APSET Paper 2 Mock Test - 1 (Political Science) - AP TET MCQ

Defects in the Regulating Act 1773:
The act rendered the Governor General powerless before his colleagues because he had no veto power. This brought difficult times for Warren Hastings.

Freedom of speech is a feature of Democratic Constitutions.

India is no committed judiciary, The Supreme Court of India could not remain aloof to this idea of committed judiciary.
Committed Judiciary refers to the judiciary which is committed to uphold the policies of the government in power by interpreting the laws and the Constitution in a way palatable to the Government in power.

A good bureaucracy is expected to avoid giving classified information to a political executive,
In a bureaucracy that is run successfully, the impersonal nature of the relationships that are formed create unique advantages. It creates a structure where equality is a point of emphasis. Friendships don't influence the outcomes that are created.

It is necessary to help the central government in discharging its obligations regarding local government
State and local governments exercise important functions in the United States. They plan and pay for most roads, run public schools, provide water, organize police and fire services, establish zoning regulations, license professions, and arrange elections for their citizens.

The one obligation placed upon individuals by rights is to defend and promote actions that benefit everyone.

The correct answer is (Inclusive representation of diverse groups and protection of minority rights)

The Advantages of Political Parties

• Political parties encourage public participation.
• Political parties create checks and balances.
•  Political parties distribute information throughout society.
• Political parties water down special interest investments.
• Political parties help decisions be made quicker.
• Political parties create connections.

G.C.Field said that a 'political party is a voluntary association of people for the purpose of attaining political power':

Richard Glenn Gettell (March 3, 1912 – August 14, 1988)[1] was an American educator who served as the 13th President of Mount Holyoke College from 1957 to 1968.believed that a 'political party consists of a group of citizens more or less organised who act as a political unit'.

Febian Society was established in the year 4 January 1884.

• The concept of separation of powers was given by Montesquieu.
• Montesquieu described the separation of political power among a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary.
• He wrote that the government is morally obligated to serve people, namely by protecting their natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

The correct answer is Woodrow Wilson. 

The correct option is LD White.

• Government in action is the primary definition of public administration.
• a result, the government activity's execution and implementation are its primary concerns.
• Since the creation of the Administrative State, public administration has become increasingly important.
• It now serves a variety of purposes in both capitalist and socialist states.
• It serves as a tool for fostering, promoting, protecting, and restricting.
• In the words of L.D. White, “Its nature, contents and scope—all go to make it the heart of the problem of modern government.”
• Prof. L.D. White has defined administration as a ‘process, common to all group effort; public or private, civil or military, large scale or small scale.
• It is a process of work in a departmental store, a bank, a school, a hotel or a city.’

The correct answer is Option A.

• The US military machine is an Intimidating and colossal beast.
• For years the US has ranked as the top nation for military spending by a significant margin.
• The US defense budget accounts for 38 percent of global military spending, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
• The US has some of the most advanced weaponry at its disposal and about 800 military bases outside the United States.
• The US Air Force is the world's largest air force, the US Navy is the world's largest navy by tonnage, and the US Navy and the US Marine Corps combined are the world's second largest air arm.
• The national defense total in the 2022 omnibus spending bill is $782 billion, a 3.9 percent increase over the administration's request for 2022 and a 5.6 percent increase over the 2021 appropriations.

The oldest theory about the origin of the state is the divine origin theory. It is also known as the theory of divine right of Kings. The exponents of this theory believe that the state did not come into being by any effort of man. It is created by God.

The correct answer is Integrative approach: Parties work together to develop mutually beneficial solutions, maximizing joint gains.

• Public administration, as an aspect of a more extensive governmental system, is characterized by its emphasis on serving the public interest and managing public resources. This often requires the negotiation and reconciliation of diverse and sometimes conflicting interests.
• The collaborative model, a well-regarded practice in public administration, aligns well with the integrative approach to conflict management.
• This approach, following the concepts of thinkers like Mary Parker Follet, encourages parties involved in a conflict to cooperate and find creative solutions that satisfy everyone's interests, thereby maximizing joint gains.
• Unlike competitive or distributive models, the integrative approach doesn't look at conflict resolution as a zero-sum game, aiming instead for a win-win outcome.
• Moreover, this model fosters a cooperative environment that stimulates open communication, mutual respect, and collective decision-making.
• This approach serves the dual purpose of not just resolving conflicts but developing stronger partnerships, building trust, and promoting better understanding of different perspectives, essential facets in public administration.
• The integrative approach also enables the innovative generation of solutions and ideas that may not have surfaced in a competitive or avoidant atmosphere. Thus, it reinforces democratic values, respectful dialogue, and acknowledges the importance of diverse interest groups, vital in the realm of public administration.

Postmodernism is a speech style that opposes epistemic certainty. 

• It is marked by philosophical scepticism against the big narratives presented by modernism.  
• It also rejects the principles of binary opposition, the stability of identity, hierarchy, and categorization as being universally valid.
• The investigative perspective of postmodernism is characterised by self-reference, epistemological relativism, moral relativism, pluralism, irony, and eclecticism.
• Postmodernism with promoting obscurantism, abandoning the intellectualism of the Age of Enlightenment, and producing little new knowledge. 
•  Postmodernism criticises and disbelieves in metanarratives, such as capitalism. 

Thus, Post-Modernism is Post-Modernism recognizes pluralism and criticises Meta-Narratives. 

In political philosophy, the general will is the will of the people as a whole. The term was made famous by 18th-century French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau. 

Both Assertion- Federalism is not dead in India and Reason- New regions are constantly demanding statehood are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

It consists, for Plato, in Ideas. Plato explains the extra-mental reality of Ideas in another way: Our soul is immortal; it carries its knowledge of Ideas from birth to birth. Ideas of perfect straight line or perfect beauty were in the mind from our previous lives. 

The correct answer is Aruna Asaf Ali.

• Aruna Asaf Ali was not a member of the Constituent Assembly of India.
• Aruna Asaf Ali was an Indian independence activist.
• She is best known for her role in the Quit India Movement of 1942, when she hoisted the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay during the protest's launch.
• She was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1997.
• However, she was not a member of the Constituent Assembly, which was responsible for drafting the Constitution of India post-independence.

The correct answer is option 3, Eastern Africa, as it is not considered a part of India's extended neighbourhood.

• India's extended neighbourhood includes regions such as the Asia Pacific, South China Sea, and the Suez Canal, which are of strategic importance to India's foreign policy.
• India has been actively engaging with these regions to enhance its economic, political, and security interests.
• For instance, India has been strengthening its ties with countries in the Asia Pacific region through initiatives such as the Act East Policy.
• Similarly, India has been closely monitoring developments in the South China Sea, which is a major trade route for India.

Overall, India's extended neighbourhood is a crucial component of its foreign policy, and the country has been working towards enhancing its presence and influence in these regions.

Muhammad Iqbal was a poet and philosopher who was known for his influential efforts to direct his fellow Muslims to the establishment of Pakistan.

• He was born November 9, 1877, in Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. 
• Iqbal was a fervent advocate for the political and spiritual resurrection of Islamic civilisation.
• Iqbal was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in 1927 and served in the All India Muslim League in several capacities.
• Works of Mohammad Iqbal are: 
  • The Development of Metaphysics in Persia (1908)
  • The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam(1930)
  • Tarana-e-Hind (1905)
  • The Bang-e-Dara (1924)

​​Thus, Tarana-e-Hind, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in ISLAM and The Bang-e-Dara are writings that were associated with Muhammad Iqbal. 

The central feature of Immanuel Wallerstein's work is World System theory. The main characteristic of his definition is the development of a global division of labour, including the existence of independent political units at the same time.

Environmental Green parties originated from new social movements started in 1970s in Europe. This parties are developed due to rise of environmental awareness and the development of new social movements. The famous 1972 Club of Rome Report, Limits of Growth, is symbolic for the larger and long-term problems associated with environmental destruction caused by governmental environmental policies, that have often succumbed to economic pressures.
Thus, the Correct answer is D.

Institutionalism is related to the Modern Perspective of Political Theory.

• Numerous distinct themes, including institutional-structural, scientific, positivistic, empirical, behavioural, post-behavioural, and Marxist, are included in modern political theory. The majority of the 20th century was characterized by these trends.
• Institutionalism in political science refers to a variety of analytical approaches in political science that place a strong emphasis on institutions, which are widely believed to be the laws, routines, structures, and broader backgrounds that impact political outcomes and mould political behaviour.
• Classical political theory was, for the most part, philosophical, normative, idealistic, and, to some extent, historical. In contrast, modern political theory can be divided into two opposing camps: liberal, which includes the individualistic, elitist, and pluralist, and Marxist, which includes the dialectical-materialist.
• Logical positivism, also known as logical empiricism, emerged in Vienna during the 1920s as a philosophical movement and was characterised by the idea that all conventional metaphysical ideas should be dismissed as meaningless and that scientific knowledge is the sole kind of factual knowledge.
• According to the methodological theory of contextualism in political philosophy, contextual consideration is essential in normative political reasoning and hence does not denote the modern political theory
• The belief that studying history can reveal trends or patterns of a law-like nature from which it is possible to forecast future economic and social structures and historical events are known as historicism. However, it is not primarily associated with Marxism, thus this historicism is related to classical theory and not modern.

Thus we know that Institutionalism is related to the Modern Perspective of Political Theory.

The correct answer is Racial discrimination caused psychological trauma that led to imitation of the colonizer's culture and disavowal of indigenous identities.

• Racial discrimination caused psychological trauma
• Colonized people internalized belief in their inferiority
• They imitated the colonizers and rejected their own cultures
• Overcome by affirming native identities and culture
• Building pride in independence from colonial structures

The correct answer is ​1, 2 and 3 only.

Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is celebrated on 9th January every year to strengthen the engagement of the overseas Indian community with the Government of India and mark the contribution of the Overseas Indian community in the development of India. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

• January 9 was chosen as the day to celebrate this occasion since it was on this day in 1915 that Mahatma Gandhi, the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa, led India’s freedom struggle and changed the lives of Indians forever.

PBD conventions are being held every year since 2003.

• PBD Convention is the flagship event of the Ministry of External Affairs and provides an important platform to engage and connect with overseas Indians. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect.
• Since 2015, its format has been revised to celebrate the PBD once every two years and to hold theme-based PBD Conferences during the intervening period with participation from overseas diaspora experts, policymakers and stakeholders.

It is in the PBD convention, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards are presented by the President of India.

• The Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award is the highest honour conferred on a Non-Resident Indian, Person of Indian Origin; or an organisation or institution established and run by Non-Resident Indians or Persons of Indian Origin, who have made a significant contribution in better understanding of India abroad, support India's causes and concerns in a tangible way, community work abroad, the welfare of local Indian community, philanthropic and charitable work, etc. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

'Non-resident Indian' is an individual who is a citizen of India or a person of Indian origin and who is not a resident of India.

• Thus, in order to determine whether an individual is a non-resident Indian or not, his residential status is required to be determined under Section 6. As per section 6 of the Income-tax Act 1961, an individual is said to be a non-resident in India if he is not a resident in India and an individual is deemed to be resident in India in any previous year if he satisfies any of the following conditions:
  • If he is in India for a period of 182 days or more during the previous year; or
  • If he is in India for a period of 60 days or more during the previous year and 365 days or more during 4 years immediately preceding the previous year.
• However, in respect of an Indian citizen and a person of Indian origin who visits India during the year, the period of 60 days as mentioned in above shall be substituted with 182 days.
  • A similar concession is provided to the Indian citizen who leaves India in any previous year as a crew member or for the purpose of employment outside India. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Eco-feminist:​

• Ecofeminism describes movements and philosophies that link feminism with ecology.
• This movement seeks to eradicate all forms of social injustice, not just injustice against women and the environment.
• Its advocates say that paternalistic/capitalistic society has led to a  harmful split between nature and culture.
• Ecofeminism believes that "feminine" values such as reciprocity, nurturing and cooperation, are present both among women and in nature.
• Vandana shiva is an eco-feminist who wrote a book about ecofeminism.

Vandana Shiva is an example of an eco-feminist.