Important Questions Test: Understanding Our Criminal Justice System - UPSC MCQ

The court is where people can get justice if something wrong or illegal has happened with them.

Judges have the power under Section 136 of Indian Evidence Act for the admissibility of evidence in the examination of witnesses and also check the statement of the witnesses which is given by the witnesses during the examination of witnesses that is relevant or irrelevant. s.

To determine the location of Hashimpura, we can analyze the given information and use our knowledge of geography.

1. Given:




• Hashimpura is in one of the cities: Agra, Meerut, Lucknow, or Allahabad.


• The correct answer is option B.




2. Analysis:




• We need to identify the city in which Hashimpura is located.


• We know that the correct answer is option B, which is Meerut.








• Hashimpura is located in Meerut.

Therefore, the detailed solution is as follows:

1. Given:




• Hashimpura is in one of the cities: Agra, Meerut, Lucknow, or Allahabad.


• The correct answer is option B.




2. Analysis:




• We need to identify the city in which Hashimpura is located.


• We know that the correct answer is option B, which is Meerut.








• Hashimpura is located in Meerut.

High Courts were first established in the presidency cities of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.

Below are the details explaining the establishment of High Courts:

1. Calcutta:
- The Calcutta High Court was established on 1st July 1862.
- It was the first High Court to be established in India.
- Initially, it had jurisdiction over the entire geographical area of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
2. Madras:
- The Madras High Court was established on 15th August 1862.
- It was the second High Court to be established in India.
- It had jurisdiction over the provinces of Madras, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala.
3. Bombay:
- The Bombay High Court was established on 14th August 1862.
- It was the third High Court to be established in India.
- It had jurisdiction over the areas of Bombay, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.
These High Courts were established under the Indian High Courts Act of 1861, which was passed by the British Parliament. The act aimed to create a hierarchy of courts in India, with the High Courts being the highest judicial authority in each presidency city.
Over time, more High Courts were established in different states and union territories of India, ensuring access to justice for citizens across the country.

The right to food, and its variations, is a human right protecting the right for people to feed themselves in dignity, implying that sufficient food is available, that people have the means to access it, and that it adequately meets the individual's dietary needs.

Role of Judiciary
The judiciary plays a crucial role in any democratic society. It is responsible for interpreting and applying the law to ensure justice and protect the rights of individuals. Here are the reasons why the judiciary is independent:
1. Separation of powers:
The judiciary is one of the three branches of government, along with the executive and legislative branches. It acts as a check and balance on the other branches, ensuring that they do not abuse their powers. This separation of powers is vital for maintaining a fair and just society.
2. Upholding the rule of law:
The judiciary is responsible for upholding the rule of law, which means that everyone is subject to the law, including the government itself. It ensures that laws are applied fairly and impartially, regardless of a person's status or influence.
3. Safeguarding individual rights and liberties:
The judiciary protects the fundamental rights and liberties of individuals. It ensures that these rights are not violated and provides a forum for individuals to seek redress when their rights are infringed upon.
4. Settling disputes:
The judiciary plays a crucial role in resolving disputes between individuals, organizations, and even the government. It provides a neutral forum for parties to present their cases and reach a fair and just resolution.
5. Interpreting the law:
The judiciary interprets the law and provides guidance on its application. It ensures that laws are interpreted in line with the principles of justice and the intent of the legislature.
6. Judicial review:
The judiciary has the power of judicial review, which allows it to review the constitutionality of laws and government actions. This power ensures that the government acts within the limits set by the constitution and protects the rights of individuals.
7. Independence and impartiality:
The judiciary is independent of the other branches of government and is free from external influences. This independence allows judges to make decisions based on the law and facts of the case, without any bias or interference.
In conclusion, the judiciary plays a crucial role in our society as an independent and impartial institution. Its primary purpose is to ensure justice, protect individual rights, and uphold the rule of law. Its independence is vital to maintain a fair and just society where everyone is equal before the law.

The correct answer is B. Compensation. Here's a detailed explanation:
Definition of Compensation:
- Compensation refers to money given to make amends for an injury or a loss.
- It is a form of payment or reimbursement to someone who has suffered a loss or damage.
Explanation of Other Options:
A. Appeal:
- An appeal refers to the process of asking for a decision to be reviewed or reconsidered.
- It does not involve monetary compensation for an injury or loss.
C. Acquit:
- Acquit means to free someone from a criminal charge or finding them not guilty.
- It is not related to providing monetary compensation for an injury or loss.
D. Eviction:
- Eviction refers to the legal process of removing a tenant from a property.
- It does not involve providing financial compensation for an injury or loss.
Key Points:
- Compensation refers to money given to make amends for an injury or a loss.
- It is a form of payment or reimbursement for damages or losses suffered.
- Compensation is not related to appeals, acquittal, or eviction.
Therefore, the correct answer is B. Compensation.

The case between a landlord and a tenant, the court can order the flat to be vacated and pending rent to be paid comes under Civil law.
Civil law is a branch of law that deals with private disputes between individuals or organizations. In the case of a landlord and tenant dispute, the court follows civil law principles to resolve the issue. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Civil law:
- Civil law governs disputes between individuals or organizations and provides a legal framework to resolve conflicts.
- It encompasses a wide range of issues including contracts, property rights, torts, and family law.
- The objective of civil law is to provide a fair and just resolution to the parties involved.
2. Landlord-tenant dispute:
- A landlord-tenant dispute arises when there is a disagreement between the owner of a property (landlord) and the person renting the property (tenant).
- Common issues in such disputes include non-payment of rent, property damage, eviction, lease violations, and security deposit disputes.
3. Court's authority:
- In a landlord-tenant dispute, the court has the authority to hear the case and make a judgment based on the evidence and applicable laws.
- The court can order the tenant to vacate the premises if it is determined that they have breached the terms of the lease agreement or failed to pay rent.
- Additionally, the court may also order the tenant to pay any pending rent owed to the landlord.
4. Resolution:
- The court's judgment in a landlord-tenant dispute aims to provide a fair resolution to both parties involved.
- If the tenant is found responsible for breaching the lease agreement or failing to pay rent, they may be required to vacate the premises and pay any outstanding rent.
- On the other hand, if the landlord is found to have violated the tenant's rights or failed to fulfill their obligations, they may be ordered to compensate the tenant or make necessary repairs.
In conclusion, the case between a landlord and a tenant falls under civil law, where the court has the authority to order the flat to be vacated and pending rent to be paid. Civil law provides a legal framework to resolve disputes between individuals or organizations and aims to provide a fair and just resolution to the parties involved.

Explanation:
All persons are equal before the law means that every individual, regardless of their social status, race, gender, or any other characteristic, should be treated equally in the eyes of the law. This principle ensures fairness, justice, and protection of individual rights within a legal system. Let's break down the statement and its relevance to different entities:
A: Police
- The police are responsible for maintaining law and order, enforcing laws, and protecting the public.
- They are expected to treat all individuals equally and without bias when carrying out their duties.
B: Law
- The law refers to a set of rules and regulations that govern the behavior of individuals and society as a whole.
- It ensures that all individuals are subject to the same legal standards and are entitled to the same rights and protections.
C: Judge
- A judge is responsible for interpreting and applying the law in court proceedings.
- They play a crucial role in ensuring equal treatment and fair judgment for all individuals involved in a legal case.
D: Court
- The court is the judicial institution where legal disputes are resolved and justice is administered.
- It serves as a neutral ground where all parties are given an equal opportunity to present their case and seek redress.
Answer: B (Law)
- The law is the foundation of equality before the law.
- It establishes the principles and guidelines for treating all individuals equally and upholding their rights.
In summary, the principle of equality before the law applies to all entities mentioned (police, judge, court) but is ultimately rooted in the law itself. It ensures that every person is afforded the same rights, protections, and opportunities within the legal system.

Explanation:
The correct answer is B: First Information Report.
- First Information Report (FIR) is a document prepared by the police when they receive information about the commission of a cognizable offense (an offense for which the police have the authority to arrest without a warrant).
- The purpose of an FIR is to provide basic information about the crime and to initiate the investigation process.
- It contains details such as the date, time, and location of the offense, the names of the complainant and the accused, a description of the offense, and any other relevant information.
- The FIR is an important legal document as it sets the stage for further investigation and legal proceedings in the case.
- It is the first step taken by the police in a criminal case and is crucial for maintaining law and order in society.
- The FIR helps in recording the initial version of the complainant and serves as a reference for the police during the investigation.
- It also serves as evidence in court and is used to establish the foundation of the case.
- The FIR should be filed as soon as possible after the offense has been committed to ensure a prompt and effective investigation.
- It is important for individuals to report crimes to the police and cooperate in the filing of an FIR to ensure justice is served.
In summary, FIR stands for First Information Report, which is a document prepared by the police to initiate the investigation process for a cognizable offense.

Four key players in the criminal justice system are:
1. The Police: The police are responsible for investigating crimes, maintaining public order, and ensuring the safety of the community. They gather evidence, make arrests, and present their findings to the court.
2. The Public Prosecutor: The public prosecutor, also known as the district attorney or crown prosecutor, represents the government in criminal cases. They review the evidence collected by the police, decide whether to file charges, and present the case against the accused in court.
3. The Defence Lawyer: The defence lawyer represents the accused and ensures their rights are protected throughout the criminal justice process. They provide legal advice, investigate the case, challenge the prosecution's evidence, and advocate for their client's innocence or a fair resolution.
4. The Judge: The judge presides over the courtroom and ensures that the legal procedures are followed. They make decisions on matters of law, provide instructions to the jury, rule on objections, and ultimately determine the guilt or innocence of the accused.
Each of these key players has a distinct role in the criminal justice system, working together to ensure a fair and just process for all parties involved.

Rule of law

The term "rule of law" refers to the principle that everyone is subject to the law of the land. It means that no one is above the law and that all individuals, including government officials and institutions, must abide by the law and be held accountable for their actions. The rule of law ensures that laws are fairly and consistently applied to all citizens, and that everyone has equal access to justice.

Introduction:
The registration of an ___ is essential for the police to commence their investigations into a crime. Let's examine the options provided and determine the correct answer.
Options:
A: PIL
B: PIK
C: FIR
D: FIP
Explanation:
The correct answer is option C: FIR.
- FIR stands for First Information Report. It is a document that is filed by the police when they receive the initial information about a crime.
- The FIR provides the police with the necessary details about the incident, such as the nature of the crime, the location, the time, and the people involved.
- It serves as the starting point for the police to initiate their investigations into the crime.
- The FIR helps the police gather evidence, interview witnesses, and take necessary actions to solve the case.
- Without the registration of an FIR, the police cannot officially begin their investigations into a crime.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, it is through the registration of an FIR that the police can commence their investigations into a crime.

When witnessing someone violating the law, the immediate action would be to inform the police.

- The police play a crucial role in maintaining law and order in society and are responsible for enforcing laws.
- They have the authority to investigate crimes, apprehend suspects, and ensure public safety.
- Informing the police about a law violation helps initiate the legal process and allows them to take appropriate action.
- The police will gather evidence, interview witnesses, and build a case against the alleged offender.
- They can also provide immediate assistance or protection if necessary.
- Reporting the violation to the police ensures that the incident is documented and that the legal system can address it.
Informing other authorities:
While informing the police is the immediate action, depending on the situation, it may also be necessary to involve other authorities such as judges, courts, or lawyers. Here's a brief explanation:
- Judge: Judges preside over court proceedings and make decisions based on the law. In some cases, reporting a law violation may lead to a trial where the judge will hear the evidence and make a judgment.
- Court: The court is the judicial body responsible for resolving legal disputes. If the police investigation leads to charges being filed, the case may be presented in court, and a judge or jury will determine the guilt or innocence of the accused.
- Lawyer: Lawyers are legal professionals who provide legal advice and represent individuals or organizations in legal matters. In some situations, it may be necessary to consult or hire a lawyer to navigate the legal process effectively.
However, it is important to note that the immediate action should be to inform the police, as they are the primary authority responsible for addressing law violations and maintaining public safety.

Police officers

Police officers have various roles and responsibilities in maintaining law and order in society. Some of their duties include:

Filing reports and arresting persons:

• Police officers are responsible for conducting investigations and filing reports based on their findings.


• They have the authority to arrest individuals who are suspected of committing a crime.


• They gather evidence, interview witnesses, and compile information to assist in the prosecution of cases.

Send person to jail directly without court decision:

• Police officers cannot send a person to jail directly without a court decision.


• They can only arrest and detain individuals for a limited period of time, usually until they can be brought before a judge for a formal hearing.


• The decision to send someone to jail is made by the court, based on the evidence presented and the laws governing the case.

Decide that accused person is guilty:

• Police officers do not have the authority to decide that an accused person is guilty.


• Their role is to gather evidence and present it to the appropriate authorities, such as prosecutors or judges, who then determine guilt or innocence.


• It is the responsibility of the judiciary to ensure a fair and impartial trial, where the accused has the opportunity to present their defense.

Get a free trial:

• No one is entitled to a free trial, as trials typically involve legal fees and expenses.


• However, individuals have the right to a fair trial, which includes the opportunity to present evidence, cross-examine witnesses, and have legal representation.


• Police officers play a crucial role in the criminal justice system by gathering evidence and presenting it during the trial.

In summary, police officers play a vital role in enforcing the law and maintaining public safety. While they have the authority to arrest and file reports, they do not have the power to send someone to jail without a court decision or determine guilt. The responsibility of deciding guilt and conducting a fair trial lies with the judiciary.

According to the Constitution, every individual charged of a crime has to be given a fair trial.

A fair trial is a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution to every individual accused of a crime. It ensures that the accused receives a fair and impartial hearing, and is treated justly throughout the legal process. Here are the reasons why a fair trial is essential:

1. Presumption of Innocence:
- The accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.
- This means that the burden of proof lies with the prosecution to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
2. Impartial Judge and Jury:
- A fair trial requires that the judge and jury be impartial and unbiased.
- They should not have any personal or financial interest in the outcome of the case.
3. Adequate Legal Representation:
- Every accused person has the right to legal representation.
- This ensures that they have access to legal advice and can present a strong defense.
4. Right to Present Evidence and Witnesses:
- The accused has the right to present evidence and call witnesses in their defense.
- This allows them to challenge the prosecution's case and present their own version of events.
5. Protection Against Self-Incrimination:
- The accused has the right to remain silent and cannot be forced to testify against themselves.
- This protects them from being compelled to incriminate themselves.
6. Cross-Examination of Witnesses:
- The defense has the right to cross-examine prosecution witnesses.
- This allows them to question the credibility and reliability of the evidence presented.
7. Right to Appeal:
- If the accused is found guilty, they have the right to appeal the decision to a higher court.
- This ensures that errors or miscarriages of justice can be rectified.
In conclusion, a fair trial is a crucial aspect of the justice system as it upholds the principles of justice, fairness, and the protection of individual rights. It ensures that the accused is given a fair opportunity to defend themselves and prevents any form of injustice or abuse in the legal process.

A is the correct option. The courts  can decide that no teacher can beat a student, or about the sharing of river waters between states, or they can punish people for particular crimes.

Explanation:
To answer the question, we need to understand the meaning of the terms given in the options and determine which one fits the given description.
- Accused: This refers to a person who has been charged with a crime and is standing trial in a court of law. However, it does not imply whether the person is guilty or not.
- Acquit: This refers to the court's declaration that a person is not guilty of the crime for which they were tried. It means that the accused is cleared of all charges.
- Impartial: This term refers to fairness and lack of bias. It describes a person or a decision that is unbiased and does not favor any particular side.
- Violation: This term refers to a breach or infringement of a law, rule, or agreement. It implies that someone has done something wrong or illegal.
Given the description, the correct answer is Acquit (Option B) as it aligns with the court declaring a person not guilty of the crime they were tried for.

The correct answer is option A: Wear visible identification and name tags. Here's why:

Police officials who carry out arrests or interrogations should wear visible identification and name tags for several reasons:

• Transparency: Visible identification and name tags allow the public to easily identify the officers and distinguish them from impersonators or other individuals.


• Accountability: By wearing identification, police officials can be held accountable for their actions during an arrest or interrogation. It helps ensure that they act within the boundaries of the law and their professional responsibilities.


• Building Trust: Visible identification and name tags can help build trust between the police and the community they serve. When officers are easily identifiable, it promotes transparency and fosters confidence in their actions and intentions.


• Communication: Identification and name tags also facilitate effective communication between police officials and members of the public. It allows individuals to address officers by their name, which can help in establishing rapport and resolving conflicts peacefully.


• Safety: Visible identification and name tags can enhance the safety of both the officers and the public. It helps prevent misunderstandings and reduces the risk of mistaken identity.

Therefore, it is important for police officials to wear visible identification and name tags during arrests or interrogations to promote transparency, accountability, trust, effective communication, and safety.

The common High Court for Punjab and Haryana is located at Chandigarh.
Explanation:
The answer to the question is B: Chandigarh. Here's a detailed explanation:
- Punjab and Haryana are neighboring states in northern India.
- Both states share a common High Court, which is the highest judicial authority for these states.
- The High Court is responsible for hearing and deciding cases related to civil, criminal, and administrative matters.
- The High Court of Punjab and Haryana is located in the city of Chandigarh, which serves as the capital for both states.
- Chandigarh is a union territory and is governed by the central government of India.
- The decision to establish a common High Court for Punjab and Haryana in Chandigarh was made to ensure efficient and effective judicial administration for both states.
- The Chandigarh High Court has jurisdiction over both Punjab and Haryana and handles a wide range of legal matters for these states.
- The High Court building in Chandigarh is an architectural masterpiece and is well-known for its design and grandeur.
In conclusion, the common High Court for Punjab and Haryana is located in Chandigarh, making option B the correct answer.