Directions: The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. A season of mists and mellow fruitfulness it may be. But autumn is also the fall, and there is little fruitfulness to be had from leafless plants. This does not matter in nature. The winter dieback has a reason: the cost of maintaining the leaves, and the risk of storm and frost damage, exceed the photosynthetic benefits to be from the pallid winter sunshine. But the interests of vegetables and the interests of their growers do not always coincide. The latter would like the former to flourish all year around. Although artificial light can fool plants into thinking that autumn has not actually arrived, this is expensive in electricity. A new technique developed by Richard Amasino and Susheng Gan, of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, may fool plants on the cheap. They have devised a way to persuade their charges to keep their leaves even when the external signals are warning that winter is nigh. As a bonus, the method also seems to keep plants green and fresh for longer after they have been cut. It is done by meddling with the genes. When a plant prepares to drop its leaves, it first evacuates as much protein from them as possible. Annual plants recycle this protein into their seeds; perennials transport it into storage in the trunk or stem. In nature, the biochemical changes that carry out this mobilization are governed by a genetic promoter: a DNA switch that starts up the genes that code for the enzymes required for the autumnal changes to take place. Dr. Amasino and Mr. Gan have isolated this promoter and attached it to a new genetic partner. The gene they chose is for the enzyme that produces cytokinin, a hormone that invigorates many plant tissues, including the leaves. They have inserted their new gene promoter combination into tobacco and arabidopsis (a weed much favored by plant geneticists as a workhorse for experiments). The idea was that, when autumnal changes switched on the natural promoter to start the process of leaf senescence, they would also switch on the synthetic promoter for the cytokinin gene, nullifying the message to close down the leaf. Cytokinin would be produced until it had managed to keep the leaves green and healthy. At that point it would shut itself off. In this way the system would be self regulating; the plant would never produce enough hormone to have side-effects beyond the leaves. It worked. Leaves from transgenic plants stayed green for the whole of a 20 weeks trial period, while control leaves gradually turned yellow. Even when picked, leaves from transgenic plants stayed green for around 40 days. Dr. Amasino and Mr. Gan see their discovery's first use as being to protect leaf vegetables such as lettuces and cabbages and to prolong their shelf life. But the new genetic combination could eventually be applied more widely. The added growth permitted by extra weeks or months of photosynthesis could boost yields of grain, and of flowers, from crops containing the hybrid gene. The transgenic tobacco plants turned out to weight 50% more seed, than normal plants. Fruitful indeed. Q. Which of the following best states the reason for the growers to want their vegetables to flourish all year around?

It could potentially supplement their income even in winters.

They feel that plants are capable of growing all year around.

They believe that letting plants grow all year around keeps them healthy.

They believe the newly developed Amasino-Gan technique is making it possible.

Directions: The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. A season of mists and mellow fruitfulness it may be. But autumn is also the fall, and there is little fruitfulness to be had from leafless plants. This does not matter in nature. The winter dieback has a reason: the cost of maintaining the leaves, and the risk of storm and frost damage, exceed the photosynthetic benefits to be from the pallid winter sunshine. But the interests of vegetables and the interests of their growers do not always coincide. The latter would like the former to flourish all year around. Although artificial light can fool plants into thinking that autumn has not actually arrived, this is expensive in electricity. A new technique developed by Richard Amasino and Susheng Gan, of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, may fool plants on the cheap. They have devised a way to persuade their charges to keep their leaves even when the external signals are warning that winter is nigh. As a bonus, the method also seems to keep plants green and fresh for longer after they have been cut. It is done by meddling with the genes. When a plant prepares to drop its leaves, it first evacuates as much protein from them as possible. Annual plants recycle this protein into their seeds; perennials transport it into storage in the trunk or stem. In nature, the biochemical changes that carry out this mobilization are governed by a genetic promoter: a DNA switch that starts up the genes that code for the enzymes required for the autumnal changes to take place. Dr. Amasino and Mr. Gan have isolated this promoter and attached it to a new genetic partner. The gene they chose is for the enzyme that produces cytokinin, a hormone that invigorates many plant tissues, including the leaves. They have inserted their new gene promoter combination into tobacco and arabidopsis (a weed much favored by plant geneticists as a workhorse for experiments). The idea was that, when autumnal changes switched on the natural promoter to start the process of leaf senescence, they would also switch on the synthetic promoter for the cytokinin gene, nullifying the message to close down the leaf. Cytokinin would be produced until it had managed to keep the leaves green and healthy. At that point it would shut itself off. In this way the system would be self regulating; the plant would never produce enough hormone to have side-effects beyond the leaves. It worked. Leaves from transgenic plants stayed green for the whole of a 20 weeks trial period, while control leaves gradually turned yellow. Even when picked, leaves from transgenic plants stayed green for around 40 days. Dr. Amasino and Mr. Gan see their discovery's first use as being to protect leaf vegetables such as lettuces and cabbages and to prolong their shelf life. But the new genetic combination could eventually be applied more widely. The added growth permitted by extra weeks or months of photosynthesis could boost yields of grain, and of flowers, from crops containing the hybrid gene. The transgenic tobacco plants turned out to weight 50% more seed, than normal plants. Fruitful indeed. Q. Which of the following best describes the action of the synthetic promoter for the cytokinin gene that was a part of the idea in the Amasino-Gan technique?

It inhibits signals sent out by all the natural promoters and thereby prevents leaf senescence.

It manages to keep leaves healthy and green thereby increasing their value in the market.

It makes the messages sent by the natural promoters of the plant to close down the leaf void.

None of the options listed above.

Directions: The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. A season of mists and mellow fruitfulness it may be. But autumn is also the fall, and there is little fruitfulness to be had from leafless plants. This does not matter in nature. The winter dieback has a reason: the cost of maintaining the leaves, and the risk of storm and frost damage, exceed the photosynthetic benefits to be from the pallid winter sunshine. But the interests of vegetables and the interests of their growers do not always coincide. The latter would like the former to flourish all year around. Although artificial light can fool plants into thinking that autumn has not actually arrived, this is expensive in electricity. A new technique developed by Richard Amasino and Susheng Gan, of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, may fool plants on the cheap. They have devised a way to persuade their charges to keep their leaves even when the external signals are warning that winter is nigh. As a bonus, the method also seems to keep plants green and fresh for longer after they have been cut. It is done by meddling with the genes. When a plant prepares to drop its leaves, it first evacuates as much protein from them as possible. Annual plants recycle this protein into their seeds; perennials transport it into storage in the trunk or stem. In nature, the biochemical changes that carry out this mobilization are governed by a genetic promoter: a DNA switch that starts up the genes that code for the enzymes required for the autumnal changes to take place. Dr. Amasino and Mr. Gan have isolated this promoter and attached it to a new genetic partner. The gene they chose is for the enzyme that produces cytokinin, a hormone that invigorates many plant tissues, including the leaves. They have inserted their new gene promoter combination into tobacco and arabidopsis (a weed much favored by plant geneticists as a workhorse for experiments). The idea was that, when autumnal changes switched on the natural promoter to start the process of leaf senescence, they would also switch on the synthetic promoter for the cytokinin gene, nullifying the message to close down the leaf. Cytokinin would be produced until it had managed to keep the leaves green and healthy. At that point it would shut itself off. In this way the system would be self regulating; the plant would never produce enough hormone to have side-effects beyond the leaves. It worked. Leaves from transgenic plants stayed green for the whole of a 20 weeks trial period, while control leaves gradually turned yellow. Even when picked, leaves from transgenic plants stayed green for around 40 days. Dr. Amasino and Mr. Gan see their discovery's first use as being to protect leaf vegetables such as lettuces and cabbages and to prolong their shelf life. But the new genetic combination could eventually be applied more widely. The added growth permitted by extra weeks or months of photosynthesis could boost yields of grain, and of flowers, from crops containing the hybrid gene. The transgenic tobacco plants turned out to weight 50% more seed, than normal plants. Fruitful indeed. Q. Each of the following is true about the Amasino-Gan technique EXCEPT:

It alters the natural genes of the plants that promote leaf senescence.

It stops the production of cytokinin production in the plant altogether.

The new gene promoter combination used in it was first tested in tobacco plants.

Directions: The passage below is accompanied by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question. A season of mists and mellow fruitfulness it may be. But autumn is also the fall, and there is little fruitfulness to be had from leafless plants. This does not matter in nature. The winter dieback has a reason: the cost of maintaining the leaves, and the risk of storm and frost damage, exceed the photosynthetic benefits to be from the pallid winter sunshine. But the interests of vegetables and the interests of their growers do not always coincide. The latter would like the former to flourish all year around. Although artificial light can fool plants into thinking that autumn has not actually arrived, this is expensive in electricity. A new technique developed by Richard Amasino and Susheng Gan, of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, may fool plants on the cheap. They have devised a way to persuade their charges to keep their leaves even when the external signals are warning that winter is nigh. As a bonus, the method also seems to keep plants green and fresh for longer after they have been cut. It is done by meddling with the genes. When a plant prepares to drop its leaves, it first evacuates as much protein from them as possible. Annual plants recycle this protein into their seeds; perennials transport it into storage in the trunk or stem. In nature, the biochemical changes that carry out this mobilization are governed by a genetic promoter: a DNA switch that starts up the genes that code for the enzymes required for the autumnal changes to take place. Dr. Amasino and Mr. Gan have isolated this promoter and attached it to a new genetic partner. The gene they chose is for the enzyme that produces cytokinin, a hormone that invigorates many plant tissues, including the leaves. They have inserted their new gene promoter combination into tobacco and arabidopsis (a weed much favored by plant geneticists as a workhorse for experiments). The idea was that, when autumnal changes switched on the natural promoter to start the process of leaf senescence, they would also switch on the synthetic promoter for the cytokinin gene, nullifying the message to close down the leaf. Cytokinin would be produced until it had managed to keep the leaves green and healthy. At that point it would shut itself off. In this way the system would be self regulating; the plant would never produce enough hormone to have side-effects beyond the leaves. It worked. Leaves from transgenic plants stayed green for the whole of a 20 weeks trial period, while control leaves gradually turned yellow. Even when picked, leaves from transgenic plants stayed green for around 40 days. Dr. Amasino and Mr. Gan see their discovery's first use as being to protect leaf vegetables such as lettuces and cabbages and to prolong their shelf life. But the new genetic combination could eventually be applied more widely. The added growth permitted by extra weeks or months of photosynthesis could boost yields of grain, and of flowers, from crops containing the hybrid gene. The transgenic tobacco plants turned out to weight 50% more seed, than normal plants. Fruitful indeed. Q. It can be inferred from the passage that plants allow leaves to fall off in autumn due to which of the following reasons?

They have no choice but to shed the leaves because the growers want them to.

The benefits of retaining leaves outweigh the effort of shedding them.

The winter sunshine is not warm enough to dry up the water stored in the leaves.

None of the options listed above.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the questions: The target audience is likely to switch channels in an attempt to whittle away the time while waiting for their favorite program to resume. Even if the ad does reach the desired target audience, the message conveyed comes and departs mostly unnoticed and many people would have trouble recalling an ad that they had seen just two minutes ago. Companies however continue to spend billions of dollars every year in an effort to attract buyers. Instead of paying massive endorsement fees to celebrities to promote a brand and spending a pretty penny on conceptualizing and creating ads, would it not make more sense for the behemoth corporations to save that money and pass on a large share back to the consumers as loyalty benefits? A satisfied user is often the best publicity and companies can simply divide the amount of money they are going to spend on publicity of a product by the expected number of units they are going to sell in that year and share the average expected per unit savings with the consumers. Even if the companies decide to keep a substantial portion of money saved from advertising for themselves and directly pass on the rest to consumers as an across the board price cutback, it can help the consumers to buy more for less in these times of tight liquidity. Companies keep spending so much money on advertising because they realize that the subconscious mind is working even when the conscious mind tunes out the message. Once the subconscious learns something, that information gets stored in the vast labyrinths of the neural passages that are present in our brains and like a burr beneath the saddle of a horse, the message will keep irritating our subconscious, egging us on to buy the proffered product or service. Also, with the customer being constantly bombarded by inducements for buying, a vacillating mind might just get seduced into pulling out the credit card. Another reason could be that the advertisers and advertising agencies are relying on a collective message that they send out to teeming humanity of equating material possessions with happiness. Another startling input could be that the promoter knows that only ten percent of advertising converts into a sale and therefore the buyers end up paying for the message that the remaining 90% did not heed. In this cat and mouse game of one trying to tempt another into buying, perhaps it is the advertising agency that has the last laugh – their product is selling even if the advertiser’s is not and the fall guy for the entire con game is the consumer who is paying for it. Q. What according to the passage is not the reason why companies spend so much on advertising?

Attention span of the target audience is transient.

Viewers skim channels while waiting for their favorite shows to resume.

It serves as a vehicle for promoting the consumerist culture.

The motivation to emulate a public figure stimulates spending..

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Today, the import duty on a complete machine is 35% for all practical purposes, whereas the import duty on raw materials and components ranges from 40% - 85%. The story does not end here. After paying such high import duties on components, once a machine is made, it suffers excise duty from 5% - 10% (including on the customs duty already paid). At the time of sale, the machine tools suffer further taxation, i.e., Central Sales Tax or State Sales Taxes which range from 4% - 16%. This much from the tax angle. Another factor which pushes the cost of manufacture of machine tools is in advanced countries. The production of machine tools in India being not of the same scale as it is in other countries, the price which India's machine tool builders have to pay for components is more or less based on pattern of high pricing applicable to the prices of spares. The above represents only a few of the extraneous reasons for the high cost of India machines. The machine tool industry in India has an enviable record of very quick technology absorption, assimilation and development. Machine tools play a key role in the expansion of industrial production since nearly all products are manufactured by machines of some sort; the machine tool is not an end product per se, but it is the means of manufacturing the end product. There are a number of success stories about how machine tool builders were of help at the most critical times. It will be a pity, in fact a tragedy, if we allow this industry to die and disappear from the scene. It is to be noted that India is at least 6000 km away from any dependable source of supply of machine tools. The Government of India has always given a great deal of importance to the development of small scale and medium scale industries. This industry has also performed pretty well. Today, they are in need of help from India's machine tool industry to enable them to produce quality components at reduced costs. Is it anybody's case that the needs of this fragile sector (which needs tender care) will be met from 6000 km away? Then, what is it that the industry requests from the Government? It wants a level playing field. In fact all of us must have a deep introspection and recognize the fact that the machine tool industry has a very special place in the country from the point of strategic and vital interests of the nation. Most important, it requests for the Government's consideration and understanding. It is therefore high time that the government gives the due attention to this industry which has a good potential. Q. None of the following statements can be inferred from the passage EXCEPT:

India's machine tool industry has a praiseworthy record of performance.

In critical times, the machine tool builders allowed the industry to perish.

In the case of machines, the excise duty is levied only on the cost price.

The machine tool industry in India runs the risk of steep decline in the absence of incentives from the government.

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Today, the import duty on a complete machine is 35% for all practical purposes, whereas the import duty on raw materials and components ranges from 40% - 85%. The story does not end here. After paying such high import duties on components, once a machine is made, it suffers excise duty from 5% - 10% (including on the customs duty already paid). At the time of sale, the machine tools suffer further taxation, i.e., Central Sales Tax or State Sales Taxes which range from 4% - 16%. This much from the tax angle. Another factor which pushes the cost of manufacture of machine tools is in advanced countries. The production of machine tools in India being not of the same scale as it is in other countries, the price which India's machine tool builders have to pay for components is more or less based on pattern of high pricing applicable to the prices of spares. The above represents only a few of the extraneous reasons for the high cost of India machines. The machine tool industry in India has an enviable record of very quick technology absorption, assimilation and development. Machine tools play a key role in the expansion of industrial production since nearly all products are manufactured by machines of some sort; the machine tool is not an end product per se, but it is the means of manufacturing the end product. There are a number of success stories about how machine tool builders were of help at the most critical times. It will be a pity, in fact a tragedy, if we allow this industry to die and disappear from the scene. It is to be noted that India is at least 6000 km away from any dependable source of supply of machine tools. The Government of India has always given a great deal of importance to the development of small scale and medium scale industries. This industry has also performed pretty well. Today, they are in need of help from India's machine tool industry to enable them to produce quality components at reduced costs. Is it anybody's case that the needs of this fragile sector (which needs tender care) will be met from 6000 km away? Then, what is it that the industry requests from the Government? It wants a level playing field. In fact all of us must have a deep introspection and recognize the fact that the machine tool industry has a very special place in the country from the point of strategic and vital interests of the nation. Most important, it requests for the Government's consideration and understanding. It is therefore high time that the government gives the due attention to this industry which has a good potential. Q. Which of the following statements is/are definitely true in the context of the passage?

The vital role of India's machine tool industry has not been duly recognised by the Government.

Small-scale industry's performance can be further improved with the help from the Indian machine tool industry.

The author of the passage has not discussed all the factors which are responsible for high cost of Indian machines.

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Today, the import duty on a complete machine is 35% for all practical purposes, whereas the import duty on raw materials and components ranges from 40% - 85%. The story does not end here. After paying such high import duties on components, once a machine is made, it suffers excise duty from 5% - 10% (including on the customs duty already paid). At the time of sale, the machine tools suffer further taxation, i.e., Central Sales Tax or State Sales Taxes which range from 4% - 16%. This much from the tax angle. Another factor which pushes the cost of manufacture of machine tools is in advanced countries. The production of machine tools in India being not of the same scale as it is in other countries, the price which India's machine tool builders have to pay for components is more or less based on pattern of high pricing applicable to the prices of spares. The above represents only a few of the extraneous reasons for the high cost of India machines. The machine tool industry in India has an enviable record of very quick technology absorption, assimilation and development. Machine tools play a key role in the expansion of industrial production since nearly all products are manufactured by machines of some sort; the machine tool is not an end product per se, but it is the means of manufacturing the end product. There are a number of success stories about how machine tool builders were of help at the most critical times. It will be a pity, in fact a tragedy, if we allow this industry to die and disappear from the scene. It is to be noted that India is at least 6000 km away from any dependable source of supply of machine tools. The Government of India has always given a great deal of importance to the development of small scale and medium scale industries. This industry has also performed pretty well. Today, they are in need of help from India's machine tool industry to enable them to produce quality components at reduced costs. Is it anybody's case that the needs of this fragile sector (which needs tender care) will be met from 6000 km away? Then, what is it that the industry requests from the Government? It wants a level playing field. In fact all of us must have a deep introspection and recognize the fact that the machine tool industry has a very special place in the country from the point of strategic and vital interests of the nation. Most important, it requests for the Government's consideration and understanding. It is therefore high time that the government gives the due attention to this industry which has a good potential. Q. When the author states that the machine tool industry 'wants a level playing field' in the passage, he implies that it

Needs more attention and consideration as compared to the other industries from various fields

Needs freedom to import the desired components at a low cost

Seeks to have the small-scale industry as its patron

Wants the same incentives as are given to some other industries

Directions: The passage below is followed by a question based on its content. Answer the question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Today, the import duty on a complete machine is 35% for all practical purposes, whereas the import duty on raw materials and components ranges from 40% - 85%. The story does not end here. After paying such high import duties on components, once a machine is made, it suffers excise duty from 5% - 10% (including on the customs duty already paid). At the time of sale, the machine tools suffer further taxation, i.e., Central Sales Tax or State Sales Taxes which range from 4% - 16%. This much from the tax angle. Another factor which pushes the cost of manufacture of machine tools is in advanced countries. The production of machine tools in India being not of the same scale as it is in other countries, the price which India's machine tool builders have to pay for components is more or less based on pattern of high pricing applicable to the prices of spares. The above represents only a few of the extraneous reasons for the high cost of India machines. The machine tool industry in India has an enviable record of very quick technology absorption, assimilation and development. Machine tools play a key role in the expansion of industrial production since nearly all products are manufactured by machines of some sort; the machine tool is not an end product per se, but it is the means of manufacturing the end product. There are a number of success stories about how machine tool builders were of help at the most critical times. It will be a pity, in fact a tragedy, if we allow this industry to die and disappear from the scene. It is to be noted that India is at least 6000 km away from any dependable source of supply of machine tools. The Government of India has always given a great deal of importance to the development of small scale and medium scale industries. This industry has also performed pretty well. Today, they are in need of help from India's machine tool industry to enable them to produce quality components at reduced costs. Is it anybody's case that the needs of this fragile sector (which needs tender care) will be met from 6000 km away? Then, what is it that the industry requests from the Government? It wants a level playing field. In fact all of us must have a deep introspection and recognize the fact that the machine tool industry has a very special place in the country from the point of strategic and vital interests of the nation. Most important, it requests for the Government's consideration and understanding. It is therefore high time that the government gives the due attention to this industry which has a good potential. Q. All of the following inferences can be drawn from the information provided in the passage EXCEPT:

The Indian government has not done enough to mitigate the difficulties faced by the machine tool industry owners.

The machine tool industry is at the verge of collapse in the absence of the regulated import prices of their materials.

To levy heavy custom duty on the machine tool industry is quite necessary for its upliftment.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921 and Mao was one of the 13 founder members. In 1945, he was elected Chairman of the Communist Party of China and that position he held until his death in 1976. Many have called Mao not only ruthless but also crude. He had no hesitation publicly to exhort his close comrades to "break the wind." However, the man of power was also a man of poetry. He could resort, by turn, to inspiration, eloquence, persuasion, intimidation and liquidation. He could act, almost simultaneously, as an imperious Emperor as well as "a lone monk walking in the world with a leaky umbrella." Although he was considered to be infallible, he made many mistakes of a serious nature. The Hundred Flowers not only failed to bloom but turned into poisonous weeds. The Great Leap Forward turned out to be a total failure. His two handpicked successors proved to be Vipers under his pillow. Whatever the compulsion that forced him to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, the convulsions caused by it haunted China for long. India cannot forgive him for her humiliation at his hands in 1962. Mao believed that to some extent the personality cult was indispensable. He is said to have observed, "Khrushchev had fallen because he had no cult of personality at all." On one occasion, Mao is said to have observed that the "four greats" – Great Teacher, Great Leader, Great Supreme Commander and Great Helmsman – thrust on him were a "nuisance". He was confident that sooner or later three of them will disappear and only the Teacher will remain. While adapting Marxist theories to the Chinese environment, Mao was an innovator. He was firmly of the view that the Marxist principles had to be adjusted to the circumstances prevailing in China and could not be used in an abstract manner. To talk of Marxism without taking into consideration the Chinese peculiarities, was an empty abstraction. To quote him, "Consequently, the significance of Marxism that is to say, making certain that in all of its manifestations it is imbued with Chinese peculiarities, becomes a problem that must be understood and solved by the whole party without delay. We must put an end to writing eight legged essays on foreign models. We must discard our dogmatism and replace it by a new and vital Chinese style and manner pleasing to the eye and to the ear of the Chinese common people." Mao put Marxism in Chinese dress. He used anecdotes from the ancient writings from Chinese history and the language of the peasants to make his political points with telling force. Mao's great contribution to the Chinese Revolution was his reliance on the peasants as a revolutionary force. When the uprisings in the cities failed, Mao realised that China did not possess an urban proletariat in the Marxist sense and hence he had to depend upon the peasants for a revolution in the country. Mao's confidence in peasant initiative and resourcefulness became a cause of tension between him and the Politburo's pragmatists after liberation. Q. Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage?

Mao was pleased with the versatile role he was supposed to play as it satisfied his ego.

The Great Leap Forward and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution were indeed ambitious schemes launched during Mao's regime.

Mao believed that Khrushchev was a great leader, nevertheless.

Mao was the first down-to-earth political philosopher and strategist to realise the proactive role that peasantry could play in propagating Communism.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921 and Mao was one of the 13 founder members. In 1945, he was elected Chairman of the Communist Party of China and that position he held until his death in 1976. Many have called Mao not only ruthless but also crude. He had no hesitation publicly to exhort his close comrades to "break the wind." However, the man of power was also a man of poetry. He could resort, by turn, to inspiration, eloquence, persuasion, intimidation and liquidation. He could act, almost simultaneously, as an imperious Emperor as well as "a lone monk walking in the world with a leaky umbrella." Although he was considered to be infallible, he made many mistakes of a serious nature. The Hundred Flowers not only failed to bloom but turned into poisonous weeds. The Great Leap Forward turned out to be a total failure. His two handpicked successors proved to be Vipers under his pillow. Whatever the compulsion that forced him to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, the convulsions caused by it haunted China for long. India cannot forgive him for her humiliation at his hands in 1962. Mao believed that to some extent the personality cult was indispensable. He is said to have observed, "Khrushchev had fallen because he had no cult of personality at all." On one occasion, Mao is said to have observed that the "four greats" – Great Teacher, Great Leader, Great Supreme Commander and Great Helmsman – thrust on him were a "nuisance". He was confident that sooner or later three of them will disappear and only the Teacher will remain. While adapting Marxist theories to the Chinese environment, Mao was an innovator. He was firmly of the view that the Marxist principles had to be adjusted to the circumstances prevailing in China and could not be used in an abstract manner. To talk of Marxism without taking into consideration the Chinese peculiarities, was an empty abstraction. To quote him, "Consequently, the significance of Marxism that is to say, making certain that in all of its manifestations it is imbued with Chinese peculiarities, becomes a problem that must be understood and solved by the whole party without delay. We must put an end to writing eight legged essays on foreign models. We must discard our dogmatism and replace it by a new and vital Chinese style and manner pleasing to the eye and to the ear of the Chinese common people." Mao put Marxism in Chinese dress. He used anecdotes from the ancient writings from Chinese history and the language of the peasants to make his political points with telling force. Mao's great contribution to the Chinese Revolution was his reliance on the peasants as a revolutionary force. When the uprisings in the cities failed, Mao realised that China did not possess an urban proletariat in the Marxist sense and hence he had to depend upon the peasants for a revolution in the country. Mao's confidence in peasant initiative and resourcefulness became a cause of tension between him and the Politburo's pragmatists after liberation. Q. Which one of the following best describes Mao's views regarding Marxism?

He advocated a radical and persuasive policy to adopt it.

He emphasised the role of the peasants as compared to the role of urban workers.

He was an advocate of proletarianism and a strong opponent of capitalism.

He thought that proletarianism could not be applied verbatim due to the typical conditions of China.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921 and Mao was one of the 13 founder members. In 1945, he was elected Chairman of the Communist Party of China and that position he held until his death in 1976. Many have called Mao not only ruthless but also crude. He had no hesitation publicly to exhort his close comrades to "break the wind." However, the man of power was also a man of poetry. He could resort, by turn, to inspiration, eloquence, persuasion, intimidation and liquidation. He could act, almost simultaneously, as an imperious Emperor as well as "a lone monk walking in the world with a leaky umbrella." Although he was considered to be infallible, he made many mistakes of a serious nature. The Hundred Flowers not only failed to bloom but turned into poisonous weeds. The Great Leap Forward turned out to be a total failure. His two handpicked successors proved to be Vipers under his pillow. Whatever the compulsion that forced him to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, the convulsions caused by it haunted China for long. India cannot forgive him for her humiliation at his hands in 1962. Mao believed that to some extent the personality cult was indispensable. He is said to have observed, "Khrushchev had fallen because he had no cult of personality at all." On one occasion, Mao is said to have observed that the "four greats" – Great Teacher, Great Leader, Great Supreme Commander and Great Helmsman – thrust on him were a "nuisance". He was confident that sooner or later three of them will disappear and only the Teacher will remain. While adapting Marxist theories to the Chinese environment, Mao was an innovator. He was firmly of the view that the Marxist principles had to be adjusted to the circumstances prevailing in China and could not be used in an abstract manner. To talk of Marxism without taking into consideration the Chinese peculiarities, was an empty abstraction. To quote him, "Consequently, the significance of Marxism that is to say, making certain that in all of its manifestations it is imbued with Chinese peculiarities, becomes a problem that must be understood and solved by the whole party without delay. We must put an end to writing eight legged essays on foreign models. We must discard our dogmatism and replace it by a new and vital Chinese style and manner pleasing to the eye and to the ear of the Chinese common people." Mao put Marxism in Chinese dress. He used anecdotes from the ancient writings from Chinese history and the language of the peasants to make his political points with telling force. Mao's great contribution to the Chinese Revolution was his reliance on the peasants as a revolutionary force. When the uprisings in the cities failed, Mao realised that China did not possess an urban proletariat in the Marxist sense and hence he had to depend upon the peasants for a revolution in the country. Mao's confidence in peasant initiative and resourcefulness became a cause of tension between him and the Politburo's pragmatists after liberation. Q. It can be inferred from the passage that the Politburo's pragmatists and Mao:

Had a divergent opinion about the methodology and likely results of cultural revolution

Differed in their approach to urban reactionary politics

Did not have a common approach regarding the national politics

Differed strongly vis-à-vis their approach to peasant initiative

Direction: Read the passage carefully and answer the questions The magic of squatter cities is that they are improved steadily and gradually by their residents. To a planner’s eye, these cities look chaotic. I trained as a biologist and to my eye, they look organic. Squatter cities are also unexpectedly green. They have maximum density—1 million people per square mile in some areas of Mumbai—and have minimum energy and material use. People get around by foot, bicycle, rickshaw, or the universal shared taxi. Not everything is efficient in the slums, though. In the Brazilian favelas where electricity is stolen and therefore free, people leave their lights on all day. But in most slums recycling is literally a way of life. The Dharavi slum in Mumbai has 400 recycling units and 30,000 ragpickers. Six thousand tons of rubbish are sorted every day. In 2007, the Economist reported that in Vietnam and Mozambique, “Waves of gleaners sift the sweepings of Hanoi’s streets, just as Mozambiquan children pick over the rubbish of Maputo’s main tip. Every city in Asia and Latin America has an industry based on gathering up old cardboard boxes.” . . . In his 1985 article, Calthorpe made a statement that still jars with most people: “The city is the most environmentally benign form of human settlement. Each city dweller consumes less land, less energy, less water, and produces less pollution than his counterpart in settlements of lower densities.” “Green Manhattan” was the inflammatory title of a 2004 New Yorker article by David Owen. “By the most significant measures,” he wrote, “New York is the greenest community in the United States, and one of the greenest cities in the world . . . The key to New York’s relative environmental benignity is its extreme compactness. . . . Placing one and a half million people on a twenty-three-square-mile island sharply reduces their opportunities to be wasteful.” He went on to note that this very compactness forces people to live in the world’s most energy-efficient apartment buildings. . . . Urban density allows half of humanity to live on 2.8 per cent of the land. . . . Consider just the infrastructure efficiencies. According to a 2004 UN report: “The concentration of population and enterprises in urban areas greatly reduces the unit cost of piped water, sewers, drains, roads, electricity, garbage collection, transport, health care, and schools.” . . . The nationally subsidised city of Manaus in northern Brazil “answers the question” of how to stop deforestation: give people decent jobs. Then they can afford houses, and gain security. One hundred thousand people who would otherwise be deforesting the jungle around Manaus are now prospering in town making such things as mobile phones and televisions. . . . Of course, fast-growing cities are far from an unmitigated good. They concentrate crime, pollution, disease and injustice as much as business, innovation, education and entertainment. . . . But if they are overall a net good for those who move there, it is because cities offer more than just jobs. They are transformative: in the slums, as well as the office towers and leafy suburbs, the progress is from hick to metropolitan to cosmopolitan . . . Q. From the passage it can be inferred that cities are good places to live in for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they:

help prevent destruction of the environment.

have suburban areas as well as office areas.

offer employment opportunities.

contribute to the cultural transformation of residents.

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. The Communist Party of China was founded in 1921 and Mao was one of the 13 founder members. In 1945, he was elected Chairman of the Communist Party of China and that position he held until his death in 1976. Many have called Mao not only ruthless but also crude. He had no hesitation publicly to exhort his close comrades to "break the wind." However, the man of power was also a man of poetry. He could resort, by turn, to inspiration, eloquence, persuasion, intimidation and liquidation. He could act, almost simultaneously, as an imperious Emperor as well as "a lone monk walking in the world with a leaky umbrella." Although he was considered to be infallible, he made many mistakes of a serious nature. The Hundred Flowers not only failed to bloom but turned into poisonous weeds. The Great Leap Forward turned out to be a total failure. His two handpicked successors proved to be Vipers under his pillow. Whatever the compulsion that forced him to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, the convulsions caused by it haunted China for long. India cannot forgive him for her humiliation at his hands in 1962. Mao believed that to some extent the personality cult was indispensable. He is said to have observed, "Khrushchev had fallen because he had no cult of personality at all." On one occasion, Mao is said to have observed that the "four greats" – Great Teacher, Great Leader, Great Supreme Commander and Great Helmsman – thrust on him were a "nuisance". He was confident that sooner or later three of them will disappear and only the Teacher will remain. While adapting Marxist theories to the Chinese environment, Mao was an innovator. He was firmly of the view that the Marxist principles had to be adjusted to the circumstances prevailing in China and could not be used in an abstract manner. To talk of Marxism without taking into consideration the Chinese peculiarities, was an empty abstraction. To quote him, "Consequently, the significance of Marxism that is to say, making certain that in all of its manifestations it is imbued with Chinese peculiarities, becomes a problem that must be understood and solved by the whole party without delay. We must put an end to writing eight legged essays on foreign models. We must discard our dogmatism and replace it by a new and vital Chinese style and manner pleasing to the eye and to the ear of the Chinese common people." Mao put Marxism in Chinese dress. He used anecdotes from the ancient writings from Chinese history and the language of the peasants to make his political points with telling force. Mao's great contribution to the Chinese Revolution was his reliance on the peasants as a revolutionary force. When the uprisings in the cities failed, Mao realised that China did not possess an urban proletariat in the Marxist sense and hence he had to depend upon the peasants for a revolution in the country. Mao's confidence in peasant initiative and resourcefulness became a cause of tension between him and the Politburo's pragmatists after liberation. Q. All of the following tactics were used by Mao to impress the Chinese EXCEPT that:

He moulded the way Marxism was conventionally perceived to better suit the Chinese

He borrowed accounts from ancient Chinese writings and used them in his speeches

He made use of language that the Chinese peasants used in order to appeal to them

He believed that the personality cult was absolutely necessary and upheld it

Directions: The passage given below is followed by four alternative summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage. The school-to-prison pipeline, a "partnership'' between juvenile courts and the school system, "developed through a punitive and harmful framework to the detriment of many vulnerable children and adolescents,'' is a phenomenon of the late twentieth century. However, juvenile courts and the school system have been historically linked through their focus on controlling young people perceived as troublesome. As early as the 1800s and as late as the 1970s, corporal punishment, such as beatings with a ruler, was used by many schools as a normalized method of dealing with students "acting out.'' The popularity of corporal punishment was diminished as school populations grew during the 1970s, forcing schools to turn to suspensions and expulsions to keep disruptive students away from classrooms.

Although the earlier attitude towards disruptive children was harsh and involved even physical punishments, the practice started to slow down with the use of procedural methods as school populations grew.

The partnership between schools and courts was a troublesome phenomenon, often involving regulation of children rather than corrective action to make the students more adaptable to existing norms.

Corporal punishment was viewed as a standard method to deal with troublesome students, with its popularity slowly fading away when the school-to-prison partnership broke down.

Suspensions and expulsions were viewed as more humane methods than corporal punishments in dealing with children who did not follow the 'set rules' and, hence, the partnership between schools and courts was done away with.

Directions: The passage given below is followed by four alternative summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage. The ability to cooperate with others, including strangers, has generated prosperity within human society since the beginning of time. The evolution of cooperation has received much attention from social scientists, yet the concept of cooperation is still unexplained. Direct reciprocity is an acceptable explanation when there is repetition, meaning that A helps B, then B helps A, and so on. When the opportunity for such repetition does not occur, indirect reciprocity - where cooperation is based on reputation rather than repetition - offers a more substantial solution. Indirect reciprocity is effectively conditional cooperation. It is underpinned by social norms that enable us to distinguish between the good who deserve to be cooperated with, and the bad who should be refused cooperation.

Cooperation has been one of the fundamental traits in the process of cognitive development and in turn prosperity of the human society.

There is a difference between direct and indirect reciprocity which may increase when the expectations to receive reciprocal treatment reduce with a person falling out of favour in someone's eyes.

The desire to obtain reciprocal treatment is the guiding principle that facilitates cooperation between different groups of people and the extent to which it is done that leads to long-term relationships.

Despite inadequate understanding of the concept of cooperation, there is a general understanding about direct reciprocity being more obvious and expected than indirect reciprocity based on free will.

Directions: The passage given below is followed by four alternative summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage. The evolution of Barbie features a few paradoxes. In order to communicate the message that any girl can aspire to be and identify with a Barbie, the designers initially made Barbie's facial features look bland. Over time, however, Barbie has evolved to become incrementally more beautiful to generate more revenue by satiating America's obsession with beauty: For example, Barbie's doll packaging overuses the word beautiful, hinting at an excessive obsession with linking beauty to superficiality, materialism, and consumerism - many criticized aspects of American culture from which children should be protected. Even as a touchable icon, the standard of beauty that Barbie creates is still virtually unattainable. Barbie has promoted a doll culture where its centerpiece, the "American Waistland", encourages the idea of seeing women as bodies rather than possessing bodies, and has repeatedly provoked criticisms related to eating disorders.

Barbie has been used to promote certain aspects of American culture which many are critical about, and they primarily target young girls as the drivers of these negative trends.

Barbie is not just a doll, rather a mechanism which has led to the development of traits typical of American society, with greater objectification of women happening now than ever.

Women have started treating their bodies as something to be modified to suit the requirements set by plastic dolls such as Barbie, which itself has an inherent linkage with the concepts of American culture.

Although earlier having 'equitable design', Barbie evolved for the worse, promoting unattainable values and traits and objectifying women which in turn led to several health hazards.

CAT Mock Test - 16 Free MCQ Practice Test with Solutions

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	CAT Mock Test Series 2024 16 videos\|27 docs\|58 tests

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