All questions of Class 8 NCERT Textbook (History - Our Past II) for UPSC CSE Exam

Because on that day india became independent .to celebrate that event they gathered at the red fort .

A is the correct answer.

Explanation:


Historians often compare the past with the present and refer to the time before and after a particular event or period. The correct answer to the question is option B, which is Time. Here are the reasons why:

Comparison of the Past and Present:


Historians often compare the past and present to understand how things have changed over time. They analyze various aspects of society, such as politics, economics, culture, and technology, to identify similarities and differences between the two.

Reference to Time:


When historians compare the past and present, they often refer to specific time periods. For example, they may compare the political systems of ancient Greece and modern-day America, or they may compare the economic conditions of the Great Depression and the 2008 financial crisis.

Before and After:


Historians use the concept of before and after to help them understand how events have impacted society over time. For example, they may study the period before and after the Industrial Revolution to understand how it transformed the economy and society.

Conclusion:


In conclusion, historians often compare the past with the present and refer to time to understand how society has changed over time. They use the concept of before and after to analyze the impact of specific events or periods on society.

False
Official documents do not necessarily reflect the true thoughts and opinions of the people of a country. Here's why:
- Official documents may be biased: The information presented in official documents is often influenced by the government or organization producing them. They may choose to highlight certain perspectives while neglecting others, leading to a biased representation of public opinion.
- Official documents may not capture diverse viewpoints: The views of a population are diverse and multifaceted. Official documents may not always encompass this diversity, providing a limited understanding of what the people really think.
- Official documents may be manipulated: Governments or organizations may manipulate official documents to serve their own agendas, distorting the true sentiments of the people.
- Official documents may not be transparent: The process of creating official documents is often opaque, making it difficult to ascertain whether they accurately reflect public opinion.
- Alternative sources should be considered: To truly understand what the people of a country think, it is important to consider a wide range of sources, including surveys, interviews, social media, and other forms of public expression.
In conclusion, while official documents may provide some insights into the thoughts of the people, they should be approached with caution and supplemented with other sources to gain a more comprehensive understanding.

Explanation:

Periodization in "A History of British India"
James Mill periodized Indian history in his work "A History of British India" by categorizing it into Hindu, Muslim, and British periods.

Explanation of Periodization
- Hindu Period: Mill identified the Hindu period as the time before the Muslim conquests in India. This period was characterized by the rule of various Hindu dynasties and the development of Hindu culture and traditions.
- Muslim Period: The Muslim period in Indian history began with the arrival of Muslim rulers and the establishment of Muslim dynasties in India. This period saw the fusion of Indian and Islamic cultures and the flourishing of art, architecture, and literature.
- British Period: The British period refers to the time when the British East India Company and later the British Crown ruled over India. This period was marked by British colonialism, the spread of Western education and culture, and the Indian struggle for independence.

Significance of Periodization
- Mill's periodization of Indian history helped in understanding the different phases of Indian society and culture under various rulers.
- It also highlighted the impact of different ruling powers on Indian society and the changes that occurred over time.
- By dividing Indian history into distinct periods, Mill provided a framework for analyzing the evolution of Indian civilization and the interactions between different cultural influences.
In conclusion, James Mill's periodization of Indian history into Hindu, Muslim, and British periods in "A History of British India" offers a structured approach to studying the diverse historical experiences of India under different ruling powers.

The correct answer is option C

Founder of Theosophical Society in India:
Annie Besant

Explanation:
The Theosophical Society was founded in New York City in 1875 by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge, and others. Annie Besant, a British social reformer, joined the Society in 1889 and became its leader in 1907. She founded the Theosophical Society in India in 1893 along with Henry Steel Olcott.

Life of Annie Besant:
Annie Besant was born in London, England in 1847. She was a social reformer, women's rights activist, and theosophist. In 1873, she became a member of the National Secular Society and started writing for their publication, The National Reformer. She also became involved in the trade union movement and the Fabian Society.

Contribution of Annie Besant:
Annie Besant's contribution to the Theosophical Society in India was immense. She was instrumental in establishing the society's headquarters in Adyar, Chennai. She also founded the Central Hindu College in Benares (now Varanasi), which later became the Banaras Hindu University. She was a strong advocate of Indian self-rule and worked closely with Indian leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi.

Conclusion:
Annie Besant's contribution to the Theosophical Society in India and her work for the Indian independence movement have made her a prominent figure in Indian history. Her legacy continues to inspire social reformers and activists today.

Abolition of Permanent Settlement System

The Permanent Settlement System was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. It was a land revenue system that fixed the land revenue demand in perpetuity, based on the expectation of a stable increase in agricultural production and thus, revenue. However, this system was not successful in achieving its objectives, as it led to the exploitation of farmers and the concentration of land in the hands of a few landlords.

Abolition of Permanent Settlement System

In 1833, the Governor-General of India, Lord William Bentinck, abolished the Permanent Settlement System in all the provinces of India, except for Bengal, as it was a major source of revenue for the British East India Company. However, in 1855, the Bengal Tenancy Act was passed, which introduced some reforms to protect the rights of tenants and regulate the relationship between landlords and tenants.

Finally, in 1951, the Permanent Settlement System was abolished in Bengal, and a new system of land revenue was introduced, which was based on the assessment of the land's productivity and the market value of crops. This system was more equitable and transparent and helped in the development of agriculture and the welfare of farmers.

Conclusion

Thus, the Permanent Settlement System was abolished in 1951 in Bengal, after being in operation for almost 158 years. It was replaced by a more equitable and transparent system of land revenue that helped in the development of agriculture and the welfare of farmers.

Birsa Munda was a young freedom fighter and a tribal leader, whose spirit of activism in the late nineteenth century, is remembered to be a strong mark of protest against British rule in India. He died in Ranchi Jail on 9 June 1900. Although the British claimed he died of cholera, he never showed symptoms of the disease. ... After his death the movement faded out. However, the movement was significant in at least two ways.

Yes, the correct answer is A- Id. As everyone in this picture are collected at mosque for their prayers (namaaz). People are hugging each other which shows that they are greeting each other and wishing 'Eid mubarak'. 

Reasons for the resentment of countryside peasants and zamindars towards the British:

1. High Taxes:
The British implemented high taxes on the countryside peasants and zamindars, which became a significant burden on their already meager incomes. The taxes were often collected in a rigid and oppressive manner, leading to widespread resentment among the rural population.

2. Rigid Methods of Revenue Collection:
The British employed strict and inflexible methods of revenue collection, which often resulted in the loss of lands for many peasants. The revenue collection system was designed to favor the moneylenders, who would often buy the lands of peasants unable to pay their taxes. This led to further impoverishment and displacement of the rural population.

3. Exploitation by Moneylenders:
The high taxes and rigid revenue collection methods forced many peasants into debt, resulting in their lands being acquired by moneylenders. The British administration failed to protect the interests of the peasants, allowing moneylenders to take advantage of their vulnerable situation. This further deepened the resentment towards the British.

4. Denial of High-Rank Jobs:
The British followed a policy of racial discrimination by denying high-ranking jobs to Indians. This created a sense of inferiority among the Indian population and fueled their resentment towards the British administration.

5. Loss of Autonomy:
The British colonization of India resulted in the loss of autonomy for the countryside peasants and zamindars. They were no longer in control of their own lands and resources, as the British imposed their own systems of governance and administration. This loss of autonomy and control over their own affairs contributed to the resentment towards the British.

6. Impact on Traditional Livelihoods:
The British policies and economic changes had a negative impact on the traditional livelihoods of the countryside peasants and zamindars. The introduction of cash crops and the decline of traditional industries disrupted the rural economy, leading to further hardships for the rural population. This added to the resentment towards the British.

Overall, the countryside peasants and zamindars resented the British due to a combination of factors including high taxes, rigid revenue collection methods, exploitation by moneylenders, denial of high-rank jobs, loss of autonomy, and the impact on traditional livelihoods. These factors created a deep sense of dissatisfaction and discontent among the rural population towards the British administration.

Understanding the Demands of Moderates
The Indian National Congress had two main factions during the freedom struggle: the Moderates and the Extremists. The Moderates, active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, advocated for gradual reforms through constitutional means.
Key Demands of the Moderates:
- Change in British Economic Policies: The Moderates sought reforms that would benefit Indian economy and agriculture, reducing the exploitative nature of British economic policies.
- Indians in High Administrative Posts: They demanded a greater representation of Indians in key administrative positions, aiming for a more inclusive governance structure.
- Reduction in Military Expenditure: The Moderates were keen on reducing military expenses, advocating that these funds be redirected towards social and economic development.
Why Option D is NOT TRUE:
- Increase in Taxes: This statement contradicts the Moderates' goals. They aimed to alleviate the financial burden on the Indian populace, not increase it. An increase in taxes would have placed greater pressure on an already struggling population, which was contrary to their demands for economic reform and welfare.
Conclusion:
In essence, while the other options reflect the genuine aspirations of the Moderates, the demand for an increase in taxes does not align with their objective of improving the socio-economic conditions of Indians. Thus, option 'D' is not true in the context of the Moderates’ demands.

Swadeshi Movement
The movement launched following the Partition of Bengal was the Swadeshi Movement. It was a significant phase in India's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. The movement aimed to promote the use of indigenous goods and boycott British products as a means of economic resistance against British dominance. Here are some key details about the Swadeshi Movement:
1. Background:
- The Partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British colonial government sparked widespread protests and outrage among the Indian population.
- The partition was seen as a divide-and-rule policy aimed at weakening the growing nationalist movement in Bengal.
- To counter this, the Swadeshi Movement was initiated to promote self-reliance and assert Indian identity.
2. Key Features:
- Boycott of British goods: Indians were urged to boycott British products and instead support indigenous industries.
- Promotion of Indian products: The movement emphasized the use of Indian-made goods and encouraged the establishment of Swadeshi industries.
- Nationalistic fervor: The movement instilled a sense of pride in Indian culture, heritage, and self-sufficiency.
- Public protests and demonstrations: Mass rallies, processions, and public meetings were organized to mobilize public support for the movement.
3. Methods of Resistance:
- Boycott of foreign goods: Indians boycotted British textiles, machinery, and other products, leading to a decline in imports.
- Promotion of Indian goods: Swadeshi products like clothes, salt, and other daily essentials were produced and promoted as an alternative to British goods.
- Public demonstrations: People gathered in large numbers to protest against British policies, often leading to clashes with the authorities.
- National education: The movement emphasized the need for quality education rooted in Indian values and culture.
4. Impact:
- Economic empowerment: The movement led to the growth of indigenous industries and self-reliance, reducing dependency on British goods.
- National unity: The Swadeshi Movement brought people from different regions and communities together, fostering a sense of national unity.
- Strengthening of the freedom struggle: The movement served as a precursor to other major movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Quit India Movement.
- Cultural resurgence: The movement revitalized Indian arts, crafts, and traditional practices.
In conclusion, the Swadeshi Movement was launched as a response to the Partition of Bengal and aimed to promote indigenous industries, boycott British goods, and foster a sense of national unity and self-reliance. It played a crucial role in the overall struggle for Indian independence.

The most important centres of jamdani weaving were Dacca in Bengal and Lucknow in the United Provinces.

A portrait is a picture of a person in which the face and its expression are prominent. It is a representation of an individual, capturing their physical appearance and often revealing something about their personality or character. The other options given - a picture with a theme, the art of drawing caricatures, and a picture of a scenic landscape - do not accurately capture the essence of a portrait.

**Explanation:**

1. **A picture with a theme:** A portrait is not simply a picture with a theme. While a portrait can have a theme, such as a specific setting or background, the focus is primarily on the person and their facial expression.

2. **The art of drawing caricatures:** Caricature is a form of art that exaggerates or distorts the features of a person for humorous or satirical purposes. While a portrait may include some level of exaggeration or stylization, it is not necessarily caricature. A portrait aims to capture the likeness and essence of the person, rather than exaggerating their features.

3. **A picture of a scenic landscape:** This option is completely unrelated to the concept of a portrait. A scenic landscape refers to a picture that captures the beauty of a natural or man-made environment, such as mountains, rivers, buildings, etc. It does not involve depicting a person's face or expression.

On the other hand, option 'C' accurately defines a portrait. It emphasizes the significance of the person's face and expression, indicating that the primary focus of a portrait is to capture the individual's likeness and convey something about their personality or character. A portrait often portrays the subject in a realistic manner, paying attention to details such as facial features, skin tone, and expressions, allowing viewers to connect with the person being depicted.

In conclusion, a portrait is best explained as a picture of a person in which the face and its expression are prominent. It is a representation that aims to capture the likeness and essence of an individual, providing viewers with insights into their personality and character.

Answer is option C.Urbanisation occurs mainly because people move from rural areas to urban areas and it results in growth in the size of urban population and the extent of urban areas.

Portraiture:
Portraiture refers to the art of creating portraits, which are visual representations of individuals or groups of people. It involves capturing the likeness, character, and personality of the subject through various artistic techniques. Portraits can be created using different mediums such as painting, drawing, sculpture, or photography.
Key Points:
- Portraiture is the art of making portraits.
- Portraits are visual representations of individuals or groups of people.
- Portraits aim to capture the likeness, character, and personality of the subject.
- Portraits can be created using various artistic techniques and mediums.
- Painting, drawing, sculpture, and photography are common mediums used in portraiture.
- Portraiture has been practiced throughout history and is a significant genre in art.
- Portraits can serve as a means of displaying wealth, status, and lavish lifestyles, as seen in the context of the empire mentioned in the question.
- Portraiture allows artists to express their creativity and interpretation of the subject.
- Portraits can convey emotions, tell stories, and preserve memories.
- Portraiture is still a popular and relevant art form today, with contemporary artists exploring new techniques and approaches.

Pls reply fast

Correct answer is B

During colonial rule,state boundaries were draw either for administrative convenience or ruled by princely state or coincide with British annexed territories.the principle for reorganizing state decided by INC in Nagpur session of 1920 ,was language.

after partition, leaders felt that this idea might further disintegrate the nation so they postponed the making of state boundaries but several local leaders challenged this, protest began in telgu speaking areas of old Madras province which includes present day Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Karnataka and Kerala,for the separation of telgu speaking areas into a new state this movement was known as vishalandhra movement,potti sriramulu also known as veteran Gandhi went an indefinite fast resulting in his death after 56 days, leading to unrest among people thus PM Nehru announced formation of separate Andhra Pradesh in 1952.

formation of Andhra lead to struggle for making other states on the basis of language thus govt.appointed state reorganization commission in 1953 .on the basis of report state reorganization act passed in 1956 creating 14 states and 6 union territories.