MAHA TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 7 (Science and Mathematics) - MAHA TET MCQ

Bandura's major premise is that we can learn by observing others. He considers vicarious experience to be the typical way that human beings change. He uses the term 'modelling' to describe Campbell's two mid-range processes of response acquisition (observation of another's response and modelling), and he claims that modelling can have as much impact as direct experience.
Social learning theory is a general theory of human behaviour, but Bandura and people concerned with mass communication have used it specifically to explain media effects. Bandura warned that "children and adults acquire attitudes, emotional responses, and new styles of conduct through filmed and televised modelling." George Gerbner was concerned that television violence would create a false climate of fear. Albert Bandura cautioned that TV might create a violent reality that was worth fearing.

Socially Disadvantaged Students are the children who have hindrances to excelling in school because of detrimental circumstances beyond their control.

• These include children from SC / ST and other socially and educationally backward categories based on cultural, economic, social, geographical, linguistic, gender, or other categories.
• It also includes financial and social hardships as well as problems within students' families.

The 35 – 50 IQ range is called a trainable IQ level of mentally retarded children.
Mental retardation, as a developmental disability, has attracted considerable public attention. Its general debilitating character has made it a distinct category of disability. Individuals with mental retardation, face considerable difficulty in their lives in adapting to the demands of day-to-day life.
Based On IQ: There are mainly three methods of classification of mental retardation. They are medical, psychological, and educational. The psychological and educational classifications are more commonly and widely used than medical classifications. 

Language acquired by the children helps in development of children. Since, children hear and learn from the sounds of speech even while they are still in the womb. Language learning accelerates once infants are born. This language learning affects cognitive development. Some effects are more specific to language whereas other are more general. Development is a multiple process which includes various things. And language is one of them.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, proposed that children's cognitive development proceeds through four stages:

• Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years): Children use their senses and motor abilities to understand the world around them. They learn through direct experiences with objects and people.
• Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years): Children develop mental symbols to represent objects and ideas. They begin to use language and engage in pretend play.
• Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years): Children develop the ability to think logically and systematically about concrete objects and events. They become more skilled at solving problems.
• Formal operational stage (11 years and beyond): Children develop abstract thinking skills and are able to reason logically about abstract concepts and hypothetical situations.

These stages are not fixed and children may move through them at different rates. The stages provide a general framework for understanding children's cognitive development and can help educators tailor their instruction to meet the needs and abilities of their students.

Learning disability includes distinguished from the things related to a logical arrangement like unable to write, read or sturring, etc. Children with learning disabilities experience difficulty in learning and using certain skills namely reading, writing, listening, and reasoning.
Errors in writing like reverse images, mirror imaging, etc represent learning disabilities. Dyslexia is the most common learning disability which results in reverse or mirror images of the alphabet.
Dyslexia is a learning disability that makes learners:

• unable to read and interpret letters and words.
• confuse with the same shapes and sounds of the alphabet.
• bewilder in identifying and relating speech sounds with letters and words.

Types of Learning Disability: It is categorized either by the type of information processing that is affected or by the specific difficulties caused by a processing deficit.

Learning disability constitutes a condition that affects learning and intelligence across all areas of life.
A learning difficulty constitutes a condition that creates an obstacle to a specific form of learning but does not affect the overall IQ of an individual. 
So, we can conclude that child is showing signs of a learning disability.

The American motivation psychologist Abraham H. Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs consisting of five hierarchic classes. According to Maslow, people are motivated by unsatisfied needs. The needs listed from basic (lowest-earliest) to most complex (highest-latest) are as follows:

• Physiology (hunger, thirst, sleep, etc.)
• Safety/Security/Shelter/Health
• Social/Love/Friendship
• Self-esteem/Recognition/Achievement
• Self-actualisation/achievement of full potential/can never be fully accomplished

The teacher is responsible to keep the students active, disciplined, attentive, participative during the teaching-learning process. For all this, the teacher has to keep the students motivated so that they remain self-disciplined and actively perform in the classroom activity. 

Bani doesn't speak much at home, but speaks a lot in school. It shows her thoughts and ideas get importance in her school.
Selective Mutism is a complex childhood anxiety disorder characterized by a child’s inability to speak and communicate effectively in select social settings. These children are able to speak and communicate in settings where they are comfortable, secure, and relaxed. This applies to Bani in the given example, she talks a lot in school because she feels comfortable, secure, and relaxed as her thoughts get acknowledged at school.

Physical health and mental health are both interrelated. Poor mental health is a risk factor for chronic physical conditions.

The meaning of "progressive education" depends on the meaning assigned to the word 'progress'. Progress implies movement and movement involves changes in some direction. 'progressive education, is that body of educational thought that nourished in the fertile mind of John Dewey. 

• According to John Dewey, “Education is reconstruction or reorganization of experience which adds to the meaning of experience and which increases the ability to direct the course of subsequent experiences.”

Bloom’s Taxonomy: It is a hierarchical ordering of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains and each domain has some objectives that can help teachers teach and students learn. As per him, there are three Domains of Learning:

• Cognitive domains: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, apply, understand, remember.
• Affective domains: When it comes to growth in emotional areas, this domain comes into play.
  • Receiving: When a learner shows sensitivity to certain stimuli.
  • Responding:  It is defined as the tendency to respond to an object or stimuli.
  • Valuing: It refers to the acceptance of a behaviour and commitment to it. One values certain behaviours not by desires but by commitment.
  • Organizing: It refers to organizing the value system which is attained when one develops one’s code of conduct or standard of public life.
  • Characterizing: It deals with behaviour as per values or attitudes a child has imbibed; children show teamwork.
• Psychomotor domains: These domains are nothing but manual or physical skills. It deals with physical coordination, movements, and motor skills. It includes imitation, manipulation, precision, articulation, and naturalization.

Therefore, we conclude that the correct order is Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organizing, Characterizing.

This strategy might not work in the long run since this might lead to children reading only for getting the certificates. The students will be least interested in developing their reading or comprehensive skills, but would be more interested in increasing their collection of certificates and flaunting them in their friends' group.

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 is a guideline for school education in India.

• It emphasizes the importance of a child-centric approach to learning that emphasizes the child's holistic development.

To deal with a mixed-ability class a teacher should use a variety of teaching-learning methods.

• Make sure that there is a variation in the content i.e., using different types of content to develop contextual understanding.
• In addition to a common supply of learning materials and learning activities that contains the basic learning material, provide opportunities for students to obtain additional explanation and revision, or more in-depth analysis and extension. Make it clear to the students what the core of the material is and what involves extension or broadening. 
• Give examples from different settings. This way, students with different interests and prior knowledge feel included. Teachers can also ask students to present their own case studies or examples from their own experience or reference framework. 
• Provide sufficient variety in teaching methods and teaching strategies during your teaching-learning process.
• Teachers can create variety by asking questions, creating interaction, providing room for discussion, in addition to theory also paying attention to applications and exercises, telling a small anecdote, or giving examples. ​

Therefore, to make sure that the teacher is effectively dealing with heterogeneous and mixed classrooms, they should use a variety of teaching-learning methods.

Growth is the expansion of some object, institution or population which is measurable and is always quantitative whereas development is related to qualitative improvement. Qualitative differences focus on changes in the way children think, behave, and perceive the world differently as they mature.
Hence statement 4 is not true.

Questions are an aid in the learning process and hence questioning skill is one of the important teaching skills required to be developed to conduct a successful classroom session by the teacher. Effective teachers use productive questions to help students advance in their thinking and to construct their own understandings.

School-based assessment was introduced to ensure the holistic development of all the students.
In order to overcome the maladies and shortcomings that had crept in during the implementation of CCE causing serious malfunctioning, school-based assessment has been proposed as next-generation assessment.
It may be fourth in the sequence of one-time external (board) examination to a combination of external and internal examination to CCE and now SBA.
School-Based Assessment (SBA) may be defined as-

• Assessment that facilitates the attainment of competencies specified in terms of learning outcomes in a holistic manner during the teaching-learning process.
• Assessment embedded in the teaching and learning process within the broader educational philosophy of ‘assessment for learning’.
• Assessment of school students by school teachers in the schools.

Conversation skill is not a tool but a skill that is learnt using various tools.

Social Heredity, suggests that the son's expertise as a doctor can be attributed to the influence of the doctor-parent's social environment. 

Learning is a process by which behaviour is either modified or changed through experience or training. Learning is thus a relatively permanent change in response potentiality which occurs as a function of reinforced practice.
Teacher-related factors affecting learning:

• Teacher's Knowledge over the subject matter: Teachers who are firmly rooted in their subject knowledge make clearer presentations and recognize students' difficulties readily. He/she should be able to undertake application-oriented teaching as well. 
• The leadership style adopted by the teacher in terms of whether it is authoritarian, democratic, benevolent, or indifferent greatly influences how the students will respond and involve themselves in the learning tasks.
• The relationship which teachers have with their students also sets the tone and climate of the classroom.
• The evaluative comments that teachers make either verbally or in writing also have a great bearing on students learning. They have the power to motivate and encourage or stifle and discourage. 
• Apart from expectations, there are many other characteristics related to teachers that influence their learners and the teaching-learning process. The most significant among these are modeling, enthusiasm, caring, and positive expectations.
• Research indicates that teachers who present information enthusiastically, increase learners' self-efficacy, attributions of effort and ability, self-confidence, and achievement.
• The caring attitude of a teacher and how he/she communicates it is another important factor, Caring refers to a teacher's ability to emphasize and invest in the protection and development of her learners. 

From the above, we can conclude that mastery over the subject matter is a teacher-related factor affecting learning.

Due to propagation of exploratory and project-based learning, which is greatly influenced by cognitive characteristics of students, it is necessary to determine student's cognitive potential. Preliminary investigations have shown that it is possible to select an individual plan of a learning process for every student, ensuring successful learning of a whole subject field, on the assumption that the optimal cognitive strategy can be determined and realised.

Problem-solving is an important part of thinking processes. In general, a problem is any kind of conflict or difference between one situation and another that one wishes to produce, that which is the goal. 

• Problem-solving can be done either with or without insight and utilizes analytical, synthetic thinking along with metacognition.
• An individual uses various kinds of methods or strategies to solve problems.
• Some strategies when used take a long time but definitely give an answer. On the other hand, there are some other strategies that take lesser time but do not always guarantee success.

Teachers blame learning problems in students based on lack of Motivation.
Learning may be defined as “any relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential produced by experience”.

• One must remember that some behavioral changes occur due to the use of drugs, or fatigue.
• Such changes are temporary. They are not considered learning.
• Changes due to practice and experience, which are relatively permanent, are illustrative of learning.

Culture and training  are the external factors that are affecting the interest of students in a classroom.

Giftedness refers to talent. The gifted students are essentially exceptional and generally show consistency in their performances and exhibit superiority in general intelligence. They are intrinsically motivated with high self-esteem. It is usually high ability or aptitude in one or more areas.  

If the teacher comes to know that a student is absent in the class, in such a case, instead of expelling/punishing/preventing him/her from attending the class, the teacher should know the reason for his/her negligence and find out the appropriate remedy.
Revision in Teacher Preparation in Classroom Management:

• Teacher with an instructional approach to classroom management, providing candidates with feedback through curriculum and guided exercises, and
• Addressing the challenges faced by teacher candidates and new teachers in creating a positive classroom context.

Language acquired by the children helps in development of children. Since, children hear and learn from the sounds of speech even while they are still in the womb. Language learning accelerates once infants are born. This language learning affects cognitive development. Some effects are more specific to language whereas other are more general. Development is a multiple process which includes various things. And language is one of them.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, proposed that children's cognitive development proceeds through four stages:

• Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years): Children use their senses and motor abilities to understand the world around them. They learn through direct experiences with objects and people.
• Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years): Children develop mental symbols to represent objects and ideas. They begin to use language and engage in pretend play.
• Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years): Children develop the ability to think logically and systematically about concrete objects and events. They become more skilled at solving problems.
• Formal operational stage (11 years and beyond): Children develop abstract thinking skills and are able to reason logically about abstract concepts and hypothetical situations.

These stages are not fixed and children may move through them at different rates. The stages provide a general framework for understanding children's cognitive development and can help educators tailor their instruction to meet the needs and abilities of their students.

Kohlberg's idea of moral development has three levels.

• Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, has propounded the 'Theory of Moral Development'.
• He has made a systematic study of moral development in his theory that is categorized in three levels and six stages.
• He has studied moral development by posing moral dilemmas to groups of children as well as adolescents and adults.