APSET Paper 2 Mock Test - 2 (Political Science) - AP TET MCQ

It is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic with a parliamentary system of government. The Republic is governed in terms of the Constitution of India which was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November, 1949 and came into force on 26th January, 1950.

Federalism is a compromise meant to eliminate the disadvantages of both systems. In a federal system, power is shared by the national and state governments. The Constitution designates certain powers to be the domain of a central government, and others are specifically reserved to the state governments.

In Parliamentary system real power is exercised by cabinet
It is also for the reason that the Indian constitution provides for a parliamentary form of Government. In the parliamentary form of government, the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister exercised the real powers of the Government.

The Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William, Calcutta (Kolkata) was founded in 1774 by the Regulating Act of 1773. It replaced the Mayor's Court of Calcutta and was British India's highest court from 1774 until 1862, when the High Court of Calcutta was established by the Indian High Courts Act 1861.

The correct option is ' Established in 1951 with headquarters in Switzerland, IOM’s mission is to promote humane and orderly migration by providing services and advice to governments and migrants'.

Statement 1 is correct. 
The Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) is a grassroots organization that primarily focuses on laborers and farmers. While this is its primary focus, it is involved in advocating for the rights and empowerment of these groups, and it is also known as the "Association for Empowerment of Labourers and Farmers." The organization seeks to empower these groups by demanding transparency, accountability, and social justice. 

Statement 2 is correct. 
MKSS was indeed founded on May 1, 1990, by a group of social activists including Aruna Roy, Nikhil Dey, and Shankar Singh. The organization had its beginnings in the village of Devdungari, located in Rajasthan. This village became the epicenter of their activism, and from there, they initiated various social movements and campaigns. 

Statement 3 is correct. 
MKSS is widely recognized as one of India's most influential social movements. The organization is committed to promoting social justice, transparency, and equal rights for marginalized sections of society, particularly laborers and farmers. One of its significant achievements was its role in advocating for and mobilizing support for the Right to Information (RTI) Act, which became law in India in 2005. The RTI Act allows citizens to access government information, promoting transparency and accountability in governance. 

Thus, the correct answer is 4 – All three statements are correct.

The correct option is ' Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal'.

The correct answer is Political divisions in society.

Ernest Barker has criticized Mill of inconsistencies in the doctrine of liberty. For Mill, the idea of liberty is absence of constraints or external interference. It means he views liberty in negative sense. Whereas, Barker is a positive liberal who does not have satisfaction with the concept of negative liberty. Mill is accused of giving the theory of liberty, which is relevant for abstract individual, individual of his imagination rather than the real individual.
Thus, option B is correct.

Democratization is the process of becoming a democracy. Democratic centralism is the Leninist organizational system in which policy is declared centrally and is binding to all members. Democracy consolidation is different from democratic transition. Democratic consolidation is a process which results in the maturity of the democracy. Conceptually, a country’s democracy is consolidated when there is no longer a chance that it will revert to authoritarianism. It includes the maturity of both democratic institutions and the society. The consolidation process entails a broader and complex process of institutionalization of the new democratic rules for political life.
Thus, option B is correct.

The Fabian Socialists believed that the state is an agency which can promote welfare of the people.

Prevention, prohibition and redressal act 2013:

• The sexual harassment of women at workplace (prevention, prohibition and redressal) Act 2013 came into force on 22nd April 2013.
• It replaced the Vishaka guidelines 1997 of the supreme court.
• Loksabha passed the bill, without any debate, on 3rd September 2012.
• Rajyasabha passes it on 26th February 2013.
• It includes any one or more of the following unwelcome acts or behavior (whether directly of by implication) namely,
• Physical contact and advances;
• A demand or request for sexual favors;
• Making sexual colored remards;
• Showing pornography;
• Any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature.

Objectives:

• To provide protection against sexual harassment of women employees at workplace.
• Protect the constitutional right to equality of women.
• Prevention and redressal of complaints pertaining to harassment. 

The correct answer is Rajni Kothari.

The correct option is A.

• F.W Riggs is the most influential model-maker in comparative public administration is Riggs.
• The most significant individual contribution to comparative public management remains likely the Theory of Prismatic Society (1964) by Riggs.
• Professor Riggs used three analytical techniques to describe his managerial views.
• The ecological approach (ecological perspectives), structural-functional approach, and concept models are listed in that order (model-building).
• The ecological and structural-functional techniques have been successfully used by Fred Riggs to analyze societies and their governmental structures.
• The typology of "fused-prismatic-diffracted" societies, which was established in 1959, replaced his 1957 typology of "agrarian-transitia-industria" systems.
• The ecological approach looks at how an administrative system interacts with its surrounding environment.
• The empirical Approach gathers data and formulates a reliable outcome from it.
• But the comparative public administration approach is a type of Behavioral Approach as the focus of the behavioral approach is on "acts," exact scientific procedures of data collection and analysis, measurement, experimentation, testing, and verification, as well as a multidisciplinary attitude.
• The study of human behavior in administrative contexts is its main subject.

Hence, the correct option is Behavioral Approach.

The correct answer is Dimock.

• Administration is such a vast area that a philosophy of administration comes close to being a philosophy of life.
• Marshall E. Dimock was a self-confessed non-conformist who valued individualism and individual self-development above all other values.
• For him a philosophy of administration is more than a science or art and “must deal with institutional goals and objectives, with social values and individual growth, as well as with the paraphernalia of organizing and running things, which are only “incidental.
• At the core of his thinking about problems of administration, management and organization was what he regarded as the fundamental importance of “moral philosophy” although he recognized that “the political economist who epitomizes moral philosophy is regarded as a regrettably nonconformist and excessively individualistic relic of a past age.”

The correct answer is Hannah Arendt

• Hannah Arendt examined the conditions that led to totalitarianism in her seminal work 'The Origins of Totalitarianism'.
• She argued that the dissolution of social bonds and isolation of atomized individuals amidst rapid modernization created a mass society vulnerable to totalitarian mobilization and control.
• Her theory focused on social psychology and power dynamics enabling totalitarianism.
• Details:
• In her seminal 1951 work 'The Origins of Totalitarianism', Arendt examined the conditions that enabled the rise of totalitarian movements like Fascism and Nazism in the early 20th century.
• She argued that the social disintegration and atomization of individuals in modern urban 'mass societies' made people feel isolated and alienated.
• This isolation makes them vulnerable to the propaganda and community offered by totalitarian movements. It provides a conducive environment.
• Totalitarian ideologies exploit the loneliness and frustration created by atomization amidst rapid industrialization and urbanization.
• So Arendt related the rise of totalitarianism to the dissolution of traditional social bonds and communal ties in modernization.
• This results in alienated 'masses' susceptible to the appeals of totalitarianism.
• In this way, Hannah Arendt developed a profound analysis of the sociological and psychological dynamics enabling totalitarian mobilization through her concepts of 'mass society' and 'atomization'. It remains influential in political theory.

Samir Amin (1970) presented a new version of unequal exchange by considering wages as an endogenous variable, and he showed that unequal exchange allowed capitalist countries to protect profits. To him, the dominance of foreign capital in LDCs means distorted export activity and the hypertrophy of the tertiary sector.

Lassa Francis Lawrence Oppenheim (March 30, 1858 – October 7, 1919) was a renowned German jurist. He is regarded by many as the father of the modern discipline of international law, especially the hard legal positivist school of thought. He inspired Joseph Raz and Prosper Weil.

Laski was one of Britain's most influential intellectual spokesmen for socialism in the interwar years.[citation needed] In particular, his teaching greatly inspired students, some of whom later became leaders of newly independent nations in Asia and Africa. He was perhaps the most prominent intellectual in the Labour Party, especially for those on the left who shared his trust and hope in Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union. He was distrusted by the Labour politicians who were in charge,[citation needed] such as Prime Minister Clement Attlee, and was never given a major government position or a peerage.

• Article 39-A of the Indian Constitution "Equal justice and free legal aid” deals with Directive Principles of State Policy.
• Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51 mentions the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs).
• The idea of DPSPs was borrowed from the Irish Constitution of 1937 by the framers of the Indian Constitution.

The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague, Netherlands. The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression. The ICC began functioning on 1 July 2002, the date that the Rome Statute entered into force.

The single transferable vote (STV) is a voting system designed to achieve proportional representation through ranked voting in multi-seat organizations or constituencies (voting districts). Under STV, an elector (voter) has a single vote that is initially allocated to their most preferred candidate.

In the context of society today, the caste system and much that goes with it are wholly incompatible , reactionary, restrictive and barriers to progress. There can be no equality in status and opportunity within its framework,nor can there be political democracy....Between these two conceptions conflict is inherent and only one of them can survive.
-Jawaharlal Nehru(1946:257)

The correct answer is They were European political thinkers who influenced the ideas of American leaders at the time of the Revolution.

• The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that commanded the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century.
• It is associated with a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy and came to progressive ideals, such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.
• The Enlightenment has also called the backbone of modern western political and intellectual culture.
• It brought political modern habits and needs to the west by the establishment of democratic values and institutions and the creation of modern, liberal democracies.

In parliamentary government the cabinet includes usually people belonging to ruling party.

In Presidential form of Government there is the system of checks and balance.

Despite the allegations of his critics, Marx would not have been in favour of totalitarian rule - certainly not as anything more than a short-lived expedient (answer a). Although Marx believed that violence would be necessary to overthrow the ruling bourgeoisie, this point was not a primary reason for his differences with other socialist theorists (answer b). Answer d is an irrelevance, since there were no trade unions for the earliest socialists to join.

The Drafting of the Constitution was completed on 26th November, 1949.

The correct answer is 2 only.

• Article 263 contemplates the establishment of an Inter-state Council to effect coordination between the states and between centres and states.
• Thus, the President can establish such a council if at any time it appears to him that the public interest would be served by its establishment.
• He can define the nature of duties to be performed by such a council and its organisation and procedure.
• Thus, it is not a permanent institution, rather an ad-hoc one.
• Even though the president is empowered to define the duties of an interstate council, Article 263 specifies the duties that can be assigned to it in the following manner:
  • Enquiring into and advising upon disputes which may arise between states.
  • Investing and discussing subjects in which the states or the Centre and the states have a common interest.
  • making recommendations upon any such subject, and particularly for the better coordination of policy and action on it.
• The council can deal with any controversy whether legal or non-legal, but its function is advisory unlike that of the court which gives a binding decision.
• First Inter-state Council (ISC) was established in pursuance of the recommendations of the Sarkaria Comission by the Janata Dal Government headed by V.P. Singh in 1990.

The correct answer is Salman Rushdie.

Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism from 1981-1991 is a book of essays by acclaimed author Salman Rushdie.
Though Rushdie is best known for his provocative novels, most of which are set in and around India, this book features seventy-four of his essays, which examine issues of migration, literature and colonialism, socialism and political activism, modernism, and more.
Salman Rushdie:

• He is a British-American novelist and essayist of Indian descent.
• He won the Booker Prize in 1981 for his novel Midnight's Children.
• His book The Satanic Verses came into a lot of controversies.
• Some of his notable writings are The Ground Beneath Her Feet, Midnight's Children, and The Moor's Last Sigh.