PS TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 2 (Science and Mathematics) - PS TET MCQ

The best way to increase the chances of learning disabled students to lead a full and productive life is by teaching a variety of skills and strategies that can be applied across a range of contexts. Concepts are learned best when they are encountered in a variety of contexts and expressed in a variety of ways, for that ensures that there are more opportunities for them to become imbedded in a student's knowledge system.

Gender sensitivity about school curriculum offerings is gaining global attention and concern because of the growing interest in equalizing access to education for the child irrespective of differences in sex structure. 

The stage of creative problem solving in which the individuals do not give attention to the problem is incubation.
Graham Wallas (1926) outlined the creative thinking process into four stages:

• Preparation: It involves collecting information regarding a problem in order to solve it through trial and error, recalling personal experiences, and investigating in all possible directions.
• Incubation: It is a slow process in which the individual sinks into the unconscious and reflects on the problem. In this stage, individuals forget irrelevant information or unsuccessful attempts and engage with the task effectively.
• Illumination: It is the stage the individual is most active and conscious. It is in this stage that an insight to the problem is experienced suddenly and a new idea or solution emerges.
• Verification: This stage might involve modifications to the solution reached in the previous stage by adding or subtracting, or making new connections. The final solution achieved is tested in reality. If the solution does not apply to the problem then the whole process is repeated.

Intrinsic motivation refers to behaviour that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the motivation to engage in a behaviour arises from within the individual because it is intrinsically rewarding. Thus, extrinsic rewards are not at all needed.

Inclusive education ensures that children with special needs are taught in regular schools with their age and grade peers with support services provided within the school system. Thus, it reflects the objective of providing quality education to all children by accommodating their needs and learning styles into the general curriculum.

According to the question girl’s parents are sportspersons and she obtained training from coaching. Both of her parents are sportspersons. So, we can say that her capabilities depend on heredity and the environment.

• The individual’s personality is the product of both heredity and environment.
• Heredity determines a child's potential, while the Environment influences the extent to which that potential is achieved.

Role of Heredity and Environment:

So, from the points, as mentioned above, it becomes clear that the girl's capabilities are most likely to be the result of an interaction between heredity and the environment.

A student has the habit of writing with his right hand. Due to loss of his right hand in an accident, he uses his left hand for writing. It is an example of bilateral transfer. Bilateral transfer is an aspect of the transfer of learning and is the transfer of learning or performance from one side of the body after training to the other. So, for example, after training a task with the right hand, there is an improvement in left-handed performance.

Howard Gardner, an American psychologist, proposed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In his book ‘Frames of Mind’, he pointed out that he did not believe there was "one form of cognition which cuts across all human thinking." There are multiple intelligences with autonomous intelligence capacities. " So, intelligence cannot be viewed as a single entity.

• Gardner initially proposed eight types of intelligence, which later on he increased to nine. Thus, Gardner views each individual as a unique combination of various intelligences; hence, we cannot say that one is more intelligent and another is less intelligent.

Children in Pre-operational stage have symbolic thinking but do not realize that actions can be reversed and their judgments are based on the immediate appearance of things. 
Cognitive development involves cognitive processes such as knowing, thinking, remembering, recognizing, categorizing, imagining, reasoning, decision-making, and so forth. Cognitive development proceeds as children mature. Piaget divided cognitive development into four stages.

• Sensorimotor (Birth – 2 years) & Preoperational (2-7 years)
• Concrete Operational (7-11 years) & Formal Operational (11 years and above)

​The Pre-operational Stage: This is the second stage of cognitive development which is basically a pre-logical stage as logic has not yet fully developed. It extends from two to seven years of age. They begin to think symbolically. During the Symbolic play, children can create mental images of objects and store them in their minds for later use. For example, such a child can draw a picture of or pretend to play with a puppy that is no longer present there.

Gender parity is a numerical concept related to gender equality. Gender parity concerns relative equality in terms of numbers and proportions of women and men, girls and boys, and is often calculated as the ratio of female-to-male values for a given indicator.

Socialization may be defined more comprehensively as a life-long process of inculcation whereby an individual learns the principles, values, and symbols of the social system in which he participates and the expression of those values and norms in the roles he enacts. 

Learning refers to the modification of behavioral patterns. It is a comprehensive process which refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skill as a result of practice and experience.

• Learning of children will be most effective when development of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of children will take place.
• These domains are proposed by Benjamin Bloom's in his taxonomy. It is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Let's Understand these domains in the context of child's learning:

• Cognitive domains: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, etc.
• Affective domains: This domain comes into play when child grows in emotional areas such as feelings, attitudes, etc.
• Psychomotor domains: It is concerned with acquiring skills that require the integration of mental and physical movements.

So, it could be concluded that the learning of children will be most effective when development of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of children will take place.

The suitable leadership style for a teacher for creation of a non-threatening learning environment in the classroom would be democratic because it means relating to or supporting others to make them learn and creating a non-threatening learning environment.

Adolescence marks an important time in the process of human development, the passage between childhood and adulthood. It is a time of tremendous opportunity and promises when adolescents begin to explore their growing individuality and independence and begin to think critically about themselves and the world around them.

Cultural demand is an environmental factor influencing the learning. 
Learning-centred education focuses on the learning process. Although its primary concern is on the learning of the students, all those involved in the education of students such as teachers are also co-learners with the students in the learning-centred education. It is basically learner-centred but includes teachers in the process of learning in a classroom situation. Learner-related factors affecting learning are:
Following are the factors affecting individual learning:

• Physical health
• Sensation or perception
• Needs
• Emotional conditions
• Mental health
• Willingness to learn
• Learning time
• Readiness to learn
• Student's basic ability
• Intelligence level
• Interest
• Motivation level

While handling students with special needs, use simple commands with as few words as possible, having the child then carry out that instruction.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience.

Teachers interacting more with boys than girls is an example of gender bias in teaching.
Gender refers to the socially and culturally constructed system that attributes meaning to what it means to be a male or a female in a particular society.
Gender bias in teaching leads to differential learning experiences, even though the girls and boys of a class sit in the same classroom and attended by the same teacher.

• It refers to the belief when someone prioritize one gender more than the other one.
• The result of the research studies about teachers interacting more with boys than girls is an example of gender bias in teaching.

CBSE has prescribed group activities for students in place of activities for individual students. The idea behind doing so could be to overcome the negative emotional response to individual competition which may generalise across learning.

Learning is a relatively permanent change in personality (including cognitive, affective, attitudinal, motivational, behavioral, and experiential) and reflects a change in performance usually brought about by practice although it may arise from insight or other factors, including memory.

Socialization is a process of internalizing the norms, culture, values, and customs of society to be socially acceptable. Peer groups are the agents of 'Secondary Socialization' throughout one's life.
Peer groups help children to be socialized by making them learn to behave in a way that is socially acceptable with age-peers. At this age, children learn appropriate social attitudes such as how to like and enjoy social life and group activities.

'Enriched programme' can be used as it is a broad term for special practices, procedures and theories used in the education of children. An enrichment programme teaches additional related material to the student through the standard curriculum, faster than the normal.

Achievement Motivation Theory: The Achievement motivation theory narrates personal individualities and circumstantial to a need for achievement and the allied competitive drive to meet standards of excellence. Achievement Motivation Theory (AMT) clarifies the affiliation between an individual’s appearances and his/her need to accomplish roughly in life. In doing so, it also takes into account the kind of reasonable drive a person has to achieve set goals.

'Development is not aided by stimulation' statement is not correct about development.
Development is aided by stimulation:  While most development occurs as a result of maturation and environmental experiences, much can be done to aid development so that it will reach its full potential. Stimulation is especially effective at the time when the ability is normally developing, though it is important at all times.

Educational television is an example of media that transports learners to remote places by means of visualised reports. Educational television is the use of television programs in the field of distance education.

Language learning is an active process that begins at birth and continues throughout life. Students learn the language as they use it to communicate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences, establish relationships with family members and friends.

Development refers to an increase in structure for better and enhanced functioning of organs. It is a wide and continuous process that starts from the pre-natal stage.
In the pre-natal stage, baby develops inside the mother's womb and becomes a mature one by passing through three different stages of prenatal development.
The three stages of pre-natal development include:

• Germinal period: First 2 weeks after conception.
• Embryonic period: 8 weeks from conception.
• Fetal Period: 9 weeks until birth or 38 to 40 weeks.

Hence it could be concluded that development starts from the pre-natal stage.​

Intrinsic motivation refers to behaviour that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the motivation to engage in a behaviour arises from within the individual because it is intrinsically rewarding. Thus, extrinsic rewards are not at all needed.

Inclusive education ensures that children with special needs are taught in regular schools with their age and grade peers with support services provided within the school system. Thus, it reflects the objective of providing quality education to all children by accommodating their needs and learning styles into the general curriculum.

The stage of creative problem solving in which the individuals do not give attention to the problem is incubation.
Graham Wallas (1926) outlined the creative thinking process into four stages:

• Preparation: It involves collecting information regarding a problem in order to solve it through trial and error, recalling personal experiences, and investigating in all possible directions.
• Incubation: It is a slow process in which the individual sinks into the unconscious and reflects on the problem. In this stage, individuals forget irrelevant information or unsuccessful attempts and engage with the task effectively.
• Illumination: It is the stage the individual is most active and conscious. It is in this stage that an insight to the problem is experienced suddenly and a new idea or solution emerges.
• Verification: This stage might involve modifications to the solution reached in the previous stage by adding or subtracting, or making new connections. The final solution achieved is tested in reality. If the solution does not apply to the problem then the whole process is repeated.