Test: Discrimination - MCAT MCQ

Discrimination refers to the unjust or prejudicial treatment of individuals or groups based on certain characteristics such as race, gender, age, or social class. It involves actions or behaviors that deny individuals equal opportunities or rights based on these characteristics.

Social identity theory proposes that individuals derive their self-worth and social status from the groups they belong to. In order to maintain a positive social identity, individuals may engage in discrimination against outgroup members to enhance their own self-esteem and protect their social status.

Institutional discrimination refers to unequal treatment or opportunities that are built into the structures and systems of society. In this example, unequal access to education based on socioeconomic status is a systemic form of discrimination that perpetuates social inequalities.

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that individuals experience psychological discomfort when their attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent. In the context of discrimination, this theory explains that individuals may hold prejudiced beliefs and engage in discriminatory behaviors to reduce the cognitive dissonance caused by holding contradictory views.

Subtle discrimination refers to indirect or less overt forms of prejudice and discrimination. In this example, displaying negative nonverbal cues towards a person with disabilities, such as avoiding eye contact or displaying discomfort, is a subtle form of discrimination.

Conflict theory views society as a system characterized by inequality and competition for resources. It emphasizes how power dynamics and social structures contribute to the perpetuation of discrimination. According to this perspective, discrimination arises due to the unequal distribution of power and resources among different groups.

Ethnocentrism refers to the tendency to view one's own group or culture as superior to others. It involves a biased evaluation of other groups based on one's own cultural norms, values, and beliefs. Ethnocentrism can contribute to the development of prejudice and discrimination towards outgroup members.

Increased intergroup contact and cooperation have been shown to reduce prejudice and discrimination. By interacting with individuals from different groups and working together towards common goals, people can develop empathy, challenge stereotypes, and foster positive attitudes towards others.

Social identity theory proposes that individuals derive part of their self-esteem from the groups they belong to. To maintain a positive self-concept, individuals may engage in discrimination against outgroup members as a way to protect their social identity and enhance their self-esteem.

Institutional discrimination refers to policies, practices, and structures within institutions that systematically disadvantage certain groups. In this example, the teacher's biased grading practices create a systemic disadvantage for students from a particular racial group, which constitutes institutional discrimination.