EmSAT Biology Mock Test - 5 - EmSAT Achieve MCQ

In the scenario of co-dominance where both I^A and I^B alleles are present, they express their own types of sugars simultaneously. This occurrence is due to the unique nature of co-dominance, where neither allele suppresses the other, resulting in the expression of both sugar types. This leads to red blood cells displaying both A and B types of sugars, showcasing a co-dominant inheritance pattern.

Topic in NCERT: Co-dominance

Line in NCERT: "But when I A and B are present together they both express their own types of sugars: this is because of co-dominance."

GGG code is present only 1 time and the amino acid produced by GGG is glycine.

Hence, the correct option is B.

Wolf and Tasmania Wolf are examples of convergent evolution of placental mammals and Australian marsupials. They are evolved differently due to different in climatic and geographic regions.

• The genetic code by which DNA stores the genetic information consists of "codons" of three nucleotides. These codon translates to form protein sequences.
• A codon is defined by the initial nucleotide from which translation starts known as start codon.

Fig: Initiation Codon

Hence, the correct option is D.

The 'Red Data Book' is the state document which is established for documenting rare and endangered species of animals, plants and fungi as well as some local subspecies that exist within the territory of the state or country. This book provides essential information for studies and monitoring programmes on rare and endangered species and their habits. 

Albinism is hereditary lack of pigmentation in an organism. It is an autosomal recessive disorder. Albino humans lack dark pigment melanin in their skin, hair or eyes. The allele responsible is recessive to allele for normal pigmentation. Father's and mother's genotype should be Aa. They both are carriers of the disease.

The chances of this couple's fifth child being an albino are 1 in 4.

The lac operon consists of the following parts:

• Structural Gene - It consists of 3 genes:
  • z - codes for β-galactosidase
  • y - codes for permease
  • a - codes for transacetylase
• Operator -
  • It is present adjacent to the structural gene.
  • It is the site for the binding of repressor protein.
• Regulator -
  • It comprises of the i-gene, which codes for the repressor protein.
  • The repressor protein is synthesized all the time constitutively.
• Promoter -
  • It is the transcription initiation site where RNA polymerase binds.
• Inducer -
  • It is the molecule that determines whether the repressor will bind to the operator or not.
  • Hence, it regulates the operon.
  • Example - Lactose in lac operon.

A number of enzymes require metal ions for their activity which form coordination bonds with side chains at the active site and at the same time form one or more cordination bonds with the substrate, e.g., zinc is a cofactor for the proteolytic enzyme carboxypeptidase.

The shapes of bacteria are bacillus (rod like), coccus (spherical), vibrio (comma shaped) and spirillum (spiral).

Topic in NCERT: PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Line in NCERT: "The four basic shapes of bacteria are bacillus (rod like), coccus (spherical), vibrio (comma shaped) and spirillum (spiral)."

Allele frequencies does not vary from species to species. In a population, the frequency always remains fixed or constant according to Hardy Weinberg principle. The alleles and total genes in any population remain constant and hence stable.

The components of the ecosystem are seen to function as a unit when you consider the following aspects:
(i) Productivity;
(ii) Decomposition;
(iii) Energy flow; and
(iv) Nutrient cycling.
 

They identified for maximum protection certain ‘biodiversity hotspots’ regions with very high levels of species richness and high degree of endemism (that is, species confined to that region and not found anywhere else).

In ecological pyramids, saprophytes do not have any place even though they play very vital role in ecosystem. This is because ecological pyramids does not take into account same species belonging to two or more trophic levels.

Some lipids have phosphorous and a phosphorylated organic compound in them. These are phospholipids. They are found in cell membrane.

Hugo de Vries's research on evening primrose led him to propose that mutations are a key factor in evolution, contrasting with Darwin's emphasis on gradual changes.

Each enzyme shows its highest activity at a particular temperature and pH called the optimum temperature and optimum pH.

Answer:
The Green book contains suggestions for sustainable development. Here is a detailed explanation:
List of Contents:
- The list of endangered plants
- The list of extinct plants
- Suggestions for sustainable development
- Flora of a certain area
Explanation:
- The list of endangered plants: The Green book may include information about plants that are at risk of extinction or are currently classified as endangered. This list helps raise awareness about the importance of preserving these plants and taking measures to protect them.
- The list of extinct plants: The Green book may also provide information on plants that have become extinct. This list serves as a reminder of the consequences of not preserving our natural resources and highlights the importance of conservation efforts.
- Suggestions for sustainable development: One of the main purposes of the Green book is to provide suggestions and guidelines for sustainable development. It may include strategies and practices that individuals, communities, and organizations can adopt to promote environmental sustainability while meeting their developmental needs.
- Flora of a certain area: The Green book may contain detailed information about the flora of a specific region or area. It may include descriptions, photographs, and other relevant information about the plants found in that particular area.
In conclusion, the Green book primarily focuses on providing suggestions for sustainable development. However, it may also include information about endangered and extinct plants as well as the flora of a certain area.

Amino acids usually exist in the form of zwitter ions. This means that they consist of the basic NH₃⁺ group and acidic COO^- group. Zwitter ion behaves like a polar molecule. There is no net charge on zwitter ion.

Earth crust is the reservoir of sedimentary type of nutrients like phosphorus. Atmosphere is the reservoir of gaseous types of cycle like oxygen and nitrogen along with carbon.

During mitosis, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and nucleolus begin to disappear at early prophase and these are not observed in late prophase. 

Palaeritological evidences for evolution refer to the fossils. Fossils provide direct and solid evidence in favour of organic evolution through ages. Fossils are studied for knowing about extinct organisms. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany is situated at Lucknow. Birbal Sahni is called ‘Father of Indian Palaeobotany’. Age of fossils is determined by Uranium-Lead method (U²³⁸) or Potassium-Argon method or Radioactive Carbon dating (C¹⁴). ESR (electron-spin-resonance method) is the most accurate method of dating of fossils.

There are six factors affecting this principle. Among the factors, the genetic drop is not included in them. They only include Gene migration or gene flow, genetic drift, mutation, genetic recombination, and natural selection.

All the following key events take place during the telophase of mitosis except:

Answer: B: Chromosomes become discrete

During telophase:

Chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle poles

Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes

Nucleolus, ER, and Golgi complex reform

However, chromosomes becoming discrete is a characteristic of early mitotic stages (prophase).

 

Topic in NCERT: Telophase

Line in NCERT: "Nuclear envelope develops around the chromosome clusters at each pole forming two daughter nuclei."

Golgi apparatus is the important site of formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Topic in NCERT: Golgi apparatus

Line in NCERT: "Golgi apparatus is the important site of formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids."

Breakdown of detritus by microbial enzymes into simple forms is called catabolism in which mass of the organisms decrease without any external reduction is size of the organisms.

In lac operon concept the sequence of arrangement of structural gene is as lac Z, lac Y and lac A. The z gene codes for beta-galactosidase. The y gene code for permease and a gene encodes a transacytylase.

Animals that had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra(foreign) gene are known as transgenic animals and the process is known as transgenesis. It helps in study of diseases and gene therapy as many transgenic animals are designed to increase our understanding of how genes contribute to the development of disease. Transgenic animals helps in increasing the production of biological products. Also, transgenic animals are used in testing the safety of vaccines before they are used on humans. Hence, the correct option is d.

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• In Co-dominance, both alleles for a specific trait are expressed equally in the heterozygous offspring.
• This means that the F1 generation will display traits from both the dominant and recessive parents, rather than resembling only one of the parents.

Hence the correct Answer is " A " 
NCERT Reference: Topic- Co- dominanace of chapter  "Principles of Inheritance and Variation" of NCERT.

Topic in NCERT: Co-dominance

Line in NCERT: "In the case of co-dominance the F1 generation resembles both parents."

• In a grazing food chain, the first trophic level consists of primary producers, which are green plants (like the living oak leaf in this case).
• In a detritus food chain, the first trophic level consists of detritus or dead organic matter (like the dead oak leaf in this case).

Thus, the first trophic levels for the grazing food chain and detritus food chain are living oak leaf and dead oak leaf, respectively.

Transgenic animals have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express foreign gene. Transgenic cow, rat, rabbits and fish have been produced.