HSSC TGT Science Mock Test - 7 - HSSC PGT/TGT MCQ

A ‘green’ building is a building that, in its design, construction or operation, reduces or eliminates negative impacts, and can create positive impacts, on our climate and natural environment. Green buildings preserve precious natural resources and improve our quality of life.

There are a number of features that can make a building ‘green’. These include: 

• Efficient use of energy, water, and other resources
• Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy
• Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use and recycling
• Good indoor environmental air quality
• Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable
• Consideration of the environment in design, construction, and operation
• Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design, construction, and operation
• A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment

Any building can be a green building, whether it’s a home, an office, a school, a hospital, a community center, or any other type of structure, provided it includes features listed above.

However, it is worth noting that not all green buildings are – and need to be - the same. Different countries and regions have a variety of characteristics such as distinctive climatic conditions, unique cultures, and traditions, diverse building types and ages, or wide-ranging environmental, economic and social priorities – all of which shape their approach to green building. This is why WorldGBC supports its member Green Building Councils and their member companies in individual countries and across regions, to pursue green buildings that are best suited to their own markets.

Hence, green buildings use a minimum amount of energy, and conserve natural resources creates space for healthy living.

Developmental psychology is a scientific approach that aims to explain growth, change, and consistency through the lifespan, it looks at how thinking, feeling, and behavior change throughout a person’s life.

Key PointsDevelopmental plasticity describes the permanent behavioral, anatomical, or physiological changes in the developmental trajectory adopted by an organism during the life span.

• It is influenced by external environmental factors or other internal physiological factors, and that occurs through gene-environment interactions.
• Developmental plasticity can be contrasted with behavioral flexibility, which describes the temporary, reversible behavioral changes that can occur throughout the life span.
• Development is highly plastic, i.e. within-person, modifiability is found in psychological development, though plasticity varies among individuals. This means skills and abilities can be improved or developed throughout the lifespan by various experiences. 
• ​Plasticity refers to the within-person variability which is possible for a particular behavior or development.
• For example, infants who have a hemisphere of the brain removed shortly after birth (as a treatment for epilepsy) can recover the functions associated with that hemisphere as the brain reorganizes itself and the remaining hemisphere takes over those functions.
• Development can be modified by life circumstances to some extent. Plasticity involves the degree to which characteristics change or remain stable.

Thus, the developmental theorists who view the process of development as having substantial plasticity throughout life are likely to emphasize the importance of environment and experience.

Energy Conservation:

• Energy conservation is not about making limited resources last as long as they can, that would mean that you are doing nothing more than prolong a crisis until you finally run out of energy resources altogether.
• Conservation is the process of reducing demand on a limited supply and enabling that supply to begin to rebuild itself. Many times the best way of doing this is to replace the energy used with an alternate source.
• The goal with energy conservation techniques is to

1. Reduce demand
2. Protect and replenish supplies
3. Develop and use alternative energy sources
4. To clean up the damage from the prior energy processes.
5. To reduce energy losses.

Methods of Energy Conservation:

• Install CFL Lights
• Lower the Room Temperature 
• Use Maximum Daylight
• Get Energy Audit Done
• Use Energy Efficient Appliances
• Drive Less, Walk More and Carpooling
• Switch Off Appliances When Not in Use
• Alternative Power (Switching to Solar Energy)  
• Zero Energy Balance

Note:

Energy conservation and efficiency may be related, but they have distinct definitions in the energy world.

Energy conservation involves using less energy by adjusting your behaviors and habits.

Energy efficiency, on the other hand, involves using technology that requires less energy to perform the same function.

Energy-saving light bulbs, large household appliances, smart thermostats, and smart home hubs like Constellation Connect are all examples of technology that can be energy efficient.

The correct answer is Nahar Singh.

Key Points

• Raja Nahar Singh:
  • He was the last king of the princely state.
  • He was executed for taking part in the 1857 war of independence in1858.

Additional Information

• Raja Nahar Singh was the ruler of Ballabhgarh in Haryana and was actively involved in the Indian independence struggle.
• He was born on 1823 in Ballabhgarh, Haryana.
• He was one of the heroes of India's First War of Independence in 1857.
• On 9 January 1858, he was hanged by the British. This day is celebrated in Haryana as Balidan Diwas or The Day of Sacrifice.
• Ballabhgarh is a town and a tehsil (subdistrict) in the Faridabad District of Haryana, India, and is part of the National Capital Region.
• The town was founded by Raja Balram Singh, in 1739, who also built the Nahar Singh Mahal palace in the same year.

The correct answer is the Fatehabad district.

About Fatehabad District:

• The Fatehabad city recognised as the Fatehabad district on 15th July 1997. It was separated from the Hisar district of Haryana state and recognized as the new separate district.
• It is one of the smallest districts in the Haryana State and covers 5.69 % areas of the state. Fatehabad district is surrounded by Sirsa district in the West direction, Punjab state in the North, Jind district in the East, Hisar district, and Rajasthan state in the South.
• The Geographical area of the Fatehabad district is 2520 km, which is 5.4% of the total state share. Fatehabad is connected by metalled roads with important cities of the Haryana and Delhi state.
• According to Puranas, the areas of Fatehabad district remained a part of the Nanda Empire. It is situated on the banks of Saraswati and the Drishadvati river.
• The discovery of Ashokan pillars at Fatehabad and Hisar shows that the area of the district remained a part of the Mauryan Empire.

About Humayun Mosque:

• There is a Small Mosque built by him known as the Humayun mosque in the city of Fatehabad. The reason behind the Mosque was built by the 2nd Mughal Emperor Humayun, who in his fight after his defeat at the hands of Sher Shah Suri happened to pass through the city of Fatehabad.

Image of the Humayun Mosque:

The correct answer is Jind.

• Bir Bara Ban Wildlife Sanctuary is in the Jind district of Haryana.
• It was changed to a Sanctuary in October 2007.
• About Jind -
  • It is one of the 7 districts which were constituted with the establishment of Haryana.
  • It shares its border with 7 districts of Haryana namely Fatehabad, Hisar, Rohtak, Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal and Kaithal.
  • It also shares a border with Sangrur district of Punjab.
  • It was founded by Sikh King Raja Gajpat Singh in 1766.
  • According to the 2011 census, the
    • Total population is 1,334,152.
    • Sex ratio is 871.
    • The literacy rate is 71.4%.
    • The population density is 494.

The correct answer is Rakesh Singh.

Key Points

• Rakesh Koch -
  • He is a resident of Bahadurgarh, Haryana
  • He has been elected General Secretary of the Wrestling Association of Haryana.
  • He has been associated with sports for a long time and is also the director of the Model School located in Bahadurgarh.

Additional Information

• ​Santosh Sharma -
  • This is the head constable of Panipat Police.
  • He has recently brought laurels to the state of Haryana by winning the gold medal in the World Police Sports Competition.
• Preetpal Sangwan -
  • ​He is the Haryana police officer who has been awarded the Police Medal.

The correct answer is Neeraj Chopra.

• Neeraj Chopra and Mirabai Chanu were among the notable winners of the 2022 Sportstar Aces Awards.

Key Points

• Sportstar of the year (Female)- Mirabai Chanu (Manipur).
• Club of the year award- Mumbai city FC.
• National team of the Year- Indian Men's Hockey team.
• Best state for the promotion of the year- Haryana.
• Prarathlete of the year- Avani Lekhara.

Important Points

The correct answer is Fully state.

• It is a state plan scheme with a proposed outlay of Rs.1200.00 lacs to be wholly funded by the State Govt.
• Its objective is to maintain and protect the green cover in Aravalli regions with the help of Village Forest Committees and other stakeholders.
• Important schemes of Haryana:
• Old Age Samman Allowance:
  • The person is of age 60 years or more will get 2500 rupees per month allowance.
• Widow Pension Scheme:
  • A widow of age more than 18 years will get 1800 rupees per month.
• Rajiv Gandhi Pariwar Bima Yojna:
  • In Case of Accidental Death/Permanent disability, total/partial disability, 1 lac rupees compensation is provided.

• Haryana does not have any perennial river of its own. The important rivers flowing through the state are the Yamuna, Saraswati, and Ghaggar. These rivers are one of the sources of irrigation in Haryana. Following are the major rivers of Haryana state-
  • Yamuna River
  • Ghaggar River
  • Saraswati River
  • Dohan River
  • Tangri River
  • Krishnavati River
  • Sahibi River
  • Markanda River
  • Chetang River
  • Rakshi River
  • Indori River

Saraswati River:

• Origin - Har-ki-Doon Glacier from Garhwal (Uttaranchal) (approximate).
• Admission in Haryana- Ambala.
• Passes through districts- Ambala, Kurukshetra.
• Tributaries- Tangri, Markanda, Chutang.
• Merger or Termination- Joins the Ghaggar river in Sangrur (Punjab).

Additional InformationDohan River:

• Origin - It originates from Mandholi village near Neem Ka Thana in the Sikar district of Rajasthan.
• Entry in Haryana- Rewari.
• It passes through the districts- of Rewari and Mahendragarh.
• Merging or ending - merges into the Yamuna at Mahendragarh.
• Dohan River is a rainy river that originates in Mandoli village near Neem Ka Thana in the Sikar district of Rajasthan. It is a tributary of the Sahibi River, which later joins the Yamuna.

Ghaggar River:

• Origin: It originates from a place called Dagshai (Shimla) in the Shivalik hills of Himachal Pradesh.
• Entry in Haryana- Pinjore (Panchkula).
• It passes through the districts- of Panchkula, Ambala, Kaithal, Fatehabad, and Sirsa.
• Tributaries- Kaushalya River, Markanda, Saraswati, Tangri and Chautang.
• Merger or Termination- After Sirsa, it enters Rajasthan and becomes extinct.
• Dam and Kund- Kaushalya Dam (Panchkula), Chamala Dam, Dangarna Dam

Concept:

Conventional energy:

• Energy sources that have been in use for a long time are referred to as conventional energy sources.
• The conventional energy sources are coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydel energy, wind energy, and nuclear energy.

Explanation:

Coal:

• It is as hard as stone and is black in colour.
• Coal contains mainly carbon, the slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonisation.
• It was formed from the remains of vegetation, coal is also called a fossil fuel.
• The growing demand for energy was largely met by the fossil fuels coal and petroleum.
• Fossil fuels are non-renewable or conventional sources of energy.

Thus, coal is a conventional source of energy.

Additional Information

Nuclear energy:

• Nuclear energy is one of the least harmful conventional energy sources to the environment.
• Uranium, which is less expensive than coal, is used as a fuel in nuclear power plants.

Non-conventional energy:

• Non-conventional energy is defined as energy generated by wind, solar, small hydro, tides, geothermal heat, and biomass.

Solar energy:

• Sunlight generates solar energy.
• The photovoltaic cells are exposed to sunlight based on the type of electricity required.
• The energy is used for cooking and water distillation.

Wind energy:

• Wind energy is created by harnessing the power of the wind and is primarily used to power irrigation water pumps.
• In terms of wind power generation, India is the second-largest country.

When the quantity of acids in the raining water is more than the average, then such rain is called 'Acid rain'.

We are aware that normally rainwater has a pH of 5.6.  When the pH of the rainwater drops below 5.6, it is called acid rain.

Acid rain refers to the ways in which acid from the atmosphere is deposited on the earth’s surface. Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur which are acidic in nature can be blown by the wind along with solid particles in the atmosphere and finally settle down either on the ground as dry deposition or in water, fog and snow as wet deposition.

∴ The average pH value of the acid rain is 4 to 5 and hence the average value of 4.5.

The bad effects of acid rain

• When acid rain falls and flows as groundwater to reach rivers, lakes etc, it affects plants and animal life in the aquatic ecosystem
• Acid rain is harmful to agriculture, trees and plants as it dissolves and washes away nutrients needed for their growth
• It causes respiratory ailments in human beings and animal
• It may also cause corrosion in many buildings bridges, monuments, fencing etc
• It causes irritation in the eyes and skin of human beings
• This rain reduces the lustre of the metals too
• Acid rain damages buildings and other structures made of stone or metal
• The Taj Mahal in India has been affected by acid rain

The correct answer is Turn on the right signal and smoothly steer right

Key Points

• While changing lanes from left to right, the driver should turn on the right signal and smoothly steer right
• When changing lanes, the most important thing is to wait until there is a clear gap in the traffic.
• Then move safely and smoothly into the centre of the desired lane, while maintaining your space in the flow of traffic so that no other vehicle is forced to slow down, speed up, or change lanes to avoid a collision.
• When we change lanes, follow these steps-
  • Turn on your signal.
  • Check your mirrors.
  • Check your blind spot by looking over your shoulder.
  • If it is safe, change lanes.
  • Turn off your signal after completing the lane change.

Explanation:

Passenger Car Unit (PCU):

The PCU equivalent factor may be considered as a measure of the relative space requirement of a vehicle class compared to that of a passenger car under a specified set of roadway, traffic, and other conditions. 

PCU equivalent factors for different vehicles are as follows:

Learning takes place in many ways. The simplest kind of learning is called conditioning. Two types of conditioning have been identified. The first one is called classical conditioning, and the second instrumental/operant conditioning.

Key Points

Instrumental/operant conditioning:

• This type of conditioning was first investigated by B.F. Skinner.
• Skinner studied the occurrence of voluntary responses when an organism operates in the environment. He called them operants.
• Operants are those behaviors or responses, which are emitted by animals and human beings voluntarily and are under their control.
• The term operant is used because the organism operates on the environment.
• Conditioning of operant behavior is called operant conditioning.

Important Points

SKINNER’S EXPERIMENT WITH RAT         

• Skinner developed a special apparatus known as a skinner’s box.
• This box has a grid floor, a system of light, or sound produced at the time of delivery of a pellet of food, in the food cup, on the pressing of the lever.
• Skinner placed a hungry rat in the box.
• In this experiment, pressure on the bar in a certain way, by the rat could result in the production of a click and emergence of a food pellet.
• The rat was rewarded for each proper pressing of the lever.
• The rat repeated this process and ultimately learned to press the lever desired by the experimenter.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'Operant conditioning' theory was propounded by Skinner.Additional Information

• Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist has propounded the 'Theory of Classical Conditioning' which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.
• E. L. Thorndike, an American psychologist has propounded the Stimulus-Response Theory (S-R Theory). In his theory, he emphasizes that learning is the result of associations forming between stimulus and responses.
• Wolfgang Kohler, a German psychologist, is associated with the ‘Theory of Insightful learning’. In his theory, he has proposed the term ‘Insight’ that doesn't take place with trial & error, rather than it is a sudden reorganization of experience.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It includes all the qualitative changes in an individual over a period of time by the process of learning and maturation.

Key Points

• Development Proceeds from General to Specific:  As the child develops, his behaviour becomes more and more intricate and complex leading towards specificity. In the beginning his behaviour remains mass and undifferentiated— a general response to all stimuli. But gradually they get differentiated and specific response is elicited to specific stimulus.
  • For example, the child at birth expresses only three kinds of behaviour—they lie and rest on the bed, they sleep and they cry when they are hungry.
  • Again, a baby makes general arm movements long before specific responses for reaching objects. These are the examples of behavioural development. Even in terms of physical development, as the cells of the body change their character, Specific kinds of tissues with specific functions are developed — skins, bones, blood etc. Same thing happens during the child’s language development.
• Development Proceeds Directionally: “The cephalo-caudal” principle refers to the fact that development (as well as growth) always proceeds direc­tionally from head to foot. We see this principle demonstrated in physical growth simply by comparing the changes that take place in the comparative sizes of different parts of the body.
  • The other direction in which the body develops is known as “proximo-distal” fashion i.e. it proceeds from areas closest to the central nervous system outward to the extremities of the body. Therefore, arm muscles develop before finger muscles.
• Principle of continuity: This principle defines that development is a life-long process as it does not stop at maturation and continues gradually until reaching its maximum growth. 
• Principle of individual differences: ​Each individual grows at his own unique pace because of the wide individual differences that exist among the children with respect to their growth and development.
• Uniformity of pattern: The development does not proceed at a uniform rate but it does follow a definite sequence or pattern and is somewhat uniform i.e., the child learns saying "papa" to greet every man he meets, but it's only afterward he uses it for his father only. Hence, it follows a pattern.
• A joint product of both heredity and environment: 'Heredity and Environment' play a vital role in determining the growth and development of an individual. How a person will develop depends on the environment but how far a person can develop depends on heredity.

Hence, we can conclude that a baby makes general arm movements long before specific responses for reaching objects. This reflecting the development of proceeds from general to specific.

We know that,
I=V/R​
∴​I₁/I₂ ​​= ​R₂/ R₁
​​R₁​=90Ω​
Current flowing through 90Ω resistance is reduced by 90%
∴ Current ratio =10%:90%
=1:9
∴1/9​=R₂​R₁
​​⇒1/9​= R₂​/90
​⇒R₂​=90/9​=10
∴R₂​=shunt=10Ω

Succinate dehydrogenase is the only enzyme of Krebs' cycle which is located in inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes and in cytosol in prokaryotes while all other enzymes of this cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix.

The resistance of a conductor depends on thickness (cross sectional area of the wire), length and temperature.
Resistivity is defined as the measure of the resisting power of a specified material to the flow of an electric current.
R=ρ(I/A)​
where R = Resistance of the conductor
ρ = Resistivity of the conductor
l = length of the conductor
A = Area of cross section
i.e., ρ=R (A​/l)

Magnetic field part of a harmonic electromagnetic wave in vacuum
,B₀​=510×10⁻⁹T
Speed of light,
C=3×10⁸m/s
E=cB_o​=153N/C

Archegoniophore occurs in Marchantia that develop on the thallus of Marchantia plant. Archegoniophoreproducegametes for alternation of generation.

In eukaryotic organisms aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen.

This 'bending of a ray of light' when it passes from one substance into another substance is called refraction. The bending of a ray of light also occurs when the ray comes out of glass or water and passes into air.

Large amount of fossilized pollen grain are found during excavation process of older parts due to tough covering of Sporopollenin that make the outer wall of pollen grain, exine. This substance cannot be hydrolyzed by any enzyme known.

Isotopes differ in physical properties.

The ability to respond to environmental stimuli is indeed a fundamental characteristic of all living organisms, distinguishing them from non-living things

Molecular mass = 2 x vapour density
= 2 x 22
= 44
Therefore, molecular mass of a gas will be 44.

​​​​​​The Assertion (A) that eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles is true.

• Eukaryotic cells, including animal cells and plant cells, have a complex structure that includes membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. These organelles have specialized functions and are separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane.

The Reason (R) that prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles is also true.

• Prokaryotic cells, including bacteria and archaea, have a simpler structure than eukaryotic cells and lack membrane-bound organelles. Instead, prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid region where the genetic material is located and perform many of their metabolic functions in the cytoplasm.

Therefore, Reason (R) is a correct explanation of Assertion (A), and the correct answer is B.

Golgi complex consists of a stack of cisternae which are curved to give definite polarity to the Golgi apparatus. The convex side (forming/cis face) receives vesicles from endoplasmic reticulum. The concave side (maturing /transface) buds off vesicles as secretion.

The density of a population in a given habitat during a given period changes due to changes in four basic processes, two of which (natality and immigration) contribute to an increase in population density and two (mortality and emigration) to a decrease. In a zero population growth density natality is balanced by mortality.