Assam TET Paper 2 Mock Test - 8 (Science and Mathemtics) - Assam TET MCQ

Learning is an active process, transferable, measurable and goal-oriented. It is the desired change or modification of behaviour attained through experience and environment. It is both a formal and informal process, it is universal and continuous. From birth, every child should have access to high-quality learning opportunities for language, literacy and mathematics. These should be available in all early years settings, including the home, and facilitated by parents.

• Psychological Factors: Psychological factors are unique or specific to the individuals engaged in the process of learning. Thorough knowledge and understanding of these factors are very essential for the teachers and parents in providing and guiding learning among the children.
  • Intelligence
  • Motivation
  • Maturation for Readiness to Learn
  • Emotions
  • Interests
  • Attitudes
  • Self-Concept
  • Learning Styles
• Socio-Cultural (Environmental) Factors Influencing Learning: The socio-cultural environment, within which a child grows, has a significant impact on his/her learning. In fact, all learning occurs with special reference to the cultural context of an individual. The social constructivist view of psychology holds that all learning is culturally oriented and guided. For our own understanding, we can subdivide socio-cultural factors into a) family, b) neighbourhood and community; and c) socio-cultural diversities like caste, class, ethnicity, religion, etc. Also, since, socio-culture factors are affecting learning, so does economic factor, because, suppose, a poor boy may not have access to online learning while a rich boy may have.
• School-Related Factors Influencing Learning: Learning is also assumed to be greatly influenced by the school and the school environment in which students are imparted with different types of learning experiences. The term ‘school environment’ encompasses the terms ‘school culture’ and ‘school climate’ that affect the behaviour of teachers and students.
• Teaching-Learning Processes Related Factors Influencing Learning: It includes methods of learning and the influence of media on learning.

So, we conclude that all the facts influence student difficulty in learning.

Article 30(1) enjoins that "all minorities whether based on religion or language shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice".

Defense mechanisms are learned and designed to tackle self-devaluation, anxiety, and hurt and operate automatically at habitual levels. They typically involve measures of self-deception and distortion. Defense mechanisms are usually exercised in combination instead of singly and quite often they are combined with task-oriented behavior. To a great extent, they are necessary to soften failure, alleviate anxiety and hurt, and protect feelings of significance adequacy, and worth. Normally, they are adjustive reactions but sometimes they seriously interfere with the effective resolution of stress. Defense mechanisms may feature in a negative or a positive form.

The field theory of learning in children, in which the learner perceives and responds to the whole situation, comes under Kohler's theory of understanding.
The associative theory of learning in children is described on the basis of stimulus response. In this, a relationship is established between the stimulus response. It is also called stimulus response or S-R principle.

All of these techniques can be used to motivate the students of a class.

In pre-childhood, the tendency of children to explore new and move around greatly increases.
Pre-childhood covers the period from 2 to 6 years. It is also known as the preschool stage. The characteristics of pre-childhood are:

• Some parents feel that behavioral problems of the childhood period are more troublesome than physical care of infants.
• Some behavioral problems occur during this period such as obstinacy, stubbornness, disobedience, and antagonistic.
• It is a toy age because most of the time children are engaged with their toys. These toys are also helpful to educate the children. Toys are an important element of their play activities.
• The tendency of children to explore new and move around greatly increases.
• This is a period when a child is considered physically and mentally independent. This is also a school-going age.
• Children become more self-sufficient, and independent, and develop self-esteem.
• This is the age of foundations of social behavior. They are a more organized social life they will be required to adjust to when they enter first grade.
• Develop physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development.

Provide scaffolding and other kinds of support during classroom activities and for homework. scaffolding refers to a variety of instructional techniques used to move students progressively toward stronger understanding and, ultimately, greater independence in the learning process.

Emotional Development: It is one of major aspects of human development. Emotions like love, anger, fear, etc. play a great role in the development of a child’s personality. It can be expressed in various ways, like facial expressions on the face, like gestures, like volume and tone of speech, by the behavioral display or motives of a person. There is no moment in our life when we do not experience emotions. They can result from a variety of external or internal stimulations.

Eight Intellectual Levels or Eight Conditions of Learning:

• Signal learning: The learner makes a general response to a signal.
• Stimulus-response learning: The learner makes a precise response to a signal.
• Chaining: The connection of a set of individual stimulus and responses in a sequence.
• Verbal association: The learner makes associations using verbal connections.
• Discrimination Learning: The learner makes different responses to different stimuli that are somewhat alike.
• Concept learning: The learner develops the ability to make a generalized response based on a class of stimuli.
• Rule learning: A rule is a chain of concepts linked to demonstrated behaviour.
• Problem-solving: The learner discovers a combination of previously learned rules and applies them to solve a novel situation.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that proper prerequisites are not a type of learning according to Gagne’s Theory of Learning.

'प्राचीन भारत में मनुष्य का उत्थान धर्म-कर्म में लीन रहकर ही सम्भव था।' कथन असत्य है। दिए गए गद्यांश के अनुसार प्राचीन भारत में शिक्षा, ज्ञान प्राप्ति का सबसे बड़ा स्रोत माना जाता था।......शिक्षा ने ही प्राचीन संस्कृति को संरक्षण दिया और इसके प्रसार में मदद की।

उपचारात्मक शिक्षण: सीखने के दौरान, बच्चा स्वेच्छा से-अनिच्छा से या कुछ वैकल्पिक अवधारणाओं के कारण गलतियाँ करता है। एक शिक्षक का काम छात्रों को निदान के बाद उन गलतियों को सुधारने में मदद करना है। इस प्रकार अपनाई जाने वाली विधि को उपचारात्मक शिक्षण के रूप में जाना जाता है। इसकी निम्नलिखित विशेषताएं हैं:

• इसका उपयोग भाषा कौशल में सुधार के लिए किया जा सकता है।
• किसी विशेष समस्या क्षेत्र को ठीक करने के लिए इसका उपयोग किया जा सकता है। उदाहरण के लिए, एक छात्र 'no' और 'know' के उच्चारण में उलझन में है, उसे मूक अक्षरों की अवधारणा सिखाई जा सकती है।
• यह छात्रों के सामने आने वाली समस्याओं और चुनौतियों की पहचान के बाद किया जाता है।
• इस पद्धति को लागू करने के लिए एक शिक्षक को छात्रों की ताकत और कमजोरियों से अच्छी तरह अवगत होना चाहिए।
• यह एक व्यवस्थित प्रक्रिया है क्योंकि शिक्षक पहले छात्रों की समस्या का निदान करता है और फिर उपयुक्त उपचारात्मक विधियों को लागू करता है।

इसलिए, हम यह निष्कर्ष निकालते हैं कि उपचारात्मक शिक्षण एक व्यवस्थित प्रक्रिया है।

पद्यांश के अनुसार:- 
कवि ने कविता के माध्यम से सत्य की खोज तथा ज्ञान की प्राप्ति को निश्चित समय व भविष्य को जानने की स्थिति को प्रदर्शित किया है। 

दिए गए विकल्पों में से आधुनिकता की व्यापक परिभाषा नहीं है - समाज में व्याप्त रुढ़िवादी विचार धारा को प्रोत्साहित करना है।
गद्यांश के अनुसार -
आधुनिकता, आधुनिक सोच, चरित्र, और प्रथा है।
आर्थिक, सामाजिक, राजनितिक और सांस्कृतिक परिवर्तन है।
​नवीन आर्थिक, सामाजिक एवं राजनीतिक स्थितियों में पुराने होते जा रहे कला, वास्तुकला, साहित्य, धार्मिक विश्वास, सामाजिक संगठन और दैनिक जीवन के "पारंपरिक" रूपों को पुन: पोषित करना।

अंग्रेजी के शिक्षण से विद्यार्थियों को आधारभूत अंतर्वैयक्तिक संप्रेषणात्मक कौशल में दक्ष बनाना चाहिए।

• BICS का मतलब- आधारभूत अंतःर्वैयक्तिक संप्रेषणात्मक कौशल ( Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills) ​है।
  • यह दूसरी भाषा में संवादी प्रवाह के विकास का वर्णन करता है।

डिस्लेक्सिया: पढ़ने में विकार या समस्या होने पर यह पठन अक्षमता उत्पन्न होती है जिसे डिस्लेक्सिया कहते हैं। डिस्लेक्सिया ग्रीक भाषा के दो शब्द डस और लेक्सिस से मिलकर बना है जिसका शाब्दिक अर्थ है, कथन भाषा यह अधिगम अक्षमता के सबसे सामान्य प्रकार है। सह भाषा के लिखित रूप, मौखिक रूप एवं भाषायी दक्षता को प्रभावित करता है।

सतत आकलन का अर्थ है बालक की अधिगम संबंधी कठिनाईयों को पहचानना, जिससे कठिनाईयों को पहचानने के बाद शिक्षक इन्हें सुधारने के लिए उचित कदम उठा सके।

बच्चों को ऐसा वातावरण मिलना जरूरी है, जो भाषा से समृद्ध हो।समृद्ध भाषिक परिवेश में  बच्चे सहज रूप से स्वतः ही भाषा में सुधार कर सकते हैं।

• पढ़ने का आरम्भ अर्थपूर्ण एवं लिपि से होना चाहिए और किसी उद्देश्य के लिए होना चाहिए।
• यह उद्देश्य कहानी सुनकर-पढ़कर आनन्द लेना भी हो सकता है।
• धीरे-धीरे बच्चों में भाषा की लिपि से परिचित होने के बाद अपने परिवेश में उपलब्ध लिखित भाषा को पढ़ने-समझने की जिज्ञासा उत्तपन्न होने लगती है।

A deductive approach involves the learners being given a general rule, which is then applied to specific language examples and honed through practice exercises.

'Check Word Order' would come under the Grammar heading. 
The ordering of the words in a sentence is called Word order. Every language has a standard word order. The standard word order in English is- Subject + Verb + Object. In order to write the proper sequence of words, we should know what is subject, verb, and object. It is important to know the sequence of words as it impacts the meaning. For example, "Sneha plays football" and "Football plays Sneha" both sentences are conveying two different meanings since the position of the subject and object are changed. The same thing will happen if we change the position of the verb, for instance: "plays football Sneha". 

• Word order comes under Grammar because grammar deals with the structure and functions of a language. It is the study of words, their usage in a sentence, and their change of meaning in different contexts. 
• Organization of ideas comes under the composition and speech as it deals with the ordering of ideas, incidents, events, or details in a perceptible manner in a paragraph, essay, or speech. 
• Vocabulary and general meaning is a word stock of a language whereas story length deals with the length of a story (word count).

Verbs are the action words in a sentence that describe what the subject is doing. A verb is a doing word that shows an action, an event, or a state. In other words, a verb is a word that informs about action, the existence of something, or an occurrence. In our sentence, the soil is the subject and accumulation is the action. Thus, accumulate is a verb.

• A noun is a word that names something (such as a person, animal, place, thing, quality, or idea) and is typically used in a sentence as the subject or object of a verb or a preposition.
  Ex: Johnny Depp acted brilliantly in the movie Edward Scissorhands.
• ​An adverb is a word that describes or gives more information about a verb, adjective, adverb, or phrase.
  Ex: Walk carefully lest you should fall.​
• Conjunctions are the words used to connect two words or clauses or sentences.
  ​Ex: John David Washington and Robert Pattinson starred in Christopher Nolan-directed thriller Tenet. 

Ovulation, egg, oviduct, and uterus correspond to female reproductive system.
Sperm, testis, sperm duct, and penis correspond to male reproductive system.

Friction: Friction is an opposing force that comes into play when the body is actually moving (slide or roll) or even tries to move over the surface of another body.

The presence of irregularities between the two surfaces in contact causes friction. 
Cause of Friction:
Friction is a evil because it cause of loss of energy and wear and tear of surfaces.

• Soles of shoes wear out
• We feel heat when we rub our hands.
• Lighting a matchstick
• Working of an eraser
• Coming down a Kid’s slide
• Holding onto objects

Hence we can conclude that Both I and II are the caused by friction.

NCERT Science textbooks for upper primary classes include a large number of daily life related questions which have been left unanswered. This has been done so that the students can seek answer to these questions by exploring different resources. This will widen their horizons of knowledge.

In order to enhance the self-esteem of students, they should be allowed to take part in discussions and debates.

Being an acid, hydrochloric acid does not change the colour of turmeric indicator, as acids do not change the colour of turmeric indicator. Also, phenolphthalein indicator would remain colourless in acids.

Option (3) is not a merit of lesson planning. This is one of the merits of assessment. The formative and summative assessments help the teachers to know about the extent of knowledge gained by the student. The teacher can thus devise methods to improve her teaching methodology.

Direct experience is the type of experience that is gained by the active participation of an individual. Such types of experiences are only acquired by doing with own hands. For example, learning how to ride a bicycle requires a person to himself get on the saddle and start pedaling. Just by seeing others riding a cycle will not help.

Microteaching has been considered an effective technique for the development of teaching skills for teachers. The technique has been refined over a period of the last thirty years. Microteaching is like a simulation technique for developing teaching skills. This approach is used to shape the teacher's behavior based on an effective feedback mechanism.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skill as a result of practice and experience. It represents a progressive change in behavior.

• ​It is a life-long process. Learning is not inherited but can begin right from birth by providing constant interaction and stimulation received from the physical, social, and cultural environment and it does not stop till the end.