CDS I - English Previous Year Question Paper 2019 - CDS MCQ

​Directions:
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space with four words or group of words given. Select whichever word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space and indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.

The question of whether war is ever justified, and it so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself ________ (1) the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat _______ (2) position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a _______ (3). Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of _________(4) rather than of thought: given a man’s emotional temperament, his convictions, ________(5) on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __________(6) with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical _________(7) are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it ¡s such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __________(8) in the present article. In fact, the question of right and wrongs of a particular war is generally________(9) from a judicial or quasi-juridical ____________ (10).

​Directions:
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space with four words or group of words given. Select whichever word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space and indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.

The question of whether war is ever justified, and it so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself ________ (1) the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat _______ (2) position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a _______ (3). Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of _________(4) rather than of thought: given a man’s emotional temperament, his convictions, ________(5) on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __________(6) with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical _________(7) are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it ¡s such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __________(8) in the present article. In fact, the question of right and wrongs of a particular war is generally________(9) from a judicial or quasi-juridical ____________ (10).

Directions:
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space with four words or group of words given. Select whichever word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space and indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.

The question of whether war is ever justified, and it so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself ________ (1) the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat _______ (2) position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a _______ (3). Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of _________(4) rather than of thought: given a man’s emotional temperament, his convictions, ________(5) on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __________(6) with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical _________(7) are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it ¡s such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __________(8) in the present article. In fact, the question of right and wrongs of a particular war is generally________(9) from a judicial or quasi-juridical ____________ (10).

Directions:
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space with four words or group of words given. Select whichever word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space and indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.

The question of whether war is ever justified, and it so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself ________ (1) the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat _______ (2) position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a _______ (3). Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of _________(4) rather than of thought: given a man’s emotional temperament, his convictions, ________(5) on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __________(6) with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical _________(7) are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it ¡s such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __________(8) in the present article. In fact, the question of right and wrongs of a particular war is generally________(9) from a judicial or quasi-juridical ____________ (10).

Directions:
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space with four words or group of words given. Select whichever word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space and indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.

The question of whether war is ever justified, and it so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself ________ (1) the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat _______ (2) position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a _______ (3). Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of _________(4) rather than of thought: given a man’s emotional temperament, his convictions, ________(5) on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __________(6) with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical _________(7) are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it ¡s such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __________(8) in the present article. In fact, the question of right and wrongs of a particular war is generally________(9) from a judicial or quasi-juridical ____________ (10).

Directions:
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space with four words or group of words given. Select whichever word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space and indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.

The question of whether war is ever justified, and it so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself ________ (1) the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat _______ (2) position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a _______ (3). Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of _________(4) rather than of thought: given a man’s emotional temperament, his convictions, ________(5) on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __________(6) with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical _________(7) are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it ¡s such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __________(8) in the present article. In fact, the question of right and wrongs of a particular war is generally________(9) from a judicial or quasi-juridical ____________ (10).

Directions:
Each of the following sentences in this section has a blank space with four words or group of words given. Select whichever word or group of words you consider most appropriate for the blank space and indicate your response on the Answer Sheet accordingly.

The question of whether war is ever justified, and if so under what circumstances, is one which has been forcing itself ________ (1) the attention of all thoughtful men. On this question I find myself in the somewhat _______ (2) position of holding that no single one of the combatants is justified in the present war, while not taking the extreme Tolstoyan view that war is under all circumstances a _______ (3). Opinions on such a subject as war are the outcome of _________(4) rather than of thought: given a man’s emotional temperament, his convictions, ________(5) on war in general, and on any particular war which may occur during his lifetime, can be __________(6) with tolerable certainty. The arguments used will be mere reinforcements to convictions otherwise reached. The fundamental facts in this as in all ethical _________(7) are feelings; all that thought can do is to clarify and systematize the expression of those feelings, and it ¡s such clarifying and systematizing of my own feelings that I wish to __________(8) in the present article. In fact, the question of right and wrongs of a particular war is generally________(9) from a judicial or quasi-juridical ____________ (10).

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of _____(11)____The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the __(12)____with amazing results. Frances H. Arnold, an American who was given one-half of the prize, used ‘directed evolution’ to ___(13)______ variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to ____(14)_____biofuels and pharmaceuticals. The other half went to George P. Smith, also of the U.S., and Sir Gregory P. Winter, from the U.K., who evolved antibodies to ___(15)______. Autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phase display.

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of _____(11)____The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the __(12)____with amazing results. Frances H. Arnold, an American who was given one-half of the prize, used ‘directed evolution’ to ___(13)______ variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to ____(14)_____biofuels and pharmaceuticals. The other half went to George P. Smith, also of the U.S., and Sir Gregory P. Winter, from the U.K., who evolved antibodies to ___(15)______. Autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phase display.

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of _____(11)____The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the __(12)____with amazing results. Frances H. Arnold, an American who was given one-half of the prize, used ‘directed evolution’ to ___(13)______ variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to ____(14)_____biofuels and pharmaceuticals. The other half went to George P. Smith, also of the U.S., and Sir Gregory P. Winter, from the U.K., who evolved antibodies to ___(15)______. Autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phase display.

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of _____(11)____The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the __(12)____with amazing results. Frances H. Arnold, an American who was given one-half of the prize, used ‘directed evolution’ to ___(13)______ variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to ____(14)_____biofuels and pharmaceuticals. The other half went to George P. Smith, also of the U.S., and Sir Gregory P. Winter, from the U.K., who evolved antibodies to ___(15)______. Autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phase display.

The Nobel Prize for Chemistry this year is a tribute to the power of _____(11)____The laureates harnessed evolution and used it in the __(12)____with amazing results. Frances H. Arnold, an American who was given one-half of the prize, used ‘directed evolution’ to ___(13)______ variants of naturally occurring enzymes that could be used to ____(14)_____biofuels and pharmaceuticals. The other half went to George P. Smith, also of the U.S., and Sir Gregory P. Winter, from the U.K., who evolved antibodies to ___(15)______. Autoimmune diseases and even metastatic cancer through a process called phase display.

Directions :
In this section, each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labeled as P, Q, R, and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly on the Answer Sheet.

S1: He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of women, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength, nor of his wife.
S6: He urinated outside the shack and then went up the road to wake the boy.
P: He never dreamed about the boy.
Q: He only dreamed of places and of the lions on the beach now.
R: He simply woke, looked out through the open door at the moon and unrolled his trousers and put them on.
S: They played like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy.
The correct sequence should be

Directions :
In this section, each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labeled as P, Q, R, and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly on the Answer Sheet.

S1: We do not know, after 60 years of the equation, how to protect ourselves against epidemics like cholera and plague.
S6: This is the disastrous result of the system under which we are educated.
P: If our doctors could have started learning medicine at an earlier age, they would not make such a poor show as they do.
Q: I have seen hundreds of homes. I cannot say that I have found any evidence in them of knowledge of hygiene.
R: I consider it a very serious blot on the state of our education that our doctors have not found it possible to eradicate these diseases.
S: I have the greatest doubt whether our graduates know what one should do in the case one is bitten by a snake.
The correct sequence should be

Directions :
In this section, each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labeled as P, Q, R, and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly on the Answer Sheet.

S1: The weak have no place here, in this life or in any other life. Weakness leads to slavery.
S6: This is a great fact: strength is life, weakness is death. Strength is felicity, life eternal, immortal; weakness is constant strain and misery: weakness is death.
P: They dare not approach us, they have no power to get a hold on us, until the mind is weakened.
Q: Weakness leads to all kinds of misery, physical and mental. Weakness is death.
R: But they cannot harm us unless we become weak until the body is ready and predisposed to receive them.
S: There are hundreds of thousands of microbes surrounding us.
The correct sequence should be

Directions :
In this section, each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labeled as P, Q, R, and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly on the Answer Sheet.

S1: The Nobel Prize for Economics in 2018 was awarded to Paul Romer and William Nordhaus for their work in two separate areas: economic growth and environmental economics respectively.
S6: Among recent winners of Nobel Prize in Economics, it’s hard to think of one issue which is more topical and relevant to India.
P: But there is a common thread in their work.
Q: In economic jargon, it’s termed as an externality.
R: Productive activity often has spillovers, meaning that it can impact an unrelated party.
S: Romer and Nordhaus both studied the impact of externalities and came up with profound insights and economic models.
The correct sequence should be

Directions :
In this section, each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labeled as P, Q, R, and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly on the Answer Sheet.

S1: India’s museums tend to be dreary experiences.
S6: Because it’s better to attract crowds than dust.
P: Even the Louvre that attracted an eye-popping 8.1 million visitors last year compared to India’s 10.18 million foreign tourists, has hooked up with Beyonce and Jay-Z for promotion, where they take a selfie with Mona Lisa.
Q: Our museums need to get cool too.
R: A change of approach is clearly called for.
S: Troops of restless schoolchildren are often the most frequent visitors, endlessly being told to lower their voices and not touch the art.
The correct sequence should be

Directions :
In this section, each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labeled as P, Q, R, and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly on the Answer Sheet.

S1: A decade ago UN recognized that rape can constitute a war crime and a constitutive act of genocide.
S6: The fact that these two peace laureates come from two different nations underlines that this problem has been widespread, from Rwanda to Myanmar.
P: This year’s Nobel peace prize has been awarded to two exceptional individuals for their fight to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war.
Q: Denis Mukwege is a doctor who has spent decades treating rape survivors in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where a long civil war has repeatedly witnessed the horror of mass rapes.
R: Nadia Murad is herself a survivor of sexual war crimes, perpetrated by IS against the Yazidis.
S: Today she campaigns tirelessly to put those IS leaders in the dock in international courts.
The correct sequence should be

Directions :
In this section, each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labeled as P, Q, R, and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly on the Answer Sheet.

S1: The climate question presents a leapfrog era for India’s development paradigm.
S6: This presents a good template for India, building on its existing plans to introduce electric mobility through buses first, and cars by 2030.
P: It is aimed at achieving a shift to sustainable fuels, getting cities to commit to eco-friendly mobility and delivering more walkable communities, all of which will improve the quality of urban life.
Q: At the Bonn conference, a new Transport Decarbonisation Alliance has been declared.
R: This has to be resolutely pursued, breaking down the barriers to wider adoption of rooftop solar energy at every level and implementing net metering systems for all categories of consumers.
S: Already, the country has chalked out an ambitious policy on renewable energy, hoping to generate 175 gigawatts of power from green sources by 2022.
The correct sequence should be

Directions :
In this section, each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labeled as P, Q, R, and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly on the Answer Sheet.

S1: In a globalized world, no country can hope to impose tariffs without affecting its own economic interests.
S6: The ongoing trade war also threatens the rules-based global trade order which has managed to amicably handle trade disputes between countries for decades.
P: So both the U.S. and China, which have blamed each other for the ongoing trade war, are doing no good to their own economic fortunes by engaging in this tit-for-tat tariff battle.
Q: Apart from disadvantaging its consumers, who will have to pay higher prices for certain goods, tariffs will also disrupt the supply chain of producers who rely on foreign imports.
R : China, which is fighting an economic slowdown, will be equally affected.
S: The minutes of the U.S. Federal Reserve June policy meeting show that economic uncertainty due to the trade war is already affecting private investment in the U.S., with many investors deciding to scale back or delay their investment plans.
The correct sequence should be

Directions :
In this section, each item consists of six sentences of a passage. The first and sixth sentences are given in the beginning as S1 and S6. The middle four sentences in each have been jumbled up and labeled as P, Q, R, and S. You are required to find the proper sequence of the four sentences and mark your response accordingly on the Answer Sheet.

S1: The dawn of the information age opened up great opportunities for the beneficial use of data.
S6: To some, in this era of Big Data analytics and automated, algorithm-based processing of zettabytes of information, the fear that their personal data may be unprotected may conjure up visions of a dystopian world in which individual liberties are compromised.
P: But it is the conflict between the massive scope for progress provided by the digital era and the fear of loss of individual autonomy that is foregrounded in any debates about data protection laws.
Q: It also enhanced the perils of unregulated and arbitrary use of personal data.
R: It is against this backdrop that the White Paper made public to elicit views from the public on the shape and substance of a comprehensive data protection law assumes significances.
S: Unauthorised leaks, hacking, and other cyber crimes have rendered databases vulnerable.
The correct sequence should be

Directions :
In this section, you have a few short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read a passage and answer the items based on it. You required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage — I
From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company’s role in India was that of a trading corporation which brought goods or precious metals into India and exchanged them for Indian goods like textiles and spices, which it sold abroad. Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad. Naturally, it tried constantly to open new markets for Indian goods in Britain and other countries. Thereby, it increased the export of Indian manufacturers, and thus encouraged their production. This is the reason why Indian rulers tolerated and even encouraged the establishment of the Company’s factories in India. But, from the very beginning, the British manufacturers were jealous of the popularity that India textiles enjoyed in Britain. All of a sudden, dress fashions changed and light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English, Before, the author of the famous novel, Robinson Crusoe, complained that Indian cloth had “crept into our houses, our closets and bedchambers; curtains, cushions, chairs, and at last beds themselves were nothing but calicos or India stuffs”. The British manufacturers put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England. By 1720, laws had been passed forbidding the wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth, in 1760 a lady had to pay a fine of 200 for possessing an imported handkerchief! Moreover, heavy duties were imposed on the import of plain cloth. Other European countries, except Holland. also either prohibited the import of Indian cloth or imposed heavy import duties. In spite of these laws, however, Indian silk and cotton textiles still held their own in foreign markets, until the middle of the eighteenth century when the English textile industry began to develop on the basis of new and advanced technology.

Q. ​The people of England used Indian clothes because

Directions :
In this section, you have a few short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read a passage and answer the items based on it. You required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage — I
From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company’s role in India was that of a trading corporation which brought goods or precious metals into India and exchanged them for Indian goods like textiles and spices, which it sold abroad. Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad. Naturally, it tried constantly to open new markets for Indian goods in Britain and other countries. Thereby, it increased the export of Indian manufacturers, and thus encouraged their production. This is the reason why Indian rulers tolerated and even encouraged the establishment of the Company’s factories in India. But, from the very beginning, the British manufacturers were jealous of the popularity that India textiles enjoyed in Britain. All of a sudden, dress fashions changed and light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English, Before, the author of the famous novel, Robinson Crusoe, complained that Indian cloth had “crept into our houses, our closets and bedchambers; curtains, cushions, chairs, and at last beds themselves were nothing but calicos or India stuffs”. The British manufacturers put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England. By 1720, laws had been passed forbidding the wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth, in 1760 a lady had to pay a fine of 200 for possessing an imported handkerchief! Moreover, heavy duties were imposed on the import of plain cloth. Other European countries, except Holland. also either prohibited the import of Indian cloth or imposed heavy import duties. In spite of these laws, however, Indian silk and cotton textiles still held their own in foreign markets, until the middle of the eighteenth century when the English textile industry began to develop on the basis of new and advanced technology.

Q. ​The East India Company was encouraging the export of Indian manufacturers because

Directions :
In this section, you have a few short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read a passage and answer the items based on it. You required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage — I
From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company’s role in India was that of a trading corporation which brought goods or precious metals into India and exchanged them for Indian goods like textiles and spices, which it sold abroad. Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad. Naturally, it tried constantly to open new markets for Indian goods in Britain and other countries. Thereby, it increased the export of Indian manufacturers, and thus encouraged their production. This is the reason why Indian rulers tolerated and even encouraged the establishment of the Company’s factories in India. But, from the very beginning, the British manufacturers were jealous of the popularity that India textiles enjoyed in Britain. All of a sudden, dress fashions changed and light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English, Before, the author of the famous novel, Robinson Crusoe, complained that Indian cloth had “crept into our houses, our closets and bedchambers; curtains, cushions, chairs, and at last beds themselves were nothing but calicos or India stuffs”. The British manufacturers put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England. By 1720, laws had been passed forbidding the wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth, in 1760 a lady had to pay a fine of 200 for possessing an imported handkerchief! Moreover, heavy duties were imposed on the import of plain cloth. Other European countries, except Holland. also either prohibited the import of Indian cloth or imposed heavy import duties. In spite of these laws, however, Indian silk and cotton textiles still held their own in foreign markets, until the middle of the eighteenth century when the English textile industry began to develop on the basis of new and advanced technology.

Q. ​What did the British manufacturer do to compete with the Indian manufacturers?

Directions :
In this section, you have a few short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read a passage and answer the items based on it. You required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage — I
From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company’s role in India was that of a trading corporation which brought goods or precious metals into India and exchanged them for Indian goods like textiles and spices, which is sold abroad. Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad. Naturally, it tried constantly to open new markets for Indian goods in Britain and other countries. Thereby, it increased the export of Indian manufacturers, and thus encouraged their production. This is the reason why Indian rulers tolerated and even encouraged the establishment of the Company’s factories in India. But, from the very beginning, the British manufacturers were jealous of the popularity that India textiles enjoyed in Britain. All of a sudden, dress fashions changed and light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English, Before, the author of the famous novel, Robinson Crusoe, complained that Indian cloth had “crept into our houses, our closets and bedchambers; curtains, cushions, chairs, and at last beds themselves were nothing but calicos or India stuffs”. The British manufacturers put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England. By 1720, laws had been passed forbidding the wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth, in 1760 a lady had to pay a fine of 200 for possessing an imported handkerchief! Moreover, heavy duties were imposed on the import of plain cloth. Other European countries, except Holland. also either prohibited the import of Indian cloth or imposed heavy import duties. In spite of these laws, however, Indian silk and cotton textiles still held their own in foreign markets, until the middle of the eighteenth century when the English textile industry began to develop on the basis of new and advanced technology.

Q. ​Which source is cited by the author to argue that Indian textile was in huge demand in 18th century England?

Directions :
In this section, you have a few short passages. After each passage, you will find some items based on the passage. First, read a passage and answer the items based on it. You required to select your answers based on the contents of the passage and opinion of the author only.
Passage — I
From 1600 to 1757 the East India Company’s role in India was that of a trading corporation which brought goods or precious metals into India and exchanged them for Indian goods like textiles and spices, which is sold abroad. Its profits came primarily from the sale of Indian goods abroad. Naturally, it tried constantly to open new markets for Indian goods in Britain and other countries. Thereby, it increased the export of Indian manufacturers, and thus encouraged their production. This is the reason why Indian rulers tolerated and even encouraged the establishment of the Company’s factories in India. But, from the very beginning, the British manufacturers were jealous of the popularity that India textiles enjoyed in Britain. All of a sudden, dress fashions changed and light cotton textiles began to replace the coarse woolens of the English, Before, the author of the famous novel, Robinson Crusoe, complained that Indian cloth had “crept into our houses, our closets and bedchambers; curtains, cushions, chairs, and at last beds themselves were nothing but calicos or India stuffs”. The British manufacturers put pressure on their government to restrict and prohibit the sale of Indian goods in England. By 1720, laws had been passed forbidding the wear or use of printed or dyed cotton cloth, in 1760 a lady had to pay a fine of 200 for possessing an imported handkerchief! Moreover, heavy duties were imposed on the import of plain cloth. Other European countries, except Holland. also either prohibited the import of Indian cloth or imposed heavy import duties. In spite of these laws, however, Indian silk and cotton textiles still held their own in foreign markets, until the middle of the eighteenth century when the English textile industry began to develop on the basis of new and advanced technology.

Q. “New and advanced technology” in the paragraph refers to

Zimbabwe’s prolonged political crisis reached the boiling point earlier this month when President Robert Mugabe dismissed the Vice-President, Emmerson Mnangagwa. A battle to succeed the 93-year-old liberation hero-turned President had already been brewing within the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (Zanu-PF), with the old guard backing Mr. Mnangagwa, himself a freedom fighter, and ‘Generation 40’, a grouping of younger leaders supporting Mr, Mugabe’s 52-year-old wife, Grace. Ms. Mugabe, known, for her extravagant lifestyle and interfering ways, has been vocal in recent months about her political ambitions. Mr. Mugabe was seen to have endorsed iii when on November 6 he dismissed Mr. Mnangagwa. But Mr. Mugabe who has ruled Zimbabwe since its independence in 1980, erred on Two counts: he underimat&1 the deep connections Mr. Mnangagwa has within the establishment and overestimated his own power in a system he has helped shape. In the good old days, Mr. Mugabe was able to rule with an iron grip. But those days are gone. Age and health problems have weakened his hold on power, while there is a groundswell of anger among the public over economic mismanagement. So when he turned against a man long seen by the establishment as his successor, Mr. Mugabe left little doubt that he was acting from a position of political weakness. This gave the security forces the confidence to turn against him and make it clear they didn’t want a Mugabe dynasty. The military doesn’t want to call its action a coup d’etat, for obvious reasons. A coup would attract international condemnation, even sanctions. But it is certain that the army chief, General. Constantine Chiwenga is in charge. His plan as it emerges is to force Mr. Mugabe to resign and install a transitional government, perhaps under Mr. Mnangagwa, until elections are held.

Q. In the paragraph, who has been called liberation hero?