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Indian Cultures As Heritage is written by Romila Thapar. This book explains how the definitions of the concept of culture have changed since the last three centuries, and hence require added attention.

• The religious site, Parasnath, from the state of Jharkhand, has been recently included in the PRASAD Scheme. 
• The other sites that were recently included in the PRASAD Scheme are Gangotri and Yamunotri in Uttarakhand and Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh.
• PRASAD expands to “Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive”.
• The Scheme was launched in 2014-15 by the Union Ministry to develop pilgrimage and heritage destinations in the country. 

• Krishnamurthy Subramanian is the Chief Economic Advisor to the government of India.
• He succeeded Arvind Subramanian on 7 December 2018.
• The Chief Economic Advisor advises the Government of India on matters related to finance, commerce, trade, economy.
• The Chief Economic Advisor is appointed by Appointments Committee of the Cabinet.

• India ranked 130^th out of 189 countries, in the 2018 Human Development Index.
• The Human Development Index ranking is released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
• India climbed one spot to secure the 130^th rank this year. Last year it was ranked 131^st.
• Norway secured the top position in the index.
• Niger secures the last position(189).

Angkor Wat, also known as the 'city temple', is the largest temple in the world.

• It has a vast temple complex in Cambodia featuring the magnificent remains of several capitals of the Khmer Empire, from the 9^th to the 15^th century AD.

• It stands on a raised terrace above the rest of the city.

• The temple is made of three rectangular galleries rising to a central tower, each level higher than the last.

Laho dance is basically performed by the Janitha people in Indian state of Meghalaya. Both boys and girls dress themselves in most beautiful attires and perform it together.

The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of all 55 countries on the African continent. It was established on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and launched on 9 July 2002 in South Africa, with the aim of replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The AU's secretariat, the African Union Commission, is based in Addis Ababa.

• The Simlipal National Park is located in Odisha.
• It is also a tiger reserve and is located in the Mayurbhanj district of the state.

• In 712 AD, Muhammad Bin Qasim conquered the Sind province. 
• It was the first Arab victory in India and it led the foundation for Arab invasion in India. 
• Qasim succeeded in conquering Sind in his third attempt in which he defeated Dahir, the King of Sind. 

• Asteroids have their orbits between Mars and Jupiter. In the past, planets and their moons have existed between Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt.
• They were destroyed in some kind of affliction. The asteroids belt could be their scattered remains. Hence, the combined gravitational force of Jupiter and Mars accelerates the moving of the asteroids around them.
• Ceres, Vesta, Pallas and Hygiea are few names of Asteroids.

• Dasht-e Kavir Desert is located in the middle of the Iranian plateau.
• The desert is also known as Kavir-e-Namak and the Great Salt desert and is about 320km wide and 800km long.
• The Dasht-e Kavir is also the 26^th largest desert in the world.

• Fundamental Duties are defined in Part IV-A of the Indian Constitution.
• Fundamental Duties are the moral obligations of all the citizens of India.
• There are 11 Fundamental duties.
• Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by 42^nd Amendment of Constitution in the year 1976.
• Fundamental Duties are non-justifiable and non-legally enforceable but it is expected from every citizen of country to promote and uphold the spirit of patriotism and unity in India.

The constitution of India is considered as the supreme law of our country and it originally had 395 articles divided into 22 parts.

• Presently the Constitution of India has 448 articles divided into 25 parts.
• It was adopted on November 26, 1949.

• The government declared “Plan holidays” between 3^rd and 4^th Five-year plans.
• “Plan holiday” occurred from 1966 to 1969. The main reasons for the Plan holidays were the Sino-Indian War of 1962, Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, lack of resources and increased inflation.
• Three annual plans were formulated during this period.
• The Five-Year Plan idea was aborted after this since the country faced severe budgetary deficit at the end of the Third FYP and also the borrowing from IMF touched an all-time high. 
• The government decided to introduce annual plans in order to focus on the short term targets. 

• The deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle is carried to the lungs by pulmonary artery for oxygenation.
• The oxygenated blood from the lungs is then carried by the pulmonary vein to the heart which then pumps this blood to the rest of the body

A true fruit is one which is formed when the ovary part of the flower ripens whereas in the case of apple, it is mainly formed from thalamus and not ovary. That is why it is known as the false fruit. 

• Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite of the Plasmodium group which are protozoa.
• Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi are the five species known to cause the infection.
• It is a disease transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito and causes fever, headaches, vomiting and in severe cases can lead to seizures, coma, and even death.

• We get cramps in our legs due to the accumulation of lactic acid.
• Lactic acid is formed and accumulated in the muscle under conditions of high energy demand, rapid fluctuations of the energy requirement and insufficient supply of O2. 

Vitamin K is responsible for the coagulation of blood also known as blood clotting.

• Vitamin K helps in the process of blood coagulation as it acts as a cofactor for the enzymes which are required for maintaining the blood clotting factors, namely Protein C, S, and factors VII, IX,and X.
• Vitamin K is found in the following foods: Green leafy vegetables, such as kale, spinach, turnip greens, collards, Swiss chard, mustard greens, parsley, romaine, and green leaf lettuce.

• The symbiotic relation between algae and fungus in lichen.
• A lichen is a complex life form which forms as a result of algae and fungus.

• The central point of a lens is known as the optical centre.
• It is represented as O. It corresponds to the pole of the spherical mirrors.
• A line which passes through the optical centre of a lens does not suffer any deviation.

The Geiger-Muller Counter device is used to detect and measure ionizing radiation any form of radiation – alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays. 

• When an object (mass m) is at any height (h) from the ground, it attains potential energy (PE) due to the virtue of its position wrt to ground ie. PE = mgh
• As it falls, the value of h decreases and as a consequence its PE decreases and gets converted into kinetic energy.
• Kinetic energy is the energy which is acquired to the motion of the object and the object is obviously in motion when it falls.

Gamma rays have the highest penetrating power. It can penetrate several centimeters of lead. According to increasing order of penetrating power of radiations, they can be arranged as alpha particles < beta particles < gamma rays.

• The 1 W unit measure equals to 1.00 J/s as the equivalent measure for the same power type.
• Energy is measured in Joules while power is measured in watts.
• 1 watt is defined as 1 joule/sec. The joules per second unit number 1.00 J/s converts to 1 watt.

• Ultrasonic sound is produced by a bat and that is why human beings cannot hear the sound.
• An ultrasonic sound refers to a sound which has a frequency above 20 kHz.
• Subsonic sound refers to any sound with speed lower than that of sound whereas supersonic sound travels faster than the speed of sound.
• Infrasonic frequency sounds have below than the audible sound i.e. under 20 Hz.

• When the man begins to walk on still boat towards the shore, his foot pushes the boat backwards and in response to this the boat pushes the man in the forward direction.
• As a result of this, while the man moves towards the shore due to the force exerted by the boat, the boat moves away from the shore due to the force exerted by the man.
• This is based on the Newton’sThird Law of Motion which states that every action has an equal andopposite reactions