has led to concerns about the sustainability and ethical sourcing of ermine fur. As a result, there has been a growing trend towards faux fur alternatives.
- Legal Status: The trade and sale of ermine fur are regulated in many countries to prevent illegal poaching and protect endangered species. It is important to ensure that any ermine fur products are sourced from reputable and sustainable suppliers.
In conclusion, ermine refers to a type of fur obtained from the stoat, known for its white color and black-tipped tail. It has a rich historical significance, symbolizing royalty and nobility. However, considerations for conservation and ethical sourcing should be taken into account when dealing with ermine fur products.

Second Round Table Conference was held in London from 7 September 1931 to 1 December 1931 with the participation of Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. 

The second RTC (September–December 1931) was attended by Mahatma Gandhi as the Congress representative. It failed to reach an agreement, either constitutionally or on communal representation. The session got deadlocked on the question of the minorities. All minorities came together in a “Minorities' Pact”.

Who was M. Visveswaraya?
M. Visveswaraya was a renowned Indian engineer and statesman who made significant contributions to the field of engineering and played a crucial role in the development of modern India. Here are some key points about M. Visveswaraya:
1. Early Life and Education:
- Born on September 15, 1861, in Muddenahalli, Karnataka, India.
- Completed his primary education in Chikkaballapur and high school in Bangalore.
- Pursued a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from College of Engineering, Pune.
2. Professional Career:
- Joined the Public Works Department (PWD) of Bombay in 1884.
- Worked on various projects, including the construction of Krishna Raja Sagara dam across the Cauvery River.
- Served as the Chief Engineer of Mysore State from 1909 to 1918.
- Contributed to the development of irrigation and flood control systems in the state.
- Designed and implemented the automatic weir water floodgates, known as "Block System," to regulate water flow.
3. Accomplishments:
- Designed and supervised the construction of several important structures, including the Krishna Raja Sagara dam, which provided irrigation and drinking water to the region.
- Played a significant role in the establishment of the University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering in Bangalore, named in his honor.
- Advocated for industrialization and modernization of India's economy.
- Served as the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Mysore from 1912 to 1918 and implemented several reforms for the betterment of the state.
4. Awards and Recognitions:
- Awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1955.
- Received the British knighthood in 1915.
- Honored with the title "Sir" for his immense contributions to engineering and nation-building.
5. Legacy:
- M. Visveswaraya's birthday, September 15th, is celebrated as Engineer's Day in India to honor his remarkable achievements.
- Considered one of India's most outstanding engineers and visionaries.
- Remembered for his dedication, innovation, and commitment to nation-building.
In conclusion, M. Visveswaraya was an eminent engineer, statesman, and visionary leader who made remarkable contributions to the field of engineering and played a crucial role in the development of modern India. His innovative ideas and dedication continue to inspire generations of engineers and serve as a testament to his lasting legacy.

Changes for Women:

• Trousers became a vital part of western women's clothing: Women started wearing trousers, which was a significant change as it allowed for more practical and comfortable clothing options.


• Women took to cutting their hair short for convenience: Many women began cutting their hair short, a trend known as the "bob" hairstyle, which was more convenient and required less maintenance.


• Women wore clothes that did not hamper movement: As women participated in activities such as gymnastics and games, they started wearing clothes that allowed for freedom of movement and did not restrict their physical activities.

Conclusion: All of the above changes were important developments for women, as they provided them with more practical clothing choices, convenience, and the ability to engage in physical activities without hindrance.

Explanation:
To answer this question, we need to understand the context of Mahatma Gandhi's style of dressing.
1. Mahatma Gandhi is known for his simple and humble lifestyle, which reflected in his choice of clothing.
2. He often dressed like a peasant, wearing simple and traditional attire.
3. The options provided are Bihari, Rajasthani, and Kathiwadi.
4. Bihari, Rajasthani, and Kathiwadi are all regional styles of traditional clothing in India.
5. However, there is no specific mention of Gandhi dressing in any particular regional style.
6. Therefore, the correct answer is option C: Kathiwadi, as it is one of the regional styles of traditional clothing in India that Gandhi could have dressed like.
In conclusion, Mahatma Gandhi dressed like a peasant, and while there is no specific mention of him dressing in a particular regional style, it is possible that he dressed like a Kathiwadi peasant.

Definition of Suffrage:

Suffrage refers to the right or privilege to vote in political elections.
Explanation:

Suffrage is a fundamental democratic right that allows individuals to participate in the electoral process and have a say in choosing their representatives. It is a crucial aspect of a democratic society and ensures that citizens have a voice in shaping the government and policies.
Key Points:
- Suffrage grants individuals the power to elect their leaders and influence the decision-making process.
- It is a means to express one's political preferences and hold elected officials accountable.
- Suffrage is essential for maintaining a fair and representative democracy.
- Historically, suffrage has been a contentious issue, with many marginalized groups fighting for their right to vote, such as women, racial minorities, and individuals without property.
- Suffrage rights have expanded over time, with many countries adopting universal suffrage, where all adult citizens have the right to vote.
- The denial of suffrage can lead to inequality and discrimination, as certain groups are excluded from the political process.
- Today, suffrage is considered a basic human right and is protected by international conventions and laws.
Conclusion:

Suffrage is the right to vote in political elections and is a fundamental pillar of democracy. It empowers individuals to have a say in the governance of their country and ensures a fair and representative system of government.

The correct statement is D: All the above.
Explanation:

A: After 1600, trade with India brought cheap and beautiful 'chintz' within the reach of many Europeans:
- Chintz refers to a type of printed cotton fabric.
- After 1600, there was a significant increase in trade between Europe and India.
- This trade brought cheap and beautiful chintz fabric to Europe, making it accessible to many Europeans.
- This statement is correct.
B: During the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, cotton clothes became more accessible to people in Europe:
- The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century brought significant advancements in textile manufacturing.
- Cotton clothes, being easier and cheaper to produce, became more accessible to people in Europe.
- This statement is correct.
C: By the late 1870s, heavy, restrictive underclothes were gradually discarded:
- In the late 19th century, there was a shift in fashion towards lighter and less restrictive clothing.
- Heavy underclothes, such as corsets and petticoats, were gradually discarded.
- This statement is correct.
Therefore, all the statements A, B, and C are correct, and the answer is D: All the above.

Why were women from childhood tightly laced up and dressed in stays in Victorian England?
The practice of tightly lacing up and dressing women in stays during Victorian England can be attributed to several reasons. However, the most significant reason is that women were believed to look graceful and elegant in these dresses.
Reasons for the practice:
1. Creating the expected image: The tight lacing and stays were seen as a way to shape and mold a woman's body into the desired silhouette, which was considered fashionable and ideal during that era. It helped in creating the expected image of femininity and modesty.
2. Symbol of social status: Wearing stays and tightly laced dresses was often associated with the upper classes and wealthier individuals. It was a way to showcase one's social status and adherence to societal norms.
3. Conforming to societal expectations: During the Victorian era, women were expected to be demure, submissive, and focused on their roles as wives and mothers. The practice of tightly lacing up and wearing stays reinforced these societal expectations and restrictions on women's movements.
4. Emphasis on beauty and aesthetics: Victorian society placed a strong emphasis on beauty and aesthetics. The tightly laced dresses were believed to enhance a woman's figure, accentuating a small waist and creating an hourglass shape, which was considered desirable and beautiful.
5. Maintaining proper posture: The stays provided support to the spine and torso, encouraging women to maintain an upright posture. This was seen as a sign of refinement and elegance.
It is important to note that while these reasons were influential in Victorian England, the practice of tightly lacing and dressing in stays also had negative effects on women's health, such as restricted breathing, digestive issues, and even skeletal deformities.

Introduction:
The Rational Dress Society was a movement that aimed to reform women's fashion and promote more practical and comfortable clothing options for women. It emerged during the late 19th century in response to the restrictive and impractical clothing styles popular at the time.
When and where was the Rational Dress Society started?
The Rational Dress Society was started in 1881 in England. The movement gained momentum and support as women began to question the discomfort and physical limitations imposed by the prevailing fashion trends.
Reasons for the emergence of the Rational Dress Society:
Some of the key reasons for the formation of the Rational Dress Society include:
1. Health concerns: The tight corsets, heavy skirts, and restrictive garments worn by women were causing various health issues, including difficulty breathing, poor posture, and even fainting spells.
2. Practicality: Women realized that the fashionable clothing of the time hindered their ability to move freely and engage in various activities. The Rational Dress Society aimed to promote clothing that allowed for greater mobility and functionality.
3. Social and political implications: The movement was also influenced by the broader women's rights movement, as women sought to challenge societal expectations and assert their autonomy and independence.
4. Aesthetic appeal: The Rational Dress Society emphasized clothing that was aesthetically pleasing while also being comfortable and practical. It sought to challenge the notion that fashion had to be restrictive and uncomfortable.
Impact and Legacy:
The Rational Dress Society had a significant impact on women's fashion and society as a whole. Some of the lasting effects include:
1. Adoption of practical clothing: The movement contributed to the adoption of more practical and comfortable clothing options for women, such as looser-fitting dresses, trousers, and shorter skirts.
2. Influence on future fashion movements: The Rational Dress Society laid the foundation for future fashion movements that prioritized comfort, functionality, and individual expression. It paved the way for the rise of more relaxed and casual styles in the 20th century.
3. Empowerment of women: The movement empowered women to challenge societal norms and expectations. It encouraged them to prioritize their comfort and well-being over conforming to rigid fashion standards.
In conclusion, the Rational Dress Society was started in 1881 in England. It emerged as a response to the restrictive and impractical clothing styles of the time and aimed to promote more practical, comfortable, and aesthetically appealing clothing options for women. The movement had a lasting impact on women's fashion and contributed to the empowerment of women in challenging societal norms.

Shanars are related to the Community of toddy tappers.

The relationship between Shanars and the Community of toddy tappers:
- The Shanar community has traditionally been involved in the occupation of toddy tapping.
- Toddy tapping is the process of extracting sap from palm trees, usually coconut or date palms.
- The sap is collected in containers and then fermented to produce toddy, an alcoholic beverage.
- The toddy tappers climb the palm trees and use specialized tools to extract the sap.
- This occupation requires skill, knowledge, and experience to ensure the safety of the tappers and the quality of the toddy.
- The toddy tapping community has their own cultural practices, rituals, and social structure.
- They have historically faced social stigma and discrimination due to their occupation.
Other options:
- Lucy Stone: Lucy Stone was an American suffragist and abolitionist, not related to Shanars or toddy tapping.
- Brahmika sari: This term does not have any known association with Shanars or toddy tapping.
- None of these: The correct answer is option B, as Shanars are indeed related to the Community of toddy tappers.
In conclusion, the Shanar community in Tamil Nadu is associated with the occupation of toddy tapping, which involves extracting sap from palm trees to make toddy. They have a long-standing relationship with the Community of toddy tappers, who have their own cultural practices and social structure.

Who was the first American dress reformer to launch loose tunics?
The first American dress reformer to launch loose tunics was Mrs. Amelia Bloomer.
Explanation:
Mrs. Amelia Bloomer was a prominent figure in the dress reform movement during the mid-19th century in America. She advocated for more comfortable and practical clothing for women, challenging the restrictive and impractical fashion of the time.
Here is a detailed explanation of why Mrs. Amelia Bloomer is the correct answer:
1. Mrs. Amelia Bloomer:
- Mrs. Amelia Bloomer was an American women's rights activist and writer who played a significant role in the dress reform movement.
- She introduced and popularized a style of dress known as the "Bloomer costume" or simply "Bloomers."
- The Bloomer costume consisted of a loose tunic worn over full trousers, providing women with greater freedom of movement and comfort.
- This style of dress was considered scandalous and controversial at the time, as it challenged traditional gender norms and societal expectations of women's fashion.
2. Martha Somerville:
- Martha Somerville was a renowned Scottish scientist and writer, but she is not associated with dress reform or the introduction of loose tunics.
- While she made significant contributions to the fields of science and mathematics, she did not play a role in the fashion or dress reform movement.
3. Queen Victoria:
- Queen Victoria was the Queen of the United Kingdom during the 19th century, known for her conservative and modest fashion choices.
- While she had a significant influence on fashion trends of the time, she did not introduce loose tunics or play a role in the American dress reform movement.
4. None of the above:
- This option can be eliminated as Mrs. Amelia Bloomer is indeed the correct answer.
- She was the first American dress reformer to launch loose tunics, making her the pioneer of this fashion innovation.
In conclusion, Mrs. Amelia Bloomer was the first American dress reformer to introduce and popularize loose tunics as part of the dress reform movement. Her efforts challenged societal norms and contributed to the eventual shift towards more comfortable and practical women's clothing.

Explanation of Clothing Regulations in Medieval France
In medieval France, clothing was not just a matter of personal choice; it was heavily regulated by laws that reflected social hierarchies and economic status.
Social Rank and Income Influence
- The type of clothing one could wear was dictated by their social rank.
- Nobles had the privilege to wear luxurious fabrics, while commoners were confined to simpler materials.
Legal Restrictions on Materials
- The materials allowed for clothing were legally prescribed.
- Sumptuary laws regulated who could wear what, aiming to maintain social distinctions.
Expensive Materials Access
- Not everyone could wear expensive materials.
- For example, silk and fine wool were reserved for the upper classes, while lower classes had to settle for coarser fabrics.
Conclusion
Thus, option 'C', which states that "Everybody could wear expensive materials," is incorrect. The social structure of medieval France enforced strict regulations that ensured only the wealthy and noble classes had access to luxurious clothing, maintaining clear distinctions between different levels of society.

When did Gandhiji first wear a lungi and kurta?

Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of Gandhiji wearing a lungi and kurta in 1913:

• Gandhiji, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement.


• In 1913, Gandhiji was in South Africa, fighting for the rights of the Indian community living there.


• During his time in South Africa, Gandhiji adopted many aspects of Indian culture, including traditional clothing.


• He started wearing a lungi, which is a traditional Indian garment, along with a kurta, which is a loose-fitting shirt.


• Gandhiji believed in simplicity and wanted to promote the use of Indian clothing as a way to resist British colonialism.


• Wearing the lungi and kurta became a symbolic representation of his dedication to Indian values and his fight for independence.


• From then on, Gandhiji continued to wear the lungi and kurta throughout his life, becoming an iconic image associated with him.

Therefore, the correct answer is B: 1913.

The following were among the things that became a symbol of equality and liberty among the French people:
The colours of France - blue, white and red:
- The tricolor flag with the colours blue, white, and red symbolized the ideals of the French Revolution.
- Blue represented freedom, white represented equality, and red represented fraternity.
- The tricolor flag became a powerful symbol of the French nation and its revolutionary values.
The red cap:
- The red cap, also known as the "Phrygian cap," became a symbol of liberty and was associated with the ancient Roman slaves who were granted freedom.
- During the French Revolution, the red cap was worn by revolutionaries as a sign of their support for equal rights and liberation from oppression.
- It became a powerful symbol of the revolution and the struggle for freedom and equality.
Revolutionary cockade pinned on to a hat:
- The revolutionary cockade was a badge or rosette worn on a hat, made by combining the colors of the French flag.
- It was initially worn by members of the National Guard but soon became a symbol of the revolution and the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
- Wearing the cockade on their hats became a way for individuals to show their support for the revolutionary cause and identify themselves as part of the movement.
Therefore, all of the above - the colors of France, the red cap, and the revolutionary cockade pinned on to a hat - were among the things that became symbols of equality and liberty among the French people during the French Revolution.

Explanation:
The correct answer is B: French Revolution.
The French Revolution, which took place from 1789 to 1799, had a significant impact on many aspects of society, including fashion and dress codes. Here is a detailed explanation of why the French Revolution swept away the existing dress codes in Europe:
1. Background of the French Revolution:
- The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France.
- It aimed to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic, leading to major changes in society.
2. Abolition of Nobility:
- The French Revolution brought about the abolition of the noble class and their privileges.
- The nobles were known for their elaborate and extravagant clothing, which symbolized their status and wealth.
- With the end of the nobility, the need for such elaborate dress codes diminished.
3. Rise of the Middle Class:
- The French Revolution also saw the rise of the middle class, who wanted to distinguish themselves from the aristocracy.
- The middle class sought simpler, more practical styles of clothing that reflected their values of equality and frugality.
4. Symbolic Changes:
- The French Revolution was a symbol of change and the rejection of traditional norms.
- The revolutionaries aimed to create a more egalitarian society, and this included a rejection of the extravagant and hierarchical dress codes of the past.
5. Influence on Europe:
- The French Revolution had a profound impact on other European countries.
- The revolutionary ideals and fashion trends spread throughout Europe, leading to the abandonment of traditional dress codes.
In conclusion, the French Revolution played a crucial role in sweeping away the existing dress codes in Europe. The revolution brought about the abolition of the nobility, the rise of the middle class, and a rejection of traditional norms, leading to a shift towards simpler and more egalitarian styles of clothing.