NVS Catering Assistant Mock Test - 3 - NVS TGT/PGT MCQ

LOGIC:

Consonants are increased by 1.

Vowels are decreased by 1.

The positions of the letters according to the English alphabet series:

The pattern for this code is as follows;

Similarly;

Hence, "USZHODD" is the correct answer.

Mistake Points

The pattern for this code is as follows;

If we follow the same pattern as LEADING;

Then;

TRAINEE is Coded as "UQZJMFF".

UQZJMFF is not given in option.

So, the pattern follows is;

Consonants are increased by 1.

Vowels are decreased by 1.

And the correct answer is an option (4).

The arrangement is as follows according to given information;

Hence, Q is fourth to the right of T.

LOGIC:
First Number + √Third Number = Second Number

In (7 ,14 , 49 ) →

7 + √49

= 7 + 7

= 14

In (9, 19, 100) →

9 + √100

= 9 + 10

= 19

Hence, the correct answer is "(9, 19, 100)".

The correct answer is Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Key Points

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak:
  • ​He was a Freedom fighter and lawyer, is also known as Lokmanya Tilak.
  • He was one of the earliest and the most vocal proponents of complete independence or Swarajya (self-rule).
  • He joined the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1890, but never presided over a session of the Indian National Congress.
  • Along with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal, he was part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio of leaders with extremist outlooks.
  • Between 1908 and 1914, he spent 6 years in Mandalay Prison for defending the actions of revolutionaries Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki.

Additional Information

Confusion Points

• President of Regular session of INC in 1920 (Nagpur): C. Vijayaraghavachariar
• President of Special session of INC in 1920 (Calcutta): Lala Lajpat Rai

Fundamental Rights and Education: Fundamental Rights of citizens given in our Constitution have established the spirit of equality and have helped to preserve individual liberty. The following articles in the category of Fundamental Rights have a special bearing on education in India.

• ARTICLE 21A - It grants the Right to Free and Compulsory Education to all the children aged six to fourteen years in a manner as the State may, by law determine. Inserted by the 86th Amendment in December 2002, this Article has accorded education the status of right for ensuring quality in educational expansion at the elementary level.

Other Articles:

• Article 20
  • No person shall be convicted of any offense except for violation of the law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offense, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offense.
• ​Freedom of Speech and Expression:
  • Article 19 of the Constitution provides freedom of speech which is the right to express one's opinion freely without any fear through oral/written/electronic/broadcasting/press. Freedom of expression includes Freedom of Press.
• Article 21 of Constitution of India: Protection of Life and Personal Liberty
  • Article 21 states that “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law.” Thus, article 21 secures two rights:
    • Right to life, and
    • Right to personal liberty.

​Hence, we conclude that the right to free and compulsory education at the primary education level is ensured by our Constitution under Article 21 A of 2002-Act.

The correct answer is Black.
Key Points

• Regur Soil or Black soil is typical of the Deccan trap region spread over the northwest Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows.
• Regur soil or black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is known as black cotton soil.
• The soil is rich in soil nutrients, such as magnesium, calcium carbonate, potash, and lime.
• The black soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents.
• The black or regur soils are made up of clayey soil, well-known for their capacity to hold moisture.
• They swell and become sticky when wet and shrink when dried. So, during the dry season, this soil develops wide cracks. Thus, there occurs a kind of ‘self ploughing
• The colour of the soil ranges from deep black to grey.
• Black soils are derivatives of trap lava and are spread mostly across interior Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh on the Deccan lava plateau and the Malwa plateau.

Additional Information

The correct answer is 'Confusion'.
Key Points

​​​The word ‘chaos’(noun) means- "a state of total confusion with no order". (बिना किसी आदेश के कुल भ्रम की स्थिति)

• E.g: Snow and ice have caused chaos on the roads.

​Let’s have a look at the meaning of the words that are given in the options:

• Dirt(noun): a substance that is not clean, such as dust or mud. (एक पदार्थ जो साफ नहीं है, जैसे धूल या कीचड़)
• Confusion(noun): the state of not being able to think clearly or not understanding something. (स्पष्ट रूप से सोचने या कुछ समझने में सक्षम न होने की स्थिति)
• Tension(noun): the condition of not being able to relax because you are worried or nervous. (आराम करने में सक्षम नहीं होने की स्थिति क्योंकि आप चिंतित या घबराए हुए हैं)
• Fusion(noun: the process or the result of joining different things together to form one. (एक बनाने के लिए विभिन्न चीजों को एक साथ मिलाने की प्रक्रिया या परिणाम)
• Therefore, as per the points mentioned above, we find that ‘Confusion’ is the correct synonym of the given bold word.

Additional Information

• The synonyms of the given word 'chaos' are- 'confusion', 'disorder', 'bedlam', 'havoc', 'turmoil', etc.
• The antonyms of the given word 'chaos' are- 'arrangement', 'order', 'harmony', 'peace', etc.
• Example of 'chaos' in a sentence: We muddled up the name labels and chaos ensued.

उपर्युक्त विकल्पों में से विकल्प "आपने अच्छा किया कि मुझे सूचना दे दी।" सही है तथा अन्य विकल्प असंगत है।

Key Points

• "आपने अच्छा किया कि मुझे सूचना दे दी।" वाक्य शुद्ध वाक्य है।
• उपर्युक्त वाक्य मिश्र वाक्य है।
• मिश्र वाक्य
  • ऐसे वाक्य जिनमें सरल वाक्य के साथ साथ कोई भी दूसरा उपवाक्य शामिल हो, उन वाक्य को मिश्र वाक्य कहा जाता है।
  • मिश्र वाक्य का निर्माण एक से अधिक साधारण वाक्य से होता है, जिनमें एक प्रधान वाक्य होता है और दूसरा वाक्य आश्रित होता है और इसी वजह से मिश्र वाक्य की पहचान भी होती है।

​अन्‍य व‍िकल्‍प-

• अशुद्ध वाक्‍य- शीघ्र चलो कि ट्रेन छूट जायेगी। (इस वाक्‍य में कि शब्‍द का प्रयोग सही नहीं क‍िया गया है।)
• शुद्ध वाक्‍य- शीघ्र चलो अन्यथा ट्रेन छूट जाएगी।
• अशुद्ध वाक्‍य- जहाँ मनुष्य विवश है उसी प्रकार असमर्थ भी है। वाक्‍य में अनावश्‍यक शब्‍द भी का प्रयोग क‍िया गया है।
• शुद्ध वाक्‍य- जहॉं मनुष्‍य व‍िवश है उसी प्रकार असमर्थ है।
• अशुद्ध वाक्‍य- बूढे क्‍या जवान, सब प्रसन्‍न हैं। वाक्‍य मे बूढे शब्‍द की वर्तनी में त्रुटि है।
• शुद्ध वाक्‍य- बूढ़े क्‍या जवान, सब प्रसन्‍न हैं।

Additional Information

• मिश्र वाक्य के निर्माण में प्रधान वाक्य और आश्रित उपवाक्य को जोड़ने के लिए बहुत सारे संयोजक अव्यय का प्रयोग होता है।
• जैसे
  • आपस में, कि, जो, क्योंकि, जितना, उतना, जैसा, वैसा, जब, तब, जहाँ, वहाँ, जिधर, उधर, यद्यपि, यदि, अगर, तो इत्यादि।

सही उत्तर 'Custodian - अभिरक्षक' है।

Key Points

• 'Custodian' का अर्थ - अभिरक्षक।

अन्य विकल्प -

​Additional Information

Virtual reality (VR)

• Virtual reality (VR) refers to a computer-generated simulation in which a person can interact within an artificial three-dimensional environment using electronic devices, such as special goggles with a screen or gloves fitted with sensors.
• Applications of virtual reality include entertainment and education. Other distinct types of VR-style technology include augmented reality and mixed reality sometimes referred to as extended reality or XR.

Key-Points

Virtual reality provides a Participatory experience

• Virtual reality (VR) provides a new medium for the presentation of emotionally relevant, complex stimuli in an ecologically valid and at the same time highly controlled manner. Therefore, VR applications have attracted the attention of psychotherapists and researchers.
• It is a simulated experience that can be similar to or completely different from the real world. Applications of virtual reality include entertainment (e.g. video games) and education (e.g. medical or military training). Other distinct types of VR-style technology include augmented reality and mixed reality sometimes referred to as extended reality or XR.
• Standard virtual reality systems use either virtual reality headsets or multi-projected environments to generate realistic images, sounds and other sensations that simulate a user's physical presence in a virtual environment. A person using virtual reality equipment is able to look around the artificial world, move around in it, and interact with virtual features or items.
• Virtual reality typically incorporates auditory and video feedback, but may also allow other types of sensory and force feedback through haptic technology.

Additional Information

1. Sharp pictures

• In photography, we strive to take “sharp” photos. Generally, this means that you want the subject to be in focus with clear lines, crisp details, and no (unintended) blurring. It's a combination of accurate focus, a static camera, and the properties of the lens you're using.

2. Preview of new films

• A trailer (also known as a preview or coming attraction) is a commercial advertisement for a feature film that will be exhibited in the future at a movie theater/cinema, the result of creative and technical work. The term "trailer" dates back to the distribution of movies on reels of film.

Therefore Option 3 is the right answer.

The correct answer is Tweets.

Key Points

• Tweets are the messages or updates posted by users on Twitter.
• Twitter allows their users to read, like, and retweets the tweets of their likings.

Additional Information

• Parag Agrawal is currently the chief executive officer of Twitter.
• He replaces Jack Dorsey in November 2021.
• Jack Dorsey is the co-founder of Twitter.
• Twitter was founded on 21 March 2006 in the USA.

Key-Points

Hence, the correct matching is A - III, B - I, C - II, D - IV

The correct answer is Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)

Additional Information

• EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
• It is a non-volatile memory in which the information stored Is retained even after the power goes off.
• A special type of PROM in which the information stored in it can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge at one byte at a time.
• EEPROM generally offers excellent capabilities and performance.
• EEPROMs are constructed as arrays of floating-gate transistors.

Key-Points

Difference between Volatile and Non-volatile memory:

Internet Explorer

• Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995.

Key-Points

Browser

• Information here may no longer be accurate, and links may no longer be available or reliable. A browser is software that accesses and displays pages and files on the web.
• Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995.
• It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in-service packs, and included in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. New feature development for the browser was discontinued in 2016 in favor of their new browser Microsoft Edge.
• Since Internet Explorer is a Windows component and is included in long-term lifecycle versions of Windows such as Windows Server 2019, it will continue to receive security updates until at least 2029. Microsoft announced in August 2020 that as of August 2021, web-based Microsoft 365 products will no longer support Internet Explorer, while Microsoft Teams ended support for IE earlier in November 2020.

Additional Information

Operating System (OS)

• An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An operating system is software that performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

Compiler

• A compiler is a special program that processes statements written in a particular programming language and turns them into machine language or "code" that a computer's processor uses. Typically, a programmer writes language statements in a language such as Pascal or C one line at a time using an editor.

IP address

• An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via the internet or local network.

Therefore Internet explorer is a type of browser (Option 3).

Open Source Software:

1. In Computer terminology, open-source software is software with a source code that the user can modify, enhance, and share due to its public accessibility.
2. Source code is the part of the software that the computer programmer can alter in order to add features or fix parts that don't work properly.
3. Open-source software makes the source code to public access so that the user can view, copy, modify, and share it.
4. Open source license grants the user right to use the open-source software as per their discretion.

Important Point

1. Mozilla Firefox is open-source software for web browsing. It is developed by Mozilla Foundation under its latest technology named Quantum which promotes parallelism and interactive user interface.
2. MS Word is a commercial, trademarked product. Its source code is Microsoft property.
3. Acrobat Writer is software for the usage of portable document format files and programs. It comes as a part of a larger software package which includes Flash, photoshop. It is a standalone software available at a price therefore it is not to be assumed to be open-source software.
4. Windows is an operating system owned by Microsoft and is a licensed product of it.

Therefore Mozilla Firefox is open-source software.

The heat transfer in stewing and roasting occurs through convection.

Key PointsCooking by Convection:

• When food is cooked through the convection process, the heat passes through another medium – either liquid or gas.
• When liquids or gases are heated, the heat is distributed throughout the cooking medium and food by convection currents.
• Cooking equipment that uses the process of convection to cook food includes deep-fryers, stockpots, steamers, boilers, poachers, cooking pots and ovens.
• Methods of cooking by convection include poaching, boiling, stewing, braising, baking and roasting.

Additional Information Cooking by Conduction:

• Conduction is the process in which heat is transferred to the food by direct contact with the cooking vessel (e.g. pot, pan, solid top).
• The heat passes through a solid or from one solid to another.
• For food to be cooked by conduction, it must be in direct contact with a heated item.
• Cooking equipment that uses the process of conduction to cook food includes brat pans, solid grill plates and stove hotplates.
• Methods of cooking by conduction include stir-frying, shallow-frying and sautéing or searing.

Cooking by Radiation:

• Radiation is the process of heat transference directly onto the food being cooked.
• The heat is transferred by electromagnetic waves, such as microwaves and infrared waves.
• These waves go directly to the food being cooked, and any object in the path of the rays will also become hot
• These waves cause the food, which is located close to the heat source, to first heat then cook.
• Cooking equipment that uses the process of radiation to cook food includes microwaves, salamanders, grills and toasters.
• Methods of cooking by radiation include grilling, toasting, baking and microwaving.

In Thai Cuisine "bags of pla ra" referred as Fish Sauce.

Key Points

• Fish Sauce is the most widely used and unique seasoning in Thai cuisine.
• The ingredient found in almost all Thai dishes and every region of the country is nam pla, a very aromatic and strong-tasting fish sauce.
• Fish sauce is prepared with fermented fish that is made into a fragrant condiment and provides a salty flavor.
• Thai shrimp paste is a combination of fermented ground shrimp and salt. It is used, for instance, in red curry paste.

Important Points

• Rice is a staple grain of Thai cuisine, as in most Asian cuisines.
• The highly prized, sweet-smelling jasmine rice is indigenous to Thailand.
• This naturally aromatic long-grained rice grows in abundance in the verdant patchwork of paddy fields that blanket Thailand's central plains
• Noodles are popular as well but usually come as a single dish, like the stir-fried phad thai or in the form of a noodle soup.

Additional Information

• Thai cuisine places emphasis on lightly prepared dishes with strong aromatic components.
• Thai cuisine is known for being spicy. Balance, detail, and variety are important to Thai cooking.
• Thai food is known for its balance of the five fundamental taste senses in each dish or the overall meal: hot (spicy), sour, sweet, salty, and (optional) bitter.
• Certain insects are also eaten in Thailand. Many markets in Thailand feature stalls that sell deep-fried grasshoppers, crickets, bee larvae, silkworm, ant eggs, Chaokuai - grass jelly is often served with only shaved ice and brown sugar, Khanom bua loi – taro root mixed with flour into balls in coconut, Khanom chan – multi-layers of pandan-flavored sticky rice flour mixed with coconut milk.

ADULTERATION -

• Adulteration is defined simply as a process or an act of or altering something's original form by adding materials or elements that aren't normally the part of the original substance and are of inferior quality.
• In the sense of food processing and production, the term "adulteration" refers to the contamination of food products with chemicals or other harmful substances that render them impure in some way.
• Adulteration is illegal, particularly when the ingredients added are potentially harmful to people's health.

ADULTERANT -

• An adulterant is a material that is added to a food item to decrease its quality in order to raise its quantity.

WHY ADULTERATION IS FOLLOWED? -

• Any impersonation of a certain food substance to increase profit margin.
• Food demand has increased due to the rapidly increasing population, so fulfilling the needs by producing cheap material at a low price and larger quantity is causing sellers to practice adulteration.
• To make the most money from food products with the fewest possible expenditures.
• Increase the amount of food produced and sold.

METHOD OF ADULTERATION -

The most basic and cheapest method to adulterate the food item through minimal effort is -

• By mixing the adulterant in loosely sold items.
  • For example in shops that sell pulses and spices as loosely sold products, they keep them in open sacks, thus while weighing and packing the loose dal or pulses to the customer, the shopkeeper adds the adulterant because it goes unnoticeable plus sometimes the adulterant is already mixed in the open sacs.
  • The most common example is adding papaya seeds in black pepper, adding brick powder in red chili powder.
  • Even sometimes the milkman who sells milk by coming to houses every morning mixes some portions of water making it a form of adulteration because the milk's quality is lost.

​Solid products are less likely to get adulterated whereas the powdered or paste form of products can be adulterated easily as the customer can not view the small particles of the adulterant easily in the powder form ( the adulterant also looks exactly the copy of the food item, for example - in powdered sugar chalk powder or washing soda is added which makes the product cheap, and is also harmful to the consumer. plus, the consumer is not able to distinguish between the particles.)

• Thus the seller finds it easy to adulterate the loosely bought products and the ones that are in powdered form. ​

So, The correct answer is - both 1 and 2 are true.

Additional Information

• The adulterated food items can cause harm to the human body and can lead to many health effects
• It can cause deficiency diseases as complete nutrition is not being provided by the adulterated food content.
• The chemical harmful substances can cause additional serious health problems to the body that can prove to be carcinogenic and many times fatal.

OTHER METHODS OF ADULTERATION -

1. To attract buyers, some natural and chemical dyes are added. (which are carcinogenic)
2. To increase the weight or nature of the food item, cheaper and inferior substances are mixed in whole or in part with the good ones.
3. Clay, pebbles, stones, sand, and marble chips are added to grains, pulses, and other crops during the mixing process.
4. Decomposed fruits and vegetables are mixed in with the good ones.
5. Fruit ripening is accelerated by the addition of some chemicals.

Mincing: cutting into very small pieces like mutton/onion.

Additional Information

Shredding: cutting into long narrow pieces by means of a shredding knife for example cabbage.

Slicing: cutting into thin pieces but not as fine as shredding.

Slitting: example green chillies.

Grating: reducing into small particles by rubbing on a rough surface.

Grinding: reducing into small pieces but by crushing for example in masala.

Icings or frostings are sweet coatings for cakes and other baked goods. Icings have three main functions:-

1. They improve the keeping qualities of the cake by forming protective coatings around it.
2. they contribute flavor and richness
3. They improve appearance.

​

Additional Information

There are seven basic kinds of icings:

• Fondant
• Buttercream
• Foam Type icing
• Fudge type icing
• Flat type icing
• Royal or decorators icings
• Glazes

The correct answer is Turmeric.
Key Points

• A spice is a seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavouring or colouring food.
  • Clove - Flower
  • Cinnamon - Inner bark
  • Turmeric - Stem
• Spices are distinguished from herbs, which are the leaves, flowers, or stems of plants used for flavouring or as a garnish.
  • for example, cinnamon is bark, ginger is a stem, peppercorns are berries, nigella is a seed, cumin is a fruit, saffron is stigmas, cardamom is pods and seeds, and asafetida is a gum.

Mistake Points

• Turmeric is obtained from the rhizome, which is a modified stem with nodes and internodes.
• Cinnamon is obtained from the bark, which is just the outer flaky part of the stem.
• Bark does not refer to the entire stem.

Additional Information

• Most spices are grown in the tropical regions of the world, with some thriving in the cool misty highlands.
• Many of the seed spices come from more temperate areas, such as coriander seed, which is grown in Northern India, Africa.
• The wheat-producing areas of South Australia and Western New South Wales.
• Pepper, turmeric, cardamom, and cumin are some examples of Indian spices.

Surface catering is for passengers traveling by buses and private vehicles.

Key PointsSurface catering:

• Catering to passengers traveling by surface transport such as busses and private vehicles is called surface catering.
• These eating establishments are normally located around a bus terminus or on highways.
• They may be either government-run restaurants or privately owned establishments.
• Of late there has been a growing popularity of Punjabi-style eateries called dhabas on the highways.

Additional Information Airline catering:

• Catering to airline passengers on board the aircraft, as well as at restaurants situated at airport terminals is termed airline catering.
• Modern airports have a variety of food and beverage outlets to cater to the increasing number of air passengers.
• Catering to passengers en route is normally contracted out to a flight catering unit of a reputed hotel or a catering contractor or the catering unit operated by the airline itself as an independent entity.

Ship catering:

• Ship catering is catering to cargo crew and passenger ship passengers.
• Ships have kitchens and restaurants onboard.
• The quality of service and facilities offered depends on the class of the ship and the price the passengers are willing to pay.
• There are cruises to suit every pocket.
• They range from room service and cocktail bars to specialty dining restaurants.

Railway catering:

• Catering to railway passengers both during the journey as well as during halts at different railway stations is called railway catering.
• Traveling by train for long distances can be very tiring; hence a constant supply of a variety of refreshment choices helps to make the journey less tedious.
• On-board meal services are also provided on long-distance trains.

The size of coal not used for cooking is ultra-fine coal which has a size >0.15 mm (0.006 inches).

Nowadays, coal is generally not used and has been replaced by LPG and induction cooking. However, while cooking in traditional tandoor, coal is required.

Roganjosh:

The shoulder of lamb is simmered in a red gravy made with praan, curd, and spices such as deghi mirch, fennel powder, ver, and cardamom powder are added.

Additional Information

Haleem:

Haleem is made of 4 main components:

• Grain: wheat or barley is almost always present. Pulses (such as lentils) and rice are used or not depending on the originating region of a recipe.
• Meat: usually beef or lamb and mutton; goat meat; or chicken
• Spices: containing a wide variety including cassia and fennel among others.
• Cooking liquid: either water, milk, or broth.

Pathar-ka-Gosht:

Pathar-ka-Gosht - is a popular lamb dish, specially prepared in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. This dish is prepared with mutton by heating it on a wide stone, on a flame. The spices are added once the meat pieces are heated and served with onions and other ingredients.

Chepala Pulusu:

Chepala Pulusu, A Traditional South Indian Andhra Style Fish Curry Made Using Fish Pieces And Tamarind Extract. It Is A Very Popular Fish Curry Commonly Called As Fish Pulusu In South Indian Telangana And Andhra Regions.

The correct answer is Methane.

• The largest component of natural gas is methane, a compound with one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (CH4).
• Natural gas also contains smaller amounts of natural gas liquids (NGL, which are also hydrocarbon gas liquids), and nonhydrocarbon gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapour.

Key Points

Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.

• Gas is used as a source of energy for cooking, heating, and electricity generation.
• It is used as a chemical feedstock for manufacturing plastic and other commercially important organic chemicals.
• The gas is also useful in the production of fabrics, glass, paint, plastic, steel, etc.

Additional Information

Some advantages of natural gas are as follows:

• Natural gas is environmentally friendly because it burns cleaner than other fossil fuels.
• It's safer and easier to store when compared to other fossil fuels.
• Natural gas is extremely reliable, unlike electric power that can be knocked out during a storm.
• In its natural state, natural gas is odorless, colorless, and tasteless, but in order to warn of its presence in case of leaks, an aroma compound (mercaptan) is added, giving it its characteristic smell of rotten eggs.

Being colorless is not a characteristic of cookies.

Key Points

Cookies:

• The ingredients of cookies are similar to that of cake.
• It has decreased the amount of liquid in cookie dough.
• It has an increased amount of fat and egg and a smaller amount of leavening agents.

Additional Information

Types of Cookies:

• Drop cookies: These are made by dropping the mixture from a spoon onto a cookie sheet and baking in an oven at 190° C for 10 to 15 minutes until nicely browned.
• Bar cookies: They are also known as sheet cookies and are baked by spreading the dough in a shallow pan, the individual bars are cut after baking.
• Rolled cookies: Rolled cookies are made from refrigerated stiff dough. The dough is rolled and cut into the desired shape and then baked.
• Meringue cookies: Such cookies are made with dough prepared by beating egg whites until stiff and adding sugar slowly. Other ingredients are folded in and the batter dropped on a sheet and baked.
• Sponge cookies: They are made just like meringue cookies, the difference is, it uses whole egg instead of only egg white.

Oil roasting is not a method of roasting.

Key Points
Oven Roasting: Oven roasting is done in the oven. It is a dry cooking method and it takes a longer time to roast a food product.

Spit Roasting: It is also known as Rotisserie is a style of roasting where meat is skewered on a spit – a long solid rod used to hold food while it is being cooked over a fire in a fireplace or a campfire, or roasted in an oven.

Pot Roasting: Pot roasting or pot roast is a French dish made by roasting beef in a slow cooking process and it is used to soften tough cuts of beef using moist heat.

Skin rash is not a symptom of food poisoning.

Key Points

Food Poisoning:

• Ordinarily, the term "food poisoning", as applied to diseases caused by microorganisms, is used very loosely to include both illnesses caused by the ingestion of toxins elaborated by the organisms and those resulting from infection of the host through the intestinal tract.
• All food-borne diseases are subdivided into poisonings and infections.
• Food poisonings can be the result of either chemical poisoning or the ingestion of the toxicant.
• The toxicant might be found naturally in certain plants or animals or be a toxic metabolic product excreted by microorganisms.
• A bacterial food intoxication, therefore, refers to a foodborne illness caused by the presence of a bacterial toxin formed in the food.
• A bacterial food infection refers to food-borne illnesses caused by the entrance of bacteria into the body through the ingestion of contaminated foods.
• Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach ache, etc.

Both corn flour and bread crumbs are used as a thickening agent for a stew.

Key Points

Thickening agent for stew:

Bread Crumbs:

• One thickening agent that can help thicken a stew is breadcrumbs.
• This can also add a different flavor or texture to the stew, while the breadcrumbs disintegrate into the stew, they might leave behind a partial crunch.

Corn flour:

• A slurry is a mixture of some type of starch, usually, cornstarch, and water, using cold water, hot water, or the hot liquid from the stew.
• Mix the starch and liquid, add it to the stew, and bring everything to a boil.
• The stew will start to thicken almost immediately without much impact on the total cooking time.
• Alternatives to a cornstarch slurry include arrowroot starch or tapioca starch.

Petha - It is a translucent soft candy from Agra. Usually rectangular or cylindrical, it is made from the ash gourd vegetable. Many flavored variants are available, e.g. Kesar petha, Angoori petha etc.

Additional InformationBengali sweets made of chenna (from curdling cow’s milk) are popular. These include: ·

Sandesh: A famous dessert made from chenna, palm jaggery, and reduced milk. ·

Roshogulla / Rasgulla: It is made by shaping a dough of chhena and flour into balls and cooking them in sugar syrup.

Chhena Murki: It is a Bengali dessert recipe that is prepared using chenna and sugar syrup shaped into small cubes.

Chhena jilapi: This is made in a manner very similar to regular jalebis which are popular throughout India. However, the basic ingredient is fresh chenna which is kneaded and shaped, and deep-fried. They are then soaked in sugar syrup. ·

Chamcham: Cham cham is a Bengali sweet made by curdling milk and then shaping the coagulated solids into cylindrical shape pieces. These are cooked in sugar syrup similar to rasgullas to get a soft, spongy, and light texture. Cham cham sweet is then filled/topped with mawa and nuts