Bank of India PO Mock Test - 4 - Bank Exams MCQ
30 Questions MCQ Test Bank of India PO Mock Test Series 2025 - Bank of India PO Mock Test - 4
Directions: Read the given passage and answer the question that follow.
2017 was the second-worst year for tropical forests since 2001 with the tree cover loss amounting to 15.8 million hectares (mha). This is equivalent to losing 40 football fields of trees every minute for an entire year. In fact, in the last two years—2016 and 2017—tropical developing countries had lost an area of forest the size of Vietnam. These findings were released at the recently concluded Oslo Tropical Forest Forum.
Tropical deforestation is globally acknowledged to contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore, linked to climate change. Concerted efforts have been made over the last decade to reduce deforestation. New mechanisms like reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, also called REDD+, have been permanently enshrined in the Paris Agreement as the way forward to achieve emission reduction from deforestation.
The latest figures on tree cover loss, however, have got the forest fraternity scratching their heads to figure out what has gone wrong.
At the same forum, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Victoria Tauli Corpuz, issued a powerful statement. She stated in her letter to the world leaders that the community have stood as a proven solution to climate change for generations. The world needs to recognize their rights, and they can continue to do so for generations to come.
Corpuz’s demand is explained by the emerging global evidence establishing the direct link between secure land and forest tenure ___ reduced rates of deforestation. A 2015 study conducted in the Amazon basin showed that the recognition of indigenous and community rights to forests is an effective strategy to combat deforestation. In Brazil and Colombia, the deforestation rate was 2.5 and 2 times lower in tenure-secure indigenous lands as compared to lands without tenure security. Another study, encompassing Asia and Latin America, demonstrated that wildfires were more limited in multiple-use protected areas (PAs) under management by indigenous peoples and local communities than in government-managed PAs.
While exact figures are not available, experts have speculated that at least 50 per cent of the world’s land has been held customarily by these communities. Despite the mounting evidence in favour of recognition of rights of indigenous peoples and conservation outcomes, the process of conferring ownership of these lands, particularly forestlands, upon these communities has moved at a slow pace.
Throwing weight behind the demands of indigenous peoples and activists, a new research by Washington-based Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) has found that indigenous peoples and local communities are able to achieve equivalent conservation outcomes by investing only a fraction of the total money spent on conservation by all other agencies. The investment includes labour and cash provided by local communities for conservation actions like forest management, fire protection and management, restoration and rehabilitation, patrolling/policing, and biodiversity mapping.
The global spending on conservation is estimated to be US$21.5 billion per year. Of this, spending on Protected Areas is about $6–6.5 billion per year, going up to $13 billion if the newly created PAs are included in the estimation. This works out to an average annual expenditure of $14.70 per hectare for all categories of protected areas as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). On the other hand, findings from 29 case studies in 14 low- and middle-income countries estimate that indigenous peoples and local communities spend just $3.57 per hectare per year on conservation. Globally, therefore, Indigenous Peoples and local communities are investing an estimated 16–23 per cent ($3.16 billion–4.57 billion) of the amount spent by governments, donors, foundations, and nongovernmental organisations, combined, on conservation.
The findings of the research become significant in light of the negotiations on climate change finance happening in international fora. The quantum of pledges for REDD+ finance has been lower than expected, and the disbursement has been way below the pledges. As the deadline for the Rulebook on Paris Agreement draws closer, the world leaders stand to benefit from the latest findings. Are they listening?
Tropical deforestation is globally acknowledged to contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore, linked to climate change. Concerted efforts have been made over the last decade to reduce deforestation. New mechanisms like reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, also called REDD+, have been permanently enshrined in the Paris Agreement as the way forward to achieve emission reduction from deforestation.
The latest figures on tree cover loss, however, have got the forest fraternity scratching their heads to figure out what has gone wrong.
At the same forum, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Victoria Tauli Corpuz, issued a powerful statement. She stated in her letter to the world leaders that the community have stood as a proven solution to climate change for generations. The world needs to recognize their rights, and they can continue to do so for generations to come.
Corpuz’s demand is explained by the emerging global evidence establishing the direct link between secure land and forest tenure ___ reduced rates of deforestation. A 2015 study conducted in the Amazon basin showed that the recognition of indigenous and community rights to forests is an effective strategy to combat deforestation. In Brazil and Colombia, the deforestation rate was 2.5 and 2 times lower in tenure-secure indigenous lands as compared to lands without tenure security. Another study, encompassing Asia and Latin America, demonstrated that wildfires were more limited in multiple-use protected areas (PAs) under management by indigenous peoples and local communities than in government-managed PAs.
While exact figures are not available, experts have speculated that at least 50 per cent of the world’s land has been held customarily by these communities. Despite the mounting evidence in favour of recognition of rights of indigenous peoples and conservation outcomes, the process of conferring ownership of these lands, particularly forestlands, upon these communities has moved at a slow pace.
Throwing weight behind the demands of indigenous peoples and activists, a new research by Washington-based Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) has found that indigenous peoples and local communities are able to achieve equivalent conservation outcomes by investing only a fraction of the total money spent on conservation by all other agencies. The investment includes labour and cash provided by local communities for conservation actions like forest management, fire protection and management, restoration and rehabilitation, patrolling/policing, and biodiversity mapping.
The global spending on conservation is estimated to be US$21.5 billion per year. Of this, spending on Protected Areas is about $6–6.5 billion per year, going up to $13 billion if the newly created PAs are included in the estimation. This works out to an average annual expenditure of $14.70 per hectare for all categories of protected areas as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). On the other hand, findings from 29 case studies in 14 low- and middle-income countries estimate that indigenous peoples and local communities spend just $3.57 per hectare per year on conservation. Globally, therefore, Indigenous Peoples and local communities are investing an estimated 16–23 per cent ($3.16 billion–4.57 billion) of the amount spent by governments, donors, foundations, and nongovernmental organisations, combined, on conservation.
The findings of the research become significant in light of the negotiations on climate change finance happening in international fora. The quantum of pledges for REDD+ finance has been lower than expected, and the disbursement has been way below the pledges. As the deadline for the Rulebook on Paris Agreement draws closer, the world leaders stand to benefit from the latest findings. Are they listening?
Directions: Read the given passage and answer the question that follow.
2017 was the second-worst year for tropical forests since 2001 with the tree cover loss amounting to 15.8 million hectares (mha). This is equivalent to losing 40 football fields of trees every minute for an entire year. In fact, in the last two years—2016 and 2017—tropical developing countries had lost an area of forest the size of Vietnam. These findings were released at the recently concluded Oslo Tropical Forest Forum.
Tropical deforestation is globally acknowledged to contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore, linked to climate change. Concerted efforts have been made over the last decade to reduce deforestation. New mechanisms like reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, also called REDD+, have been permanently enshrined in the Paris Agreement as the way forward to achieve emission reduction from deforestation.
The latest figures on tree cover loss, however, have got the forest fraternity scratching their heads to figure out what has gone wrong.
At the same forum, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Victoria Tauli Corpuz, issued a powerful statement. She stated in her letter to the world leaders that the community have stood as a proven solution to climate change for generations. The world needs to recognize their rights, and they can continue to do so for generations to come.
Corpuz’s demand is explained by the emerging global evidence establishing the direct link between secure land and forest tenure ___ reduced rates of deforestation. A 2015 study conducted in the Amazon basin showed that the recognition of indigenous and community rights to forests is an effective strategy to combat deforestation. In Brazil and Colombia, the deforestation rate was 2.5 and 2 times lower in tenure-secure indigenous lands as compared to lands without tenure security. Another study, encompassing Asia and Latin America, demonstrated that wildfires were more limited in multiple-use protected areas (PAs) under management by indigenous peoples and local communities than in government-managed PAs.
While exact figures are not available, experts have speculated that at least 50 per cent of the world’s land has been held customarily by these communities. Despite the mounting evidence in favour of recognition of rights of indigenous peoples and conservation outcomes, the process of conferring ownership of these lands, particularly forestlands, upon these communities has moved at a slow pace.
Throwing weight behind the demands of indigenous peoples and activists, a new research by Washington-based Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) has found that indigenous peoples and local communities are able to achieve equivalent conservation outcomes by investing only a fraction of the total money spent on conservation by all other agencies. The investment includes labour and cash provided by local communities for conservation actions like forest management, fire protection and management, restoration and rehabilitation, patrolling/policing, and biodiversity mapping.
The global spending on conservation is estimated to be US$21.5 billion per year. Of this, spending on Protected Areas is about $6–6.5 billion per year, going up to $13 billion if the newly created PAs are included in the estimation. This works out to an average annual expenditure of $14.70 per hectare for all categories of protected areas as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). On the other hand, findings from 29 case studies in 14 low- and middle-income countries estimate that indigenous peoples and local communities spend just $3.57 per hectare per year on conservation. Globally, therefore, Indigenous Peoples and local communities are investing an estimated 16–23 per cent ($3.16 billion–4.57 billion) of the amount spent by governments, donors, foundations, and nongovernmental organisations, combined, on conservation.
The findings of the research become significant in light of the negotiations on climate change finance happening in international fora. The quantum of pledges for REDD+ finance has been lower than expected, and the disbursement has been way below the pledges. As the deadline for the Rulebook on Paris Agreement draws closer, the world leaders stand to benefit from the latest findings. Are they listening?
Q. Where was the findings related to the tree cover loss released?
Tropical deforestation is globally acknowledged to contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore, linked to climate change. Concerted efforts have been made over the last decade to reduce deforestation. New mechanisms like reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, also called REDD+, have been permanently enshrined in the Paris Agreement as the way forward to achieve emission reduction from deforestation.
The latest figures on tree cover loss, however, have got the forest fraternity scratching their heads to figure out what has gone wrong.
At the same forum, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Victoria Tauli Corpuz, issued a powerful statement. She stated in her letter to the world leaders that the community have stood as a proven solution to climate change for generations. The world needs to recognize their rights, and they can continue to do so for generations to come.
Corpuz’s demand is explained by the emerging global evidence establishing the direct link between secure land and forest tenure ___ reduced rates of deforestation. A 2015 study conducted in the Amazon basin showed that the recognition of indigenous and community rights to forests is an effective strategy to combat deforestation. In Brazil and Colombia, the deforestation rate was 2.5 and 2 times lower in tenure-secure indigenous lands as compared to lands without tenure security. Another study, encompassing Asia and Latin America, demonstrated that wildfires were more limited in multiple-use protected areas (PAs) under management by indigenous peoples and local communities than in government-managed PAs.
While exact figures are not available, experts have speculated that at least 50 per cent of the world’s land has been held customarily by these communities. Despite the mounting evidence in favour of recognition of rights of indigenous peoples and conservation outcomes, the process of conferring ownership of these lands, particularly forestlands, upon these communities has moved at a slow pace.
Throwing weight behind the demands of indigenous peoples and activists, a new research by Washington-based Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) has found that indigenous peoples and local communities are able to achieve equivalent conservation outcomes by investing only a fraction of the total money spent on conservation by all other agencies. The investment includes labour and cash provided by local communities for conservation actions like forest management, fire protection and management, restoration and rehabilitation, patrolling/policing, and biodiversity mapping.
The global spending on conservation is estimated to be US$21.5 billion per year. Of this, spending on Protected Areas is about $6–6.5 billion per year, going up to $13 billion if the newly created PAs are included in the estimation. This works out to an average annual expenditure of $14.70 per hectare for all categories of protected areas as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). On the other hand, findings from 29 case studies in 14 low- and middle-income countries estimate that indigenous peoples and local communities spend just $3.57 per hectare per year on conservation. Globally, therefore, Indigenous Peoples and local communities are investing an estimated 16–23 per cent ($3.16 billion–4.57 billion) of the amount spent by governments, donors, foundations, and nongovernmental organisations, combined, on conservation.
The findings of the research become significant in light of the negotiations on climate change finance happening in international fora. The quantum of pledges for REDD+ finance has been lower than expected, and the disbursement has been way below the pledges. As the deadline for the Rulebook on Paris Agreement draws closer, the world leaders stand to benefit from the latest findings. Are they listening?
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Directions: Read the given passage and answer the question that follow.
2017 was the second-worst year for tropical forests since 2001 with the tree cover loss amounting to 15.8 million hectares (mha). This is equivalent to losing 40 football fields of trees every minute for an entire year. In fact, in the last two years—2016 and 2017—tropical developing countries had lost an area of forest the size of Vietnam. These findings were released at the recently concluded Oslo Tropical Forest Forum.
Tropical deforestation is globally acknowledged to contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore, linked to climate change. Concerted efforts have been made over the last decade to reduce deforestation. New mechanisms like reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, also called REDD+, have been permanently enshrined in the Paris Agreement as the way forward to achieve emission reduction from deforestation.
The latest figures on tree cover loss, however, have got the forest fraternity scratching their heads to figure out what has gone wrong.
At the same forum, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Victoria Tauli Corpuz, issued a powerful statement. She stated in her letter to the world leaders that the community have stood as a proven solution to climate change for generations. The world needs to recognize their rights, and they can continue to do so for generations to come.
Corpuz’s demand is explained by the emerging global evidence establishing the direct link between secure land and forest tenure ___ reduced rates of deforestation. A 2015 study conducted in the Amazon basin showed that the recognition of indigenous and community rights to forests is an effective strategy to combat deforestation. In Brazil and Colombia, the deforestation rate was 2.5 and 2 times lower in tenure-secure indigenous lands as compared to lands without tenure security. Another study, encompassing Asia and Latin America, demonstrated that wildfires were more limited in multiple-use protected areas (PAs) under management by indigenous peoples and local communities than in government-managed PAs.
While exact figures are not available, experts have speculated that at least 50 per cent of the world’s land has been held customarily by these communities. Despite the mounting evidence in favour of recognition of rights of indigenous peoples and conservation outcomes, the process of conferring ownership of these lands, particularly forestlands, upon these communities has moved at a slow pace.
Throwing weight behind the demands of indigenous peoples and activists, a new research by Washington-based Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) has found that indigenous peoples and local communities are able to achieve equivalent conservation outcomes by investing only a fraction of the total money spent on conservation by all other agencies. The investment includes labour and cash provided by local communities for conservation actions like forest management, fire protection and management, restoration and rehabilitation, patrolling/policing, and biodiversity mapping.
The global spending on conservation is estimated to be US$21.5 billion per year. Of this, spending on Protected Areas is about $6–6.5 billion per year, going up to $13 billion if the newly created PAs are included in the estimation. This works out to an average annual expenditure of $14.70 per hectare for all categories of protected areas as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). On the other hand, findings from 29 case studies in 14 low- and middle-income countries estimate that indigenous peoples and local communities spend just $3.57 per hectare per year on conservation. Globally, therefore, Indigenous Peoples and local communities are investing an estimated 16–23 per cent ($3.16 billion–4.57 billion) of the amount spent by governments, donors, foundations, and nongovernmental organisations, combined, on conservation.
The findings of the research become significant in light of the negotiations on climate change finance happening in international fora. The quantum of pledges for REDD+ finance has been lower than expected, and the disbursement has been way below the pledges. As the deadline for the Rulebook on Paris Agreement draws closer, the world leaders stand to benefit from the latest findings. Are they listening?
Q. What will fit in the blank in the following sentence taken from the passage?
Corpuz’s demand is explained by the emerging global evidence establishing the direct link between secure land and forest tenure ___ reduced rates of deforestation.
Tropical deforestation is globally acknowledged to contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore, linked to climate change. Concerted efforts have been made over the last decade to reduce deforestation. New mechanisms like reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, also called REDD+, have been permanently enshrined in the Paris Agreement as the way forward to achieve emission reduction from deforestation.
The latest figures on tree cover loss, however, have got the forest fraternity scratching their heads to figure out what has gone wrong.
At the same forum, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Victoria Tauli Corpuz, issued a powerful statement. She stated in her letter to the world leaders that the community have stood as a proven solution to climate change for generations. The world needs to recognize their rights, and they can continue to do so for generations to come.
Corpuz’s demand is explained by the emerging global evidence establishing the direct link between secure land and forest tenure ___ reduced rates of deforestation. A 2015 study conducted in the Amazon basin showed that the recognition of indigenous and community rights to forests is an effective strategy to combat deforestation. In Brazil and Colombia, the deforestation rate was 2.5 and 2 times lower in tenure-secure indigenous lands as compared to lands without tenure security. Another study, encompassing Asia and Latin America, demonstrated that wildfires were more limited in multiple-use protected areas (PAs) under management by indigenous peoples and local communities than in government-managed PAs.
While exact figures are not available, experts have speculated that at least 50 per cent of the world’s land has been held customarily by these communities. Despite the mounting evidence in favour of recognition of rights of indigenous peoples and conservation outcomes, the process of conferring ownership of these lands, particularly forestlands, upon these communities has moved at a slow pace.
Throwing weight behind the demands of indigenous peoples and activists, a new research by Washington-based Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) has found that indigenous peoples and local communities are able to achieve equivalent conservation outcomes by investing only a fraction of the total money spent on conservation by all other agencies. The investment includes labour and cash provided by local communities for conservation actions like forest management, fire protection and management, restoration and rehabilitation, patrolling/policing, and biodiversity mapping.
The global spending on conservation is estimated to be US$21.5 billion per year. Of this, spending on Protected Areas is about $6–6.5 billion per year, going up to $13 billion if the newly created PAs are included in the estimation. This works out to an average annual expenditure of $14.70 per hectare for all categories of protected areas as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). On the other hand, findings from 29 case studies in 14 low- and middle-income countries estimate that indigenous peoples and local communities spend just $3.57 per hectare per year on conservation. Globally, therefore, Indigenous Peoples and local communities are investing an estimated 16–23 per cent ($3.16 billion–4.57 billion) of the amount spent by governments, donors, foundations, and nongovernmental organisations, combined, on conservation.
The findings of the research become significant in light of the negotiations on climate change finance happening in international fora. The quantum of pledges for REDD+ finance has been lower than expected, and the disbursement has been way below the pledges. As the deadline for the Rulebook on Paris Agreement draws closer, the world leaders stand to benefit from the latest findings. Are they listening?
Corpuz’s demand is explained by the emerging global evidence establishing the direct link between secure land and forest tenure ___ reduced rates of deforestation.
Directions: Read the given passage and answer the question that follow.
2017 was the second-worst year for tropical forests since 2001 with the tree cover loss amounting to 15.8 million hectares (mha). This is equivalent to losing 40 football fields of trees every minute for an entire year. In fact, in the last two years—2016 and 2017—tropical developing countries had lost an area of forest the size of Vietnam. These findings were released at the recently concluded Oslo Tropical Forest Forum.
Tropical deforestation is globally acknowledged to contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore, linked to climate change. Concerted efforts have been made over the last decade to reduce deforestation. New mechanisms like reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, also called REDD+, have been permanently enshrined in the Paris Agreement as the way forward to achieve emission reduction from deforestation.
The latest figures on tree cover loss, however, have got the forest fraternity scratching their heads to figure out what has gone wrong.
At the same forum, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Victoria Tauli Corpuz, issued a powerful statement. She stated in her letter to the world leaders that the community have stood as a proven solution to climate change for generations. The world needs to recognize their rights, and they can continue to do so for generations to come.
Corpuz’s demand is explained by the emerging global evidence establishing the direct link between secure land and forest tenure ___ reduced rates of deforestation. A 2015 study conducted in the Amazon basin showed that the recognition of indigenous and community rights to forests is an effective strategy to combat deforestation. In Brazil and Colombia, the deforestation rate was 2.5 and 2 times lower in tenure-secure indigenous lands as compared to lands without tenure security. Another study, encompassing Asia and Latin America, demonstrated that wildfires were more limited in multiple-use protected areas (PAs) under management by indigenous peoples and local communities than in government-managed PAs.
While exact figures are not available, experts have speculated that at least 50 per cent of the world’s land has been held customarily by these communities. Despite the mounting evidence in favour of recognition of rights of indigenous peoples and conservation outcomes, the process of conferring ownership of these lands, particularly forestlands, upon these communities has moved at a slow pace.
Throwing weight behind the demands of indigenous peoples and activists, a new research by Washington-based Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) has found that indigenous peoples and local communities are able to achieve equivalent conservation outcomes by investing only a fraction of the total money spent on conservation by all other agencies. The investment includes labour and cash provided by local communities for conservation actions like forest management, fire protection and management, restoration and rehabilitation, patrolling/policing, and biodiversity mapping.
The global spending on conservation is estimated to be US$21.5 billion per year. Of this, spending on Protected Areas is about $6–6.5 billion per year, going up to $13 billion if the newly created PAs are included in the estimation. This works out to an average annual expenditure of $14.70 per hectare for all categories of protected areas as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). On the other hand, findings from 29 case studies in 14 low- and middle-income countries estimate that indigenous peoples and local communities spend just $3.57 per hectare per year on conservation. Globally, therefore, Indigenous Peoples and local communities are investing an estimated 16–23 per cent ($3.16 billion–4.57 billion) of the amount spent by governments, donors, foundations, and nongovernmental organisations, combined, on conservation.
The findings of the research become significant in light of the negotiations on climate change finance happening in international fora. The quantum of pledges for REDD+ finance has been lower than expected, and the disbursement has been way below the pledges. As the deadline for the Rulebook on Paris Agreement draws closer, the world leaders stand to benefit from the latest findings. Are they listening?
Q. For the ease of understanding how has the loss of forest cover in 2017 described?
Directions: Read the given passage and answer the question that follow.
2017 was the second-worst year for tropical forests since 2001 with the tree cover loss amounting to 15.8 million hectares (mha). This is equivalent to losing 40 football fields of trees every minute for an entire year. In fact, in the last two years—2016 and 2017—tropical developing countries had lost an area of forest the size of Vietnam. These findings were released at the recently concluded Oslo Tropical Forest Forum.
Tropical deforestation is globally acknowledged to contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and therefore, linked to climate change. Concerted efforts have been made over the last decade to reduce deforestation. New mechanisms like reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, also called REDD+, have been permanently enshrined in the Paris Agreement as the way forward to achieve emission reduction from deforestation.
The latest figures on tree cover loss, however, have got the forest fraternity scratching their heads to figure out what has gone wrong.
At the same forum, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Victoria Tauli Corpuz, issued a powerful statement. She stated in her letter to the world leaders that the community have stood as a proven solution to climate change for generations. The world needs to recognize their rights, and they can continue to do so for generations to come.
Corpuz’s demand is explained by the emerging global evidence establishing the direct link between secure land and forest tenure ___ reduced rates of deforestation. A 2015 study conducted in the Amazon basin showed that the recognition of indigenous and community rights to forests is an effective strategy to combat deforestation. In Brazil and Colombia, the deforestation rate was 2.5 and 2 times lower in tenure-secure indigenous lands as compared to lands without tenure security. Another study, encompassing Asia and Latin America, demonstrated that wildfires were more limited in multiple-use protected areas (PAs) under management by indigenous peoples and local communities than in government-managed PAs.
While exact figures are not available, experts have speculated that at least 50 per cent of the world’s land has been held customarily by these communities. Despite the mounting evidence in favour of recognition of rights of indigenous peoples and conservation outcomes, the process of conferring ownership of these lands, particularly forestlands, upon these communities has moved at a slow pace.
Throwing weight behind the demands of indigenous peoples and activists, a new research by Washington-based Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI) has found that indigenous peoples and local communities are able to achieve equivalent conservation outcomes by investing only a fraction of the total money spent on conservation by all other agencies. The investment includes labour and cash provided by local communities for conservation actions like forest management, fire protection and management, restoration and rehabilitation, patrolling/policing, and biodiversity mapping.
The global spending on conservation is estimated to be US$21.5 billion per year. Of this, spending on Protected Areas is about $6–6.5 billion per year, going up to $13 billion if the newly created PAs are included in the estimation. This works out to an average annual expenditure of $14.70 per hectare for all categories of protected areas as defined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). On the other hand, findings from 29 case studies in 14 low- and middle-income countries estimate that indigenous peoples and local communities spend just $3.57 per hectare per year on conservation. Globally, therefore, Indigenous Peoples and local communities are investing an estimated 16–23 per cent ($3.16 billion–4.57 billion) of the amount spent by governments, donors, foundations, and nongovernmental organisations, combined, on conservation.
The findings of the research become significant in light of the negotiations on climate change finance happening in international fora. The quantum of pledges for REDD+ finance has been lower than expected, and the disbursement has been way below the pledges. As the deadline for the Rulebook on Paris Agreement draws closer, the world leaders stand to benefit from the latest findings. Are they listening?
Q. Which of the following correctly describes the tone of the given passage?
Directions: In the following question, jumbled sentences are given. You have to rearrange the jumbled sentences to make a coherent paragraph. On the basis of the rearrangement answer the following question below.
(A) When sleeping at the edge of a group, mallards keep one cerebral hemisphere awake and the corresponding eye open and directed away from the other birds, towards a potential threat.
(B) That birds also rely on this sort of autopilot to navigate and maintain aerodynamic control during flight (a)/ based on these findings and (b)/ uni hemispherically, it is commonly assumed (c)/ the fact that dolphins can swim while sleeping (d)/
(C) How might a bird sleep in flight without colliding with obstacles or falling from the sky?
(D) However, it is also possible that birds evolved a way to cheat on sleep.
(E) One solution would be to only switch (a)/ off half of the brain in a time of one hour, (b)/ as Rattenborg showed in mallard (c)/ ducks sleeping in a dangerous situation on land. (d)/
(F) The sleep researcher's and colleagues' recent discovery raised the possibility that birds simply forgo sleep altogether in flight.
Q. Which of the following is the fourth sentence after rearrangement?
Directions: In the following question, jumbled sentences are given. You have to rearrange the jumbled sentences to make a coherent paragraph. On the basis of the rearrangement answer the following question below.
(A) When sleeping at the edge of a group, mallards keep one cerebral hemisphere awake and the corresponding eye open and directed away from the other birds, towards a potential threat.
(B) That birds also rely on this sort of autopilot to navigate and maintain aerodynamic control during flight (a)/ based on these findings and (b)/ uni hemispherically, it is commonly assumed (c)/ the fact that dolphins can swim while sleeping (d)/
(C) How might a bird sleep in flight without colliding with obstacles or falling from the sky?
(D) However, it is also possible that birds evolved a way to cheat on sleep.
(E) One solution would be to only switch (a)/ off half of the brain in a time of one hour, (b)/ as Rattenborg showed in mallard (c)/ ducks sleeping in a dangerous situation on land. (d)/
(F) The sleep researcher's and colleagues' recent discovery raised the possibility that birds simply forgo sleep altogether in flight.
Q. Sentence F is fixed and it is the last sentence in the rearrangement. So what will be the second sentence after rearrangement?
In the following question, a word has been used in sentences in different ways. Choose the option corresponding to the sentence in which the usage of the word is SAME as asked according to the word in the question.
To think they would observe the spirit of the law and our democratic system is laughable.
I. Some religions believe that the same spirit is reincarnated many times in different bodies.
II. Some of the funds had been spirited away to other accounts.
III. He managed to imbue his employees with team spirit.
In the following question, a word has been used in sentences in different ways. Choose the option corresponding to the sentence in which the usage of the word is SAME as asked according to the word in the question.
Mountains lie at the city's northern margins.
I. The riverbed is margined by a flat beach of smooth rocks.
II. Cost increases mean that margins have come under pressure for firms
III. The wild swing in Bank Nifty options has raised serious concerns among investors who have turned to derivatives, especially options trading after the levy of peak margin in cash segment.
Directions: In the question below, four sentences are given that may or may not contain an error. Choose the one that is grammatically as well as contextually correct and meaningful. If all the sentences are correct, mark 'All are correct as your answer'.
Directions: In each of the questions below, four sentences are given that may or may not contain an error. Choose the one that is grammatically as well as contextually correct and meaningful. If all the sentences are correct, mark 'All are correct as your answer'.
Directions: There are four sentences given as four options that may or may not contain an error. Choose the sentence that is grammatically as well as contextually correct and meaningful as your answer. If all the given sentences are correct, mark 'All are correct' as your answer.
Read the given passage and answer the question that follow.
Earlier this month, Rajya Sabha member and senior Bharatiya Janata Party leader Sushil Kumar Modi demanded on the floor of the House that the government should regulate the online gaming industry and impose a uniform tax on it. The Karnataka high court on Wednesday is expected to dispose of the petitions filed against the state’s new law, which seeks to regulate all formats of online gaming. Six companies and industry bodies have moved the high court against the Karnataka Police (Amendment) Compliance Act, 2021, which makes all forms of gambling, including online, a cognizable and non-bailable offence.
The Karnataka Police (Amendment) Compliance Act, 2021, was passed by the state legislature in September this year and notified on October 5. Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, Nagaland and Sikkim have banned online rummy. However, the Madras high court, in August this year, (A)/ quashes the state government’s ban on online rummy,(B)/ holding that it requires (C)/skills and cannot be considered as gambling.(D) The Kerala high court too, in September, struck down an amendment which imposed a ban on online rummy.
According to the All-India Gaming Federation Report, the sector touched $1 billion in 2020. The report was prepared along with Ernst and Young. It is expected to reach $2 billion by 2023, the report farther said. Earlier this month, Rajya Sabha member and senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Sushil Kumar Modi demanded on the floor of the House that the government should regulate the online gaming industry and impose a uniform tax on it.
Raising the issue during the Zero Hour, Modi said that these online games have now given way to gambling and betting. During the pre-Covid period, the BJP leader said, the weekly time spent on mobile gaming was 2.5 hours, while 11 per cent of total smartphone time was spent on gaming. However, during lockdown, the gaming time has increased to four hours.
Q. As Per the given passage, some states had banned online rummy. Which of these states is not in the list?
Read the given passage and answer the question that follow.
Earlier this month, Rajya Sabha member and senior Bharatiya Janata Party leader Sushil Kumar Modi demanded on the floor of the House that the government should regulate the online gaming industry and impose a uniform tax on it. The Karnataka high court on Wednesday is expected to dispose of the petitions filed against the state’s new law, which seeks to regulate all formats of online gaming. Six companies and industry bodies have moved the high court against the Karnataka Police (Amendment) Compliance Act, 2021, which makes all forms of gambling, including online, a cognizable and non-bailable offence.
The Karnataka Police (Amendment) Compliance Act, 2021, was passed by the state legislature in September this year and notified on October 5. Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, Nagaland and Sikkim have banned online rummy. However, the Madras high court, in August this year, (A)/ quashes the state government’s ban on online rummy,(B)/ holding that it requires (C)/skills and cannot be considered as gambling.(D) The Kerala high court too, in September, struck down an amendment which imposed a ban on online rummy.
According to the All-India Gaming Federation Report, the sector touched $1 billion in 2020. The report was prepared along with Ernst and Young. It is expected to reach $2 billion by 2023, the report farther said. Earlier this month, Rajya Sabha member and senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Sushil Kumar Modi demanded on the floor of the House that the government should regulate the online gaming industry and impose a uniform tax on it.
Raising the issue during the Zero Hour, Modi said that these online games have now given way to gambling and betting. During the pre-Covid period, the BJP leader said, the weekly time spent on mobile gaming was 2.5 hours, while 11 per cent of total smartphone time was spent on gaming. However, during lockdown, the gaming time has increased to four hours.
Q. Which of the following statements is not correct with reference to the given passage?
Read the given passage and answer the question that follow.
Earlier this month, Rajya Sabha member and senior Bharatiya Janata Party leader Sushil Kumar Modi demanded on the floor of the House that the government should regulate the online gaming industry and impose a uniform tax on it. The Karnataka high court on Wednesday is expected to dispose of the petitions filed against the state’s new law, which seeks to regulate all formats of online gaming. Six companies and industry bodies have moved the high court against the Karnataka Police (Amendment) Compliance Act, 2021, which makes all forms of gambling, including online, a cognizable and non-bailable offence.
The Karnataka Police (Amendment) Compliance Act, 2021, was passed by the state legislature in September this year and notified on October 5. Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Odisha, Nagaland and Sikkim have banned online rummy. However, the Madras high court, in August this year, (A)/ quashes the state government’s ban on online rummy,(B)/ holding that it requires (C)/skills and cannot be considered as gambling.(D) The Kerala high court too, in September, struck down an amendment which imposed a ban on online rummy.
According to the All-India Gaming Federation Report, the sector touched $1 billion in 2020. The report was prepared along with Ernst and Young. It is expected to reach $2 billion by 2023, the report farther said. Earlier this month, Rajya Sabha member and senior Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Sushil Kumar Modi demanded on the floor of the House that the government should regulate the online gaming industry and impose a uniform tax on it.
Raising the issue during the Zero Hour, Modi said that these online games have now given way to gambling and betting. During the pre-Covid period, the BJP leader said, the weekly time spent on mobile gaming was 2.5 hours, while 11 per cent of total smartphone time was spent on gaming. However, during lockdown, the gaming time has increased to four hours.
Q. Which of the given words can replace the word ‘farther’ given in bold, in the third paragraph?
In the following question, a part of the sentence (a word or phrase ) has been highlighted in underline. Four different ways of writing the phrase or word has been given in the options(1), (2) ,(3)and (4). Find the correct replacement of the given word or phrase.If the given word or phrase is not correct,then select option (5) None of these as your answer..
Mynamar President U Win Mynt is on a three day visit to India would hold talks with PM Narendra Modi and cabinet has also cleared three agreements ,including one to establish a joint working group on petroleum.
In the following question, a part of the sentence (a word or phrase) has been highlighted in underline. Four different ways of writing the phrase or word have been given in options (2), (3), (4) and (5). Find the correct replacement of the given word or phrase. If the given word or phrase is grammatically correct, then select option (1). Option (1) repeats the same word or phrase.
Surrogacy Regulation Bill 2020 has been approved by the cabinet which will allow any willing woman to be a surrogate mother and proposes that widows and divorced women will also benefit from the provisions for infertile Indian couples.
In the following question, a part of the sentence (a word or phrase ) has been highlighted in underline. Four different ways of writing the phrase or word has been given in the options(1), (2), (3) and (4). Find the correct replacement of the given word or phrase.If the given word or phrase is not correct,then select option (5) None of these as your answer.
How much some students complained that an old canteen on the school premises continues to defy the order of school administration and is serving chinese food.
In the following question, a part of the sentence (a word or phrase) has been highlighted in underline. Four different ways of writing the phrase or word have been given in the options(1), (2), (3) and (4). Find the correct replacement of the given word or phrase.If the given word or phrase is not correct, then select option (5) None of these as your answer.
SRA cross checks the credentials of the slum dwellers for making sure that only those living in the designated slums are listed, as per the recent rule of SRA.
In the following question, a part of the sentence (a word or phrase) has been highlighted in underline. Four different ways of writing the phrase or word has been given in the options(1), (2), (3) and (4). Find the correct replacement of the given word or phrase. If the given word or phrase is not correct, then select option (5) None of these as your answer.
To show solidarity with the innocent victims of right-wing and police brutality the candlelight vigil was held and the detention of protestors by Mumbai Police is the worst form of authoritarian as undemocratic behaviour.
In the following passage, some of the words have been left out, each of which is indicated by a letter. Find the suitable word from the options given against each letter and fill up the blanks with appropriate words to make the paragraph meaningful.
The same email pinged into the ____A____ of 150 people in the Russian office of Xsolla, a Californian video game payments company. It was bad news. The recipients, the email said, had been found to be ___B___ and unproductive. They were fired. Not by managers, but by algorithm.
Covid has accelerated artificial intelligence’s ___C___ of the human resources department – and it is not just determining who gets fired.
Algorithms however are designed by humans who may unconsciously __D__ them with biases. The datasets upon which they train may also reflect past inequities that they are designed to avoid. New York City has ___E___ an ordinance requiring anyone using automated screening software to tell candidates they are being scored by a machine and the basic parameters of the evaluation.
Q. Which of the following words should fill in the blank (B) to make a contextually correct and meaningful sentence?
In the following passage, some of the words have been left out, each of which is indicated by a letter. Find the suitable word from the options given against each letter and fill up the blanks with appropriate words to make the paragraph meaningful.
The same email pinged into the ____A____ of 150 people in the Russian office of Xsolla, a Californian video game payments company. It was bad news. The recipients, the email said, had been found to be ___B___ and unproductive. They were fired. Not by managers, but by algorithm.
Covid has accelerated artificial intelligence’s ___C___ of the human resources department – and it is not just determining who gets fired.
Algorithms however are designed by humans who may unconsciously __D__ them with biases. The datasets upon which they train may also reflect past inequities that they are designed to avoid. New York City has ___E___ an ordinance requiring anyone using automated screening software to tell candidates they are being scored by a machine and the basic parameters of the evaluation.
Q. Which of the following words should fill in the blank (D) to make a contextually correct and meaningful sentence?
Match column I with column II using the connectors followed by a table given.
(I) but
(II) Since
(III) Because
Match column I with column II using the connectors followed by a table given.
(I) Since
(II) but
(III) Because
Read the passage and answer the question that follow.
The Union Minister of Power, New and Renewable Energy recently reviewed the progress of the PM-KUSUM scheme and reaffirmed the government's commitment to accelerating solar pump adoption. Launched in 2019, PM-KUSUM aims to help farmers’ access to reliable day time solar power for irrigation, reduce power subsidies, and decarbonize agriculture. But pandemic-induced disruptions, limited buy-in from States, and implementation challenges have all affected the scheme's roll-out. How can we unlock the opportunities it promises?
PM-KUSUM provides farmers with incentives to install solar power pumps and plants in their fields. They can use one of three deployment models: off-grid solar pumps, solarised agricultural feeders, or grid-connected pumps. Off-grid pumps have been the most popular, but the nearly 2,80,000 systems deployed fall far short of the scheme's target of two million by 2022. Barriers to adoption include limited awareness about solar pumps and farmers' inability to pay their upfront contribution. Progress on the other two models has been rather poor due to regulatory, financial, operational and technical challenges. Only a handful of States have initiated tenders or commissioned projects for solar feeders or grid-connected pumps, according to our study. Yet, both models are worth scaling up for they allow farmers to earn additional income by selling solar power to discoms, and discoms to procure cheap power close to centers of consumption. We propose five steps for tackling the myriad challenges linked to PM-KUSUM's implementation. First, extend the scheme's timelines. Most Indian discoms have a surplus of contracted generation capacity and are wary of procuring more power in the short term. Extending PM-KUSUM's timelines beyond 2022 would allow discoms to align the scheme with their power purchase planning. Second, create a level playing field for distributed solar plants. Selling surplus power to discoms is one of the main attractions of grid-connected models. Yet, discoms often find utility-scale solar cheaper than distributed solar (under the scheme) due to the latter's higher costs and the loss of locational advantage due to waived inter-State transmission system (ISTS) charges. (To tackle the bias against distributed solar, we need to inscribe(A) counter-party risks and grid-unavailability risks at distribution substations, regulate (B) tariff determination to reflect the higher costs of distributed power plants, and do over (C) with the waiver of ISTS charges for solar plants). Third, streamline land regulations through inter-departmental coordination. Doing so will help reduce delays in leasing or converting agricultural lands for non-agricultural purposes such as solar power generation. Fourth, support innovative solutions for financing farmers' contributions. Many farmers struggle to pay 30-40% of upfront costs in compliance with scheme requirements. Further, they cannot access bank loans without collateral. We need out-of-the-box solutions like Karnataka's pilot of a farmer-developer special-purpose vehicle to help farmers install solar power plants on their farms. Fifth, extensive grid-connected solar pumps. Current obstacles to their adoption include concerns about their economic viability in the presence of high farm subsidies and farmers' potential unwillingness to feed in surplus power when selling water or irrigating extra land are more attractive prospects. Further, the grid-connected model requires pumps to be metered and billed for accounting purposes but suffers from a lack of trust between farmers and discoms. Adopting solutions like smart meters and smart transformers and engaging with farmers can build trust.
But piloting the model under different agro-economic contexts will be critical to developing a strategy to scale it up. The scheme, if implemented successfully, can generate thousands of jobs, reduce the carbon footprint of agriculture, and result in oil import savings.
Q. In context to the passage, which of the following options strengthen the PM-KUSUM scheme?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.
The Union Minister of Power, New and Renewable Energy recently reviewed the progress of the PM-KUSUM scheme and reaffirmed the government's commitment to accelerating solar pump adoption. Launched in 2019, PM-KUSUM aims to help farmers’ access to reliable day time solar power for irrigation, reduce power subsidies, and decarbonize agriculture. But pandemic-induced disruptions, limited buy-in from States, and implementation challenges have all affected the scheme's roll-out. How can we unlock the opportunities it promises?
PM-KUSUM provides farmers with incentives to install solar power pumps and plants in their fields. They can use one of three deployment models: off-grid solar pumps, solarised agricultural feeders, or grid-connected pumps. Off-grid pumps have been the most popular, but the nearly 2,80,000 systems deployed fall far short of the scheme's target of two million by 2022. Barriers to adoption include limited awareness about solar pumps and farmers' inability to pay their upfront contribution. Progress on the other two models has been rather poor due to regulatory, financial, operational and technical challenges. Only a handful of States have initiated tenders or commissioned projects for solar feeders or grid-connected pumps, according to our study. Yet, both models are worth scaling up for they allow farmers to earn additional income by selling solar power to discoms, and discoms to procure cheap power close to centers of consumption. We propose five steps for tackling the myriad challenges linked to PM-KUSUM's implementation. First, extend the scheme's timelines. Most Indian discoms have a surplus of contracted generation capacity and are wary of procuring more power in the short term. Extending PM-KUSUM's timelines beyond 2022 would allow discoms to align the scheme with their power purchase planning. Second, create a level playing field for distributed solar plants. Selling surplus power to discoms is one of the main attractions of grid-connected models. Yet, discoms often find utility-scale solar cheaper than distributed solar (under the scheme) due to the latter's higher costs and the loss of locational advantage due to waived inter-State transmission system (ISTS) charges. (To tackle the bias against distributed solar, we need to inscribe(A) counter-party risks and grid-unavailability risks at distribution substations, regulate (B) tariff determination to reflect the higher costs of distributed power plants, and do over (C) with the waiver of ISTS charges for solar plants). Third, streamline land regulations through inter-departmental coordination. Doing so will help reduce delays in leasing or converting agricultural lands for non-agricultural purposes such as solar power generation. Fourth, support innovative solutions for financing farmers' contributions. Many farmers struggle to pay 30-40% of upfront costs in compliance with scheme requirements. Further, they cannot access bank loans without collateral. We need out-of-the-box solutions like Karnataka's pilot of a farmer-developer special-purpose vehicle to help farmers install solar power plants on their farms. Fifth, extensive grid-connected solar pumps. Current obstacles to their adoption include concerns about their economic viability in the presence of high farm subsidies and farmers' potential unwillingness to feed in surplus power when selling water or irrigating extra land are more attractive prospects. Further, the grid-connected model requires pumps to be metered and billed for accounting purposes but suffers from a lack of trust between farmers and discoms. Adopting solutions like smart meters and smart transformers and engaging with farmers can build trust.
But piloting the model under different agro-economic contexts will be critical to developing a strategy to scale it up. The scheme, if implemented successfully, can generate thousands of jobs, reduce the carbon footprint of agriculture, and result in oil import savings.
Q. How can we unlock the various opportunities of KUSUM scheme?
Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.
The Union Minister of Power, New and Renewable Energy recently reviewed the progress of the PM-KUSUM scheme and reaffirmed the government's commitment to accelerating solar pump adoption. Launched in 2019, PM-KUSUM aims to help farmers’ access to reliable day time solar power for irrigation, reduce power subsidies, and decarbonize agriculture. But pandemic-induced disruptions, limited buy-in from States, and implementation challenges have all affected the scheme's roll-out. How can we unlock the opportunities it promises?
PM-KUSUM provides farmers with incentives to install solar power pumps and plants in their fields. They can use one of three deployment models: off-grid solar pumps, solarised agricultural feeders, or grid-connected pumps. Off-grid pumps have been the most popular, but the nearly 2,80,000 systems deployed fall far short of the scheme's target of two million by 2022. Barriers to adoption include limited awareness about solar pumps and farmers' inability to pay their upfront contribution. Progress on the other two models has been rather poor due to regulatory, financial, operational and technical challenges. Only a handful of States have initiated tenders or commissioned projects for solar feeders or grid-connected pumps, according to our study. Yet, both models are worth scaling up for they allow farmers to earn additional income by selling solar power to discoms, and discoms to procure cheap power close to centers of consumption. We propose five steps for tackling the myriad challenges linked to PM-KUSUM's implementation. First, extend the scheme's timelines. Most Indian discoms have a surplus of contracted generation capacity and are wary of procuring more power in the short term. Extending PM-KUSUM's timelines beyond 2022 would allow discoms to align the scheme with their power purchase planning. Second, create a level playing field for distributed solar plants. Selling surplus power to discoms is one of the main attractions of grid-connected models. Yet, discoms often find utility-scale solar cheaper than distributed solar (under the scheme) due to the latter's higher costs and the loss of locational advantage due to waived inter-State transmission system (ISTS) charges. (To tackle the bias against distributed solar, we need to inscribe(A) counter-party risks and grid-unavailability risks at distribution substations, regulate (B) tariff determination to reflect the higher costs of distributed power plants, and do over (C) with the waiver of ISTS charges for solar plants). Third, streamline land regulations through inter-departmental coordination. Doing so will help reduce delays in leasing or converting agricultural lands for non-agricultural purposes such as solar power generation. Fourth, support innovative solutions for financing farmers' contributions. Many farmers struggle to pay 30-40% of upfront costs in compliance with scheme requirements. Further, they cannot access bank loans without collateral. We need out-of-the-box solutions like Karnataka's pilot of a farmer-developer special-purpose vehicle to help farmers install solar power plants on their farms. Fifth, extensive grid-connected solar pumps. Current obstacles to their adoption include concerns about their economic viability in the presence of high farm subsidies and farmers' potential unwillingness to feed in surplus power when selling water or irrigating extra land are more attractive prospects. Further, the grid-connected model requires pumps to be metered and billed for accounting purposes but suffers from a lack of trust between farmers and discoms. Adopting solutions like smart meters and smart transformers and engaging with farmers can build trust.
But piloting the model under different agro-economic contexts will be critical to developing a strategy to scale it up. The scheme, if implemented successfully, can generate thousands of jobs, reduce the carbon footprint of agriculture, and result in oil import savings.
Q. What are the challenges faced by the PM KUSUM scheme in implementation?
(a) To maintain the balance between revenue and cost of discoms and uninterrupted supply of power
(b) Outdated modes of power transmission result in lesser output and higher costs
(c) Practical operative and economical challenges faced to install solar power models.
In the question given below four words have been underline which may or may not be in their correct place, you are required to rearrange these words in order to form a meaningful sentence.
In a sanctum (a) sequence of events, two men were beaten (b) to death over alleged attempts to commit sacrilege (c) in the disturbing (d) sanctorum of the Golden Temple in Amritsar and on the Sikh flag in a gurudwara at Nizampur village in Kapurthala earlier this week in Punjab.
In the question given below four words have been underline which may or may not be in their correct place, you are required to rearrange these words in order to form a meaningful sentence.
The use of problematic (a) as retaliation for their alleged acts is clearly illegal but it is also deeply vigilantism (b) in other ways as it has disallowed (c) any possibility of unraveling why these incidents occurred and if they were attempts to foment (d) communal tensions.
In the question given below, five parts of a sentence are given in a shuffled manner. Arrange the parts in a meaningful order and mark the correct option as the answer.
A. the 2019 Lok Sabha election for a second term
B. a great deal of churn in politics,
C. in office, the nation has witnessed
D. ever since the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) swept
E. both at the national and State levels
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