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CAT Practice Test - 18 - CAT MCQ


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30 Questions MCQ Test CAT Mock Test Series and 500+ Practice Tests 2024 - CAT Practice Test - 18

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CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 1

Group Question

A passage is followed by questions pertaining to the passage. Read the passage and answer the questions. Choose the most appropriate answer.

There are ruins on the Island, many with hieroglyphs. In "Live Together, Die Alone", while at sea, Sayid, Jin, and Sun sight the remnants of a massive statue. The full statue, viewed from the back, appears from a distance in the fifth season episode "LaFleur". It is not made clear how far back in the Island's past the group has traveled to, and another flash quickly brings them forward before they can get a good look at the statue. 

Further ruins are revealed in "The Brig" when the Others tie Locke's father to the broken base of a large, stone column. Towards the end of the third season, Ben tells Richard to continue leading the rest of the Others to the Temple, and in "Meet Kevin Johnson" sends Alex, Karl, and Rousseau to the same location. His map marks it with a Dharma Initiative symbol, but the Temple has also been mentioned as something the Monster is in place to protect. In addition, in "The Shape of Things to Come", after Alex is killed, Ben summons the Smoke Monster in a secret chamber hidden in his closet whose stone door contains hieroglyphics. In "There's No Place Like Home Pt 3", when Ben enters the Orchid Station on his way to the final room, behind the official Dharma Initiative built station, he finds what appear to be ancient tombstones covered with unknown hieroglyphs, where an ancient man-made wheel rests that is used to move the island. In the fifth season episode, "This Place is Death" shows a better view of what appears to be the Temple that Ben will one day order Richard to lead his people to, which is directly guarded by the Monster. In "Whatever Happened, Happened", Richard Alpert is seen taking a young Benjamin Linus into the temple itself as a means of healing a fatal gunshot wound. Alpert notes beforehand that Ben will emerge a fundamentally different person. It is revealed in "Dead is Dead" that the structure the viewers see is merely a wall concealing the temple and the actual temple itself is a mile away on the other side of the wall. 

There is also a labyrinth of tunnels beneath the surface of the Island. The lair of the Monster lies in these tunnels, beneath the site of the Temple wall. Another chamber in the tunnels, which lies beneath the Dharma Initiative barracks was used by the Others to isolate a hydrogen bomb with a breach in its casing. Some of these tunnels are marked on the blast door map in the Swan Station.

 

 

Q. Which option best encapsulates all that we learn about the Dharma Initiative from the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 1

Solution: There is no evidence that the Dharma Initiative and the Egyptian heritage/ initiative are connected. Eliminate options 1 and 3.
Option 2 misses out on the workstation, and the monster point is debatable.
The Dharma Initiative is first found in the passage in paragraph three. We then have various statements about the Dharma Initiative.
Paragraph Three: “His map marks it with a Dharma Initiative symbol, but the Temple has also been mentioned as something the Monster is in place to protect.” This tells us that the temple is connected with the Dharma Initiative.  Paragraph Three: ‘‘....when Ben enters the Orchid Station, behind the official Dharma Initiative built station,” Paragraph Four: “Another chamber in the tunnels, which lies beneath the Dharma Initiative barracks was used by the Others to isolate a hydrogen bomb with a breach in its casing.” This tells us that there are barracks.
Option 4 is the only option that covers all the above.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 2

There are ruins on the Island, many with hieroglyphs. In "Live Together, Die Alone", while at sea, Sayid, Jin, and Sun sight the remnants of a massive statue. The full statue, viewed from the back, appears from a distance in the fifth season episode "LaFleur". It is not made clear how far back in the Island's past the group has traveled to, and another flash quickly brings them forward before they can get a good look at the statue. 

Further ruins are revealed in "The Brig" when the Others tie Locke's father to the broken base of a large, stone column. Towards the end of the third season, Ben tells Richard to continue leading the rest of the Others to the Temple, and in "Meet Kevin Johnson" sends Alex, Karl, and Rousseau to the same location. His map marks it with a Dharma Initiative symbol, but the Temple has also been mentioned as something the Monster is in place to protect. In addition, in "The Shape of Things to Come", after Alex is killed, Ben summons the Smoke Monster in a secret chamber hidden in his closet whose stone door contains hieroglyphics. In "There's No Place Like Home Pt 3", when Ben enters the Orchid Station on his way to the final room, behind the official Dharma Initiative built station, he finds what appear to be ancient tombstones covered with unknown hieroglyphs, where an ancient man-made wheel rests that is used to move the island. In the fifth season episode, "This Place is Death" shows a better view of what appears to be the Temple that Ben will one day order Richard to lead his people to, which is directly guarded by the Monster. In "Whatever Happened, Happened", Richard Alpert is seen taking a young Benjamin Linus into the temple itself as a means of healing a fatal gunshot wound. Alpert notes beforehand that Ben will emerge a fundamentally different person. It is revealed in "Dead is Dead" that the structure the viewers see is merely a wall concealing the temple and the actual temple itself is a mile away on the other side of the wall. 

There is also a labyrinth of tunnels beneath the surface of the Island. The lair of the Monster lies in these tunnels, beneath the site of the Temple wall. Another chamber in the tunnels, which lies beneath the Dharma Initiative barracks was used by the Others to isolate a hydrogen bomb with a breach in its casing. Some of these tunnels are marked on the blast door map in the Swan Station.

 

 

Q. What do the terms “LaFleur”, “Live Together, Die Alone” and “Whatever Happened, Happened” have in common?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 2

Solution: Option 2 is wrong as even though an episode can be taken to mean that, there is a more specific option available.Option 3 is wrong as they DO have something in common.Option 4 is wrong as there is nothing to prove it.They are all episode names. The clue comes from the statement - “The full statue, viewed from the back, appears from a distance in the fifth season episode "LaFleur".” Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

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CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 3

There are ruins on the Island, many with hieroglyphs. In "Live Together, Die Alone", while at sea, Sayid, Jin, and Sun sight the remnants of a massive statue. The full statue, viewed from the back, appears from a distance in the fifth season episode "LaFleur". It is not made clear how far back in the Island's past the group has traveled to, and another flash quickly brings them forward before they can get a good look at the statue. 

Further ruins are revealed in "The Brig" when the Others tie Locke's father to the broken base of a large, stone column. Towards the end of the third season, Ben tells Richard to continue leading the rest of the Others to the Temple, and in "Meet Kevin Johnson" sends Alex, Karl, and Rousseau to the same location. His map marks it with a Dharma Initiative symbol, but the Temple has also been mentioned as something the Monster is in place to protect. In addition, in "The Shape of Things to Come", after Alex is killed, Ben summons the Smoke Monster in a secret chamber hidden in his closet whose stone door contains hieroglyphics. In "There's No Place Like Home Pt 3", when Ben enters the Orchid Station on his way to the final room, behind the official Dharma Initiative built station, he finds what appear to be ancient tombstones covered with unknown hieroglyphs, where an ancient man-made wheel rests that is used to move the island. In the fifth season episode, "This Place is Death" shows a better view of what appears to be the Temple that Ben will one day order Richard to lead his people to, which is directly guarded by the Monster. In "Whatever Happened, Happened", Richard Alpert is seen taking a young Benjamin Linus into the temple itself as a means of healing a fatal gunshot wound. Alpert notes beforehand that Ben will emerge a fundamentally different person. It is revealed in "Dead is Dead" that the structure the viewers see is merely a wall concealing the temple and the actual temple itself is a mile away on the other side of the wall. 

There is also a labyrinth of tunnels beneath the surface of the Island. The lair of the Monster lies in these tunnels, beneath the site of the Temple wall. Another chamber in the tunnels, which lies beneath the Dharma Initiative barracks was used by the Others to isolate a hydrogen bomb with a breach in its casing. Some of these tunnels are marked on the blast door map in the Swan Station.

 

 

Q. The most suitable title for the passage is:  

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 3

Solution: Option 1 is too broad.Option 2 covers only parts of the passage. Dharma Initiative is not the core of the passage. Options 3 has no mention in any part of the passage.The passage mainly talks about the recurrence of certain symbols on the island and the ruins at various places.Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 4

Group Question

Answer the questions based on the passage given below.

 When it comes to sustained communication with hospitalised patients about complex and chronic illness and helping them navigate the end of life, the burden on physicians has always been high, which is why it’s a worry when as a group, they express uncertainty about their ability to provide this core component of care. At the end of life, physicians are typically the doctors expected to explore your deepest longings and regrets, your strongest convictions and worst fears. In between, they deliberate resuscitation status, stop antibiotics, encourage palliation and provide counsel to the frazzled resident who says, “He is dying but the family wants everything done. How should I respond?”

No matter how prepared one is for the end of life, for most of us there is accompanying consternation, grief and anxiety. One might reasonably expect a physician to be the custodian of good health but also the guarantor of comfort and dignity in death. It’s clear that physicians aspire to be that doctor but confess to needing help. In the survey, a staggering 90% of physicians thought that communication skills training should be mandatory. It isn’t, you ask. No, and it has never been. Such training in medicine, especially when it pertains to end of life care, is patchy, undervalued and considered an optional extra rather than a clinical imperative. In an era where we have mapped the human genome and talk about cancer moonshots we have consistently failed to provide not just physicians, but all doctors, with the tools to be effective communicators.It’s often feared that in discussing mortality a doctor will extinguish hope - and there is indeed a tension between maintaining hope and telling the truth - but patients tell us they value honesty and doctors know it’s the right thing to do. Becoming a tactful, sensitive and honest communicator is a lifelong process but it’s important enough that it shouldn’t be left to chance. But this is exactly what medical schools and hospitals largely do. And then we lament that despite all the advances in medicine, doctor-patient communication remains a fraught problem that underpins a significant majority of health care complaints. Doctor-patient communication has long been viewed as an indulgence that comes at the cost of service delivery. If they are clamouring to become better communicators, it’s time we took note.

 

 

Q. Which of the following can be inferred about physicians?   

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 4

Solution: Option 1 is misinterprets the text. The passage says that physicians are expected to be the custodian of good health.Option 2 is contextually incorrect as physicians do not need more training to treat critically ill patients, rather they feel there is a need for communication skills training to humanely convey possibilities of end of life care.Option 3 can be inferred from “...they express uncertainty about their ability to provide this core component of care.” Option 4 misconstrues the text, “It’s often feared that in discussing mortality a doctor will extinguish hope.” Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 5

When it comes to sustained communication with hospitalised patients about complex and chronic illness and helping them navigate the end of life, the burden on physicians has always been high, which is why it’s a worry when as a group, they express uncertainty about their ability to provide this core component of care. At the end of life, physicians are typically the doctors expected to explore your deepest longings and regrets, your strongest convictions and worst fears. In between, they deliberate resuscitation status, stop antibiotics, encourage palliation and provide counsel to the frazzled resident who says, “He is dying but the family wants everything done. How should I respond?”

No matter how prepared one is for the end of life, for most of us there is accompanying consternation, grief and anxiety. One might reasonably expect a physician to be the custodian of good health but also the guarantor of comfort and dignity in death. It’s clear that physicians aspire to be that doctor but confess to needing help. In the survey, a staggering 90% of physicians thought that communication skills training should be mandatory. It isn’t, you ask. No, and it has never been. Such training in medicine, especially when it pertains to end of life care, is patchy, undervalued and considered an optional extra rather than a clinical imperative. In an era where we have mapped the human genome and talk about cancer moonshots we have consistently failed to provide not just physicians, but all doctors, with the tools to be effective communicators.It’s often feared that in discussing mortality a doctor will extinguish hope - and there is indeed a tension between maintaining hope and telling the truth - but patients tell us they value honesty and doctors know it’s the right thing to do. Becoming a tactful, sensitive and honest communicator is a lifelong process but it’s important enough that it shouldn’t be left to chance. But this is exactly what medical schools and hospitals largely do. And then we lament that despite all the advances in medicine, doctor-patient communication remains a fraught problem that underpins a significant majority of health care complaints. Doctor-patient communication has long been viewed as an indulgence that comes at the cost of service delivery. If they are clamouring to become better communicators, it’s time we took note.

 

 

Q. What does the following line say about the doctor? "He is dying but the family wants everything done. How should I respond?”

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 5

Solution: The paragraph talks about end of life care provided by doctors and the choices of procedures they are left with if and when the patient relapses. Since they are left with few options at hand and have already done their best, they are perplexed as to what course of action should they follow from then on.
Option 1 is incorrect it targets the qualification of the doctor which is not supported by the context. Option 2 is correct it can be implied that the doctor already provided the best end of life care but the patient and their relatives seek more from the doctor.
Option 3 is incorrect as the doctor is willing to help the family but is unware of the protocol. Option 4 is incorrect as the doctor doesn’t need help from other doctors.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 6

When it comes to sustained communication with hospitalised patients about complex and chronic illness and helping them navigate the end of life, the burden on physicians has always been high, which is why it’s a worry when as a group, they express uncertainty about their ability to provide this core component of care. At the end of life, physicians are typically the doctors expected to explore your deepest longings and regrets, your strongest convictions and worst fears. In between, they deliberate resuscitation status, stop antibiotics, encourage palliation and provide counsel to the frazzled resident who says, “He is dying but the family wants everything done. How should I respond?”

No matter how prepared one is for the end of life, for most of us there is accompanying consternation, grief and anxiety. One might reasonably expect a physician to be the custodian of good health but also the guarantor of comfort and dignity in death. It’s clear that physicians aspire to be that doctor but confess to needing help. In the survey, a staggering 90% of physicians thought that communication skills training should be mandatory. It isn’t, you ask. No, and it has never been. Such training in medicine, especially when it pertains to end of life care, is patchy, undervalued and considered an optional extra rather than a clinical imperative. In an era where we have mapped the human genome and talk about cancer moonshots we have consistently failed to provide not just physicians, but all doctors, with the tools to be effective communicators.It’s often feared that in discussing mortality a doctor will extinguish hope - and there is indeed a tension between maintaining hope and telling the truth - but patients tell us they value honesty and doctors know it’s the right thing to do. Becoming a tactful, sensitive and honest communicator is a lifelong process but it’s important enough that it shouldn’t be left to chance. But this is exactly what medical schools and hospitals largely do. And then we lament that despite all the advances in medicine, doctor-patient communication remains a fraught problem that underpins a significant majority of health care complaints. Doctor-patient communication has long been viewed as an indulgence that comes at the cost of service delivery. If they are clamouring to become better communicators, it’s time we took note.

 

 

Q. ‘‘No matter how prepared one is for the end of life, for most of us there is accompanying consternation, grief and anxiety.” From the above we can assume that:

A. Doctors need training to obscure their grief while communicating with terminally ill patients

B. Although doctors are counselled, they avoid communicating with terminally ill patients

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 6

Solution: Both of the statements are unrelated assumptions as they speak from the perspective of doctors which is unaccounted for in given statement.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 7

When it comes to sustained communication with hospitalised patients about complex and chronic illness and helping them navigate the end of life, the burden on physicians has always been high, which is why it’s a worry when as a group, they express uncertainty about their ability to provide this core component of care. At the end of life, physicians are typically the doctors expected to explore your deepest longings and regrets, your strongest convictions and worst fears. In between, they deliberate resuscitation status, stop antibiotics, encourage palliation and provide counsel to the frazzled resident who says, “He is dying but the family wants everything done. How should I respond?”

No matter how prepared one is for the end of life, for most of us there is accompanying consternation, grief and anxiety. One might reasonably expect a physician to be the custodian of good health but also the guarantor of comfort and dignity in death. It’s clear that physicians aspire to be that doctor but confess to needing help. In the survey, a staggering 90% of physicians thought that communication skills training should be mandatory. It isn’t, you ask. No, and it has never been. Such training in medicine, especially when it pertains to end of life care, is patchy, undervalued and considered an optional extra rather than a clinical imperative. In an era where we have mapped the human genome and talk about cancer moonshots we have consistently failed to provide not just physicians, but all doctors, with the tools to be effective communicators.It’s often feared that in discussing mortality a doctor will extinguish hope - and there is indeed a tension between maintaining hope and telling the truth - but patients tell us they value honesty and doctors know it’s the right thing to do. Becoming a tactful, sensitive and honest communicator is a lifelong process but it’s important enough that it shouldn’t be left to chance. But this is exactly what medical schools and hospitals largely do. And then we lament that despite all the advances in medicine, doctor-patient communication remains a fraught problem that underpins a significant majority of health care complaints. Doctor-patient communication has long been viewed as an indulgence that comes at the cost of service delivery. If they are clamouring to become better communicators, it’s time we took note.

 

 

Q. Which of the following is true about end of life care situation mentioned in the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 7

Solution: Option 1 cannot be deduced from the passage as it only mentions that the doctors are perplexed about the end of life care treatment when patients are close to their death.
Option 2 is false and is highlighted in the following, “Such training in medicine, especially when it pertains to end of life care, is patchy, undervalued and considered an optional extra rather than a clinical imperative.” Option 3 can be logically inferred from “At the end of life, physicians are typically the doctors expected to explore your deepest longings and regrets, your strongest convictions and worst fears.” Option 4 is not mentioned anywhere in the passage.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 8

When it comes to sustained communication with hospitalised patients about complex and chronic illness and helping them navigate the end of life, the burden on physicians has always been high, which is why it’s a worry when as a group, they express uncertainty about their ability to provide this core component of care. At the end of life, physicians are typically the doctors expected to explore your deepest longings and regrets, your strongest convictions and worst fears. In between, they deliberate resuscitation status, stop antibiotics, encourage palliation and provide counsel to the frazzled resident who says, “He is dying but the family wants everything done. How should I respond?”

No matter how prepared one is for the end of life, for most of us there is accompanying consternation, grief and anxiety. One might reasonably expect a physician to be the custodian of good health but also the guarantor of comfort and dignity in death. It’s clear that physicians aspire to be that doctor but confess to needing help. In the survey, a staggering 90% of physicians thought that communication skills training should be mandatory. It isn’t, you ask. No, and it has never been. Such training in medicine, especially when it pertains to end of life care, is patchy, undervalued and considered an optional extra rather than a clinical imperative. In an era where we have mapped the human genome and talk about cancer moonshots we have consistently failed to provide not just physicians, but all doctors, with the tools to be effective communicators.It’s often feared that in discussing mortality a doctor will extinguish hope - and there is indeed a tension between maintaining hope and telling the truth - but patients tell us they value honesty and doctors know it’s the right thing to do. Becoming a tactful, sensitive and honest communicator is a lifelong process but it’s important enough that it shouldn’t be left to chance. But this is exactly what medical schools and hospitals largely do. And then we lament that despite all the advances in medicine, doctor-patient communication remains a fraught problem that underpins a significant majority of health care complaints. Doctor-patient communication has long been viewed as an indulgence that comes at the cost of service delivery. If they are clamouring to become better communicators, it’s time we took note.

 

 

Q.  An appropriate title for this passage would

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 8

The passage highlights a doctor’s anxiety while dealing with terminally-ill patients and their families and the need for a training that would help the doctor in such situations. This vindicates option 2 as the best suited title.
Option 1 does not reflect the essence of the passage.
Option 3 does not represent the passage correctly.
Option 4 is generic as the passage depicts the story from the doctor’s point of view.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 9

When it comes to sustained communication with hospitalised patients about complex and chronic illness and helping them navigate the end of life, the burden on physicians has always been high, which is why it’s a worry when as a group, they express uncertainty about their ability to provide this core component of care. At the end of life, physicians are typically the doctors expected to explore your deepest longings and regrets, your strongest convictions and worst fears. In between, they deliberate resuscitation status, stop antibiotics, encourage palliation and provide counsel to the frazzled resident who says, “He is dying but the family wants everything done. How should I respond?”

No matter how prepared one is for the end of life, for most of us there is accompanying consternation, grief and anxiety. One might reasonably expect a physician to be the custodian of good health but also the guarantor of comfort and dignity in death. It’s clear that physicians aspire to be that doctor but confess to needing help. In the survey, a staggering 90% of physicians thought that communication skills training should be mandatory. It isn’t, you ask. No, and it has never been. Such training in medicine, especially when it pertains to end of life care, is patchy, undervalued and considered an optional extra rather than a clinical imperative. In an era where we have mapped the human genome and talk about cancer moonshots we have consistently failed to provide not just physicians, but all doctors, with the tools to be effective communicators.It’s often feared that in discussing mortality a doctor will extinguish hope - and there is indeed a tension between maintaining hope and telling the truth - but patients tell us they value honesty and doctors know it’s the right thing to do. Becoming a tactful, sensitive and honest communicator is a lifelong process but it’s important enough that it shouldn’t be left to chance. But this is exactly what medical schools and hospitals largely do. And then we lament that despite all the advances in medicine, doctor-patient communication remains a fraught problem that underpins a significant majority of health care complaints. Doctor-patient communication has long been viewed as an indulgence that comes at the cost of service delivery. If they are clamouring to become better communicators, it’s time we took note.

 

 

Q. The passage talks about: 

A. Doctor-patient communication

B. End of life care

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 9

Solution: The passage does mention the need for better doctor-patient communication which is reflected in the sentence- “And then we lament that despite all the advances in medicine, doctor-patient communication remains a fraught problem that underpins a significant majority of health care complaints.”. Hence, statement A is validated.Statement B is supported by the passage itself as it emphasizes on both the patients receiving end of life care and the doctors who provide it.Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 10

Group Question

A passage is followed by questions pertaining to the passage. Read the passage and answer the questions. Choose the most appropriate answer.

Mandarin Oranges (C. reticulata) tend to be the hardest of the common Citrus species and can withstand short periods down to as cold as -10°C, but realistically temperatures not falling below -2°C are required for successful cultivation. Tangerines, tangors and yuzu can be grown outside, even in regions with more marked sub-zero degrees in winter, although this may affect fruit quality. A few hardy hybrids can withstand temperatures well below freezing, but do not produce quality fruit.

Lemons can be commercially grown in cooler-summer/moderate-winter coastal Southern California, because sweetness is neither attained nor expected in retail lemon fruit. The related Trifoliate Orange (Poncirus trifoliata) can survive below -20°C; its fruits are astringent and inedible unless cooked but a few better-tasting cultivars and hybrids have been developed.

The trees thrive in a consistently sunny, humid environment with fertile soil and adequate rainfall or irrigation. Abandoned trees in valleys may suffer and yet survive the dry summer of Central California's Inner Coast Ranges. Though broadleaved, they are evergreen and do not drop leaves except when stressed. The stems of many varieties have large sharp thorns. The trees flower in the spring, and fruit is set shortly afterward. Fruit begins to ripen in fall or early winter months, depending on cultivar, and develops increasing sweetness afterward. Some cultivars of tangerines ripen by winter. Some, such as the grapefruit, may take up to eighteen months to ripen.

An orangery was a feature of royal and aristocratic residences through the 17th and 18th centuries.
The Orangery at the Palace of the Louvre, 1617, inspired imitations that were not eclipsed until the development of the modern greenhouse in the 1840s. In the United States, the earliest surviving orangery is at the Tayloe House, Mount Airy, Virginia. George Washington had an orangery at Mount Vernon.

 


Q. Based on the information provided in the passage, which of the following statements is most  likely to be true?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 10

Solution: The passage states that “Lemons can be commercially grown in cooler-summer/moderate- winter coastal Southern California, because sweetness is neither attained nor expected in retail lemon fruit.” One can deduce, then, that moderate temperatures are NOT conducive to sweetness of citrus fruits. This makes option 3 correct.
Option 1 is incorrect as “Mandarin Oranges (C. reticulata) tend to be the hardiest of the common Citrus species and can withstand short periods down to as cold as -10°C.” Option 2 is incorrect from “Tangerines, tangors and yuzu can be grown outside even in regions with more marked sub-zero degrees in winter, although this may affect fruit quality.” Option 4 is incorrect from “It is never mentioned what inclement temperatures for Trifoliate Oranges are - just that they can survive below -20°C.” Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 11

Mandarin Oranges (C. reticulata) tend to be the hardest of the common Citrus species and can withstand short periods down to as cold as -10°C, but realistically temperatures not falling below -2°C are required for successful cultivation. Tangerines, tangors and yuzu can be grown outside, even in regions with more marked sub-zero degrees in winter, although this may affect fruit quality. A few hardy hybrids can withstand temperatures well below freezing, but do not produce quality fruit.

Lemons can be commercially grown in cooler-summer/moderate-winter coastal Southern California, because sweetness is neither attained nor expected in retail lemon fruit. The related Trifoliate Orange (Poncirus trifoliata) can survive below -20°C; its fruits are astringent and inedible unless cooked but a few better-tasting cultivars and hybrids have been developed.

The trees thrive in a consistently sunny, humid environment with fertile soil and adequate rainfall or irrigation. Abandoned trees in valleys may suffer and yet survive the dry summer of Central California's Inner Coast Ranges. Though broadleaved, they are evergreen and do not drop leaves except when stressed. The stems of many varieties have large sharp thorns. The trees flower in the spring, and fruit is set shortly afterward. Fruit begins to ripen in fall or early winter months, depending on cultivar, and develops increasing sweetness afterward. Some cultivars of tangerines ripen by winter. Some, such as the grapefruit, may take up to eighteen months to ripen.

An orangery was a feature of royal and aristocratic residences through the 17th and 18th centuries.
The Orangery at the Palace of the Louvre, 1617, inspired imitations that were not eclipsed until the development of the modern greenhouse in the 1840s. In the United States, the earliest surviving orangery is at the Tayloe House, Mount Airy, Virginia. George Washington had an orangery at Mount Vernon.

 

 

Q. Which of the following is not needed for the trees to thrive?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 11

Solution: The passage states “Abandoned trees in valleys may suffer, yet survive, the dry summer of Central California's Inner Coast Ranges.” This does not mean that the trees need "dry summer" to thrive.Options 1, 2 and 3 are needed - “The trees thrive in a consistently sunny, humid environment with fertile soil and adequate rainfall or irrigation."Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 12

Mandarin Oranges (C. reticulata) tend to be the hardest of the common Citrus species and can withstand short periods down to as cold as -10°C, but realistically temperatures not falling below -2°C are required for successful cultivation. Tangerines, tangors and yuzu can be grown outside, even in regions with more marked sub-zero degrees in winter, although this may affect fruit quality. A few hardy hybrids can withstand temperatures well below freezing, but do not produce quality fruit.

Lemons can be commercially grown in cooler-summer/moderate-winter coastal Southern California, because sweetness is neither attained nor expected in retail lemon fruit. The related Trifoliate Orange (Poncirus trifoliata) can survive below -20°C; its fruits are astringent and inedible unless cooked but a few better-tasting cultivars and hybrids have been developed.

The trees thrive in a consistently sunny, humid environment with fertile soil and adequate rainfall or irrigation. Abandoned trees in valleys may suffer and yet survive the dry summer of Central California's Inner Coast Ranges. Though broadleaved, they are evergreen and do not drop leaves except when stressed. The stems of many varieties have large sharp thorns. The trees flower in the spring, and fruit is set shortly afterward. Fruit begins to ripen in fall or early winter months, depending on cultivar, and develops increasing sweetness afterward. Some cultivars of tangerines ripen by winter. Some, such as the grapefruit, may take up to eighteen months to ripen.

An orangery was a feature of royal and aristocratic residences through the 17th and 18th centuries.
The Orangery at the Palace of the Louvre, 1617, inspired imitations that were not eclipsed until the development of the modern greenhouse in the 1840s. In the United States, the earliest surviving orangery is at the Tayloe House, Mount Airy, Virginia. George Washington had an orangery at Mount Vernon.

 

 

Q. What do we learn about Orangeries from the passage?   

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 12

Solution: The passage states that “The Orangerie at the Palace of the Louvre, 1617, inspired imitations that were not eclipsed until the development of the modern greenhouse in the 1840s.” From that we can easily deduce that it was only with the modern greenhouse that people could make orangeries as good as the one at the Louvre.
Option 2 is incorrect as there is nothing in the passage to imply that “only” the Aristocratic homes could afford them, just that they were common among the Aristocrats.
Option 3 is incorrect as we don't have data about Mr. Washington's presidency.
Option 4 is incorrect as it incorrectly interprets what is staed in the passage. The passage states that the “earliest surviving” orangery was at the Tayloe House, not necessarily the first one.
Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 13

Group Question

Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

Are poor people poor because of inferior genes? This notion is especially popular with members of the ruling elite, who like to think their position is the result of genetic superiority rather than the fact they have privileged backgrounds.
Low intelligence and high rates of mental illness are more common in poor people. Geneticists maintain that genes play a major role in causing both. But if they were right there would be an inexorable logic that suggests inferior DNA caused poor people to sink to the bottom of the gene pool.
In the light of the findings of the human genome project, however, that idea is no longer defensible - as the leading psychologist Ken Richardson recently pointed out in the house magazine of the psychology profession. On the contrary, the implication of the unimportance of genes is that if we changed society in the right ways, we could virtually eradicate not only low academic performance and mental illness but also criminality and problems such as substance abuse. Since the project published its results 16 years ago, genes have been found to have a significant influence on physical traits like height and weight, so you might have expected the same for psychology by now. But Britain’s leading geneticist - Robert Plomin, of King’s College, London - hasn’t found any specific DNA variants that have a significant effect on differences in our psychology.

Scientists call this the missing heritability. But there are strong grounds for supposing the heritability is not actually missing - it’s non-existent.
Of course, even if DNA variants are not found, it does not mean it’s all down to nurture. For instance, we know for sure that what happens in the womb can have a big effect on childhood problems like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It’s also clear that many autistic children are born with brain abnormalities. So if you have children who are terrible at maths, knowing it’s not their genetic destiny increases the likelihood of improvement.

A classic study provided a large sample of children with the lesson that their maths ability was not fixed. Two years later their maths had improved significantly: the more children had initially believed their abilities to be fixed, the greater the improvement. Moreover, if parents and teachers believe children’s abilities are flexible, pupils are more likely to improve. As has been shown in Finland, if it’s assumed that every child has the potential to do well and the right resources are put into your educational system, you can end up doing well in the international league tables. The Finns achieve that without the coercion and hothousing techniques used in Singapore.

 

 

Q. Which of the following can be said to be true about Finland? 

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 13

Solution: Options 1 and 4 with “every" and “aims for” is misleading.
Finland differs from Singapore with regards to education, unlike the later they do not partake in coercion and hothousing techniques. Thus, option 3 is ruled out The passage states that all children have potential, whether each child reaches his/her full potential is not confirmed. Moreover, the aim is not to do well at the international standard, but, because Finland adopts child-centric approaches like believing in the child’s potential and providing resources for them, they end up reaching high standards. This validates option 2.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 14

Are poor people poor because of inferior genes? This notion is especially popular with members of the ruling elite, who like to think their position is the result of genetic superiority rather than the fact they have privileged backgrounds.
Low intelligence and high rates of mental illness are more common in poor people. Geneticists maintain that genes play a major role in causing both. But if they were right there would be an inexorable logic that suggests inferior DNA caused poor people to sink to the bottom of the gene pool.
In the light of the findings of the human genome project, however, that idea is no longer defensible - as the leading psychologist Ken Richardson recently pointed out in the house magazine of the psychology profession. On the contrary, the implication of the unimportance of genes is that if we changed society in the right ways, we could virtually eradicate not only low academic performance and mental illness but also criminality and problems such as substance abuse. Since the project published its results 16 years ago, genes have been found to have a significant influence on physical traits like height and weight, so you might have expected the same for psychology by now. But Britain’s leading geneticist - Robert Plomin, of King’s College, London - hasn’t found any specific DNA variants that have a significant effect on differences in our psychology.

Scientists call this the missing heritability. But there are strong grounds for supposing the heritability is not actually missing - it’s non-existent.
Of course, even if DNA variants are not found, it does not mean it’s all down to nurture. For instance, we know for sure that what happens in the womb can have a big effect on childhood problems like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It’s also clear that many autistic children are born with brain abnormalities. So if you have children who are terrible at maths, knowing it’s not their genetic destiny increases the likelihood of improvement.

A classic study provided a large sample of children with the lesson that their maths ability was not fixed. Two years later their maths had improved significantly: the more children had initially believed their abilities to be fixed, the greater the improvement. Moreover, if parents and teachers believe children’s abilities are flexible, pupils are more likely to improve. As has been shown in Finland, if it’s assumed that every child has the potential to do well and the right resources are put into your educational system, you can end up doing well in the international league tables. The Finns achieve that without the coercion and hothousing techniques used in Singapore.
 

Q. Which of the following would weaken the claims of the human genome project?

A. Low intelligence and high rates of mental illness are more common in poor people.

B. Genes have a miniscule role in determining one’s prognosis of mental illness.

C. One’s social status is the result of socio-economic backgrounds rather than one's DNA.

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 14

Solution: The Human genome project findings show the unimportance of genes in mental illness and poverty. A statement that weakens this should show a strong connection between genes and mental illness or poverty. This is seen in statement A. Statement B talks about genes having a small role in the prognosis (likely outcome of a disease) and statement C with “social status” is unrelated to the Human Genome Project. Thus, both the options can be ruled out. Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 15

Are poor people poor because of inferior genes? This notion is especially popular with members of the ruling elite, who like to think their position is the result of genetic superiority rather than the fact they have privileged backgrounds.
Low intelligence and high rates of mental illness are more common in poor people. Geneticists maintain that genes play a major role in causing both. But if they were right there would be an inexorable logic that suggests inferior DNA caused poor people to sink to the bottom of the gene pool.
In the light of the findings of the human genome project, however, that idea is no longer defensible - as the leading psychologist Ken Richardson recently pointed out in the house magazine of the psychology profession. On the contrary, the implication of the unimportance of genes is that if we changed society in the right ways, we could virtually eradicate not only low academic performance and mental illness but also criminality and problems such as substance abuse. Since the project published its results 16 years ago, genes have been found to have a significant influence on physical traits like height and weight, so you might have expected the same for psychology by now. But Britain’s leading geneticist - Robert Plomin, of King’s College, London - hasn’t found any specific DNA variants that have a significant effect on differences in our psychology.

Scientists call this the missing heritability. But there are strong grounds for supposing the heritability is not actually missing - it’s non-existent.
Of course, even if DNA variants are not found, it does not mean it’s all down to nurture. For instance, we know for sure that what happens in the womb can have a big effect on childhood problems like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It’s also clear that many autistic children are born with brain abnormalities. So if you have children who are terrible at maths, knowing it’s not their genetic destiny increases the likelihood of improvement.

A classic study provided a large sample of children with the lesson that their maths ability was not fixed. Two years later their maths had improved significantly: the more children had initially believed their abilities to be fixed, the greater the improvement. Moreover, if parents and teachers believe children’s abilities are flexible, pupils are more likely to improve. As has been shown in Finland, if it’s assumed that every child has the potential to do well and the right resources are put into your educational system, you can end up doing well in the international league tables. The Finns achieve that without the coercion and hothousing techniques used in Singapore.

 

 

Q. “The missing heritability” theory states:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 15

Solution: The passage clearly states “...hasn’t found any specific DNA variants that have a significant effect on differences in our psychology. Scientists call this the missing heritability. But there are strong grounds for supposing the heritability is not actually missing - it’s non-existent.” This validates option 1 and negates option 2.The missing heritability theory does not give vast importance to genes whereas option 3 gives a gene-dependent prognosis for mental illness. Thus, eliminate options 3 and 4. Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 16

Are poor people poor because of inferior genes? This notion is especially popular with members of the ruling elite, who like to think their position is the result of genetic superiority rather than the fact they have privileged backgrounds.
Low intelligence and high rates of mental illness are more common in poor people. Geneticists maintain that genes play a major role in causing both. But if they were right there would be an inexorable logic that suggests inferior DNA caused poor people to sink to the bottom of the gene pool.
In the light of the findings of the human genome project, however, that idea is no longer defensible - as the leading psychologist Ken Richardson recently pointed out in the house magazine of the psychology profession. On the contrary, the implication of the unimportance of genes is that if we changed society in the right ways, we could virtually eradicate not only low academic performance and mental illness but also criminality and problems such as substance abuse. Since the project published its results 16 years ago, genes have been found to have a significant influence on physical traits like height and weight, so you might have expected the same for psychology by now. But Britain’s leading geneticist - Robert Plomin, of King’s College, London - hasn’t found any specific DNA variants that have a significant effect on differences in our psychology.

Scientists call this the missing heritability. But there are strong grounds for supposing the heritability is not actually missing - it’s non-existent.
Of course, even if DNA variants are not found, it does not mean it’s all down to nurture. For instance, we know for sure that what happens in the womb can have a big effect on childhood problems like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It’s also clear that many autistic children are born with brain abnormalities. So if you have children who are terrible at maths, knowing it’s not their genetic destiny increases the likelihood of improvement.

A classic study provided a large sample of children with the lesson that their maths ability was not fixed. Two years later their maths had improved significantly: the more children had initially believed their abilities to be fixed, the greater the improvement. Moreover, if parents and teachers believe children’s abilities are flexible, pupils are more likely to improve. As has been shown in Finland, if it’s assumed that every child has the potential to do well and the right resources are put into your educational system, you can end up doing well in the international league tables. The Finns achieve that without the coercion and hothousing techniques used in Singapore.

 

 

Q. Why does the author begin with - “Are poor people poor because of inferior genes”?  

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 16

Solution: The author dissociates genes from mental illness and poverty, hence option 1 can be ruled out.
The author does not “mock” the ruling elite but simply states that they hold such notions. Thus, option 2 can be eliminated.
Option 4 talks about the privileged class but this passage is addressed to the general public. Option 3 is apt. The author focuses on the notion that there exists a relation between economic backgrounds and genetics as perceived by certain section of people.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 17

Are poor people poor because of inferior genes? This notion is especially popular with members of the ruling elite, who like to think their position is the result of genetic superiority rather than the fact they have privileged backgrounds.
Low intelligence and high rates of mental illness are more common in poor people. Geneticists maintain that genes play a major role in causing both. But if they were right there would be an inexorable logic that suggests inferior DNA caused poor people to sink to the bottom of the gene pool.
In the light of the findings of the human genome project, however, that idea is no longer defensible - as the leading psychologist Ken Richardson recently pointed out in the house magazine of the psychology profession. On the contrary, the implication of the unimportance of genes is that if we changed society in the right ways, we could virtually eradicate not only low academic performance and mental illness but also criminality and problems such as substance abuse. Since the project published its results 16 years ago, genes have been found to have a significant influence on physical traits like height and weight, so you might have expected the same for psychology by now. But Britain’s leading geneticist - Robert Plomin, of King’s College, London - hasn’t found any specific DNA variants that have a significant effect on differences in our psychology.

Scientists call this the missing heritability. But there are strong grounds for supposing the heritability is not actually missing - it’s non-existent.
Of course, even if DNA variants are not found, it does not mean it’s all down to nurture. For instance, we know for sure that what happens in the womb can have a big effect on childhood problems like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It’s also clear that many autistic children are born with brain abnormalities. So if you have children who are terrible at maths, knowing it’s not their genetic destiny increases the likelihood of improvement.

A classic study provided a large sample of children with the lesson that their maths ability was not fixed. Two years later their maths had improved significantly: the more children had initially believed their abilities to be fixed, the greater the improvement. Moreover, if parents and teachers believe children’s abilities are flexible, pupils are more likely to improve. As has been shown in Finland, if it’s assumed that every child has the potential to do well and the right resources are put into your educational system, you can end up doing well in the international league tables. The Finns achieve that without the coercion and hothousing techniques used in Singapore.

 

 

Q. The statement, “...we could virtually eradicate not only low academic performance and mental illness but also criminality and problems such as substance abuse.” Implies_____for the future.

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 17

Solution: The passage states “On the contrary, the implication of the unimportance of genes is that if we changed society in the right ways, we could virtually eradicate not only low academic performance and mental illness but also criminality and problems such as substance abuse.” This implies that there will be better social order in future. Social order is contrasted to social chaos or disorder, and refers to a stable state of society in which the existing social order is accepted and maintained by its members. This validates option 4 and rules out option 2. Social mobility which allows a person to move from one social status to another is not mentioned in the passage. Thus, eliminate option 1.
The passage vouches for better social order and not social status for all. Thus, eliminate option 3.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 18

Are poor people poor because of inferior genes? This notion is especially popular with members of the ruling elite, who like to think their position is the result of genetic superiority rather than the fact they have privileged backgrounds.
Low intelligence and high rates of mental illness are more common in poor people. Geneticists maintain that genes play a major role in causing both. But if they were right there would be an inexorable logic that suggests inferior DNA caused poor people to sink to the bottom of the gene pool.
In the light of the findings of the human genome project, however, that idea is no longer defensible - as the leading psychologist Ken Richardson recently pointed out in the house magazine of the psychology profession. On the contrary, the implication of the unimportance of genes is that if we changed society in the right ways, we could virtually eradicate not only low academic performance and mental illness but also criminality and problems such as substance abuse. Since the project published its results 16 years ago, genes have been found to have a significant influence on physical traits like height and weight, so you might have expected the same for psychology by now. But Britain’s leading geneticist - Robert Plomin, of King’s College, London - hasn’t found any specific DNA variants that have a significant effect on differences in our psychology.

Scientists call this the missing heritability. But there are strong grounds for supposing the heritability is not actually missing - it’s non-existent.
Of course, even if DNA variants are not found, it does not mean it’s all down to nurture. For instance, we know for sure that what happens in the womb can have a big effect on childhood problems like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It’s also clear that many autistic children are born with brain abnormalities. So if you have children who are terrible at maths, knowing it’s not their genetic destiny increases the likelihood of improvement.

A classic study provided a large sample of children with the lesson that their maths ability was not fixed. Two years later their maths had improved significantly: the more children had initially believed their abilities to be fixed, the greater the improvement. Moreover, if parents and teachers believe children’s abilities are flexible, pupils are more likely to improve. As has been shown in Finland, if it’s assumed that every child has the potential to do well and the right resources are put into your educational system, you can end up doing well in the international league tables. The Finns achieve that without the coercion and hothousing techniques used in Singapore.

 

 

Q. “Of course, even if DNA variants are not found, it does not mean it’s all down to nurture.” The assumption from the above is:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 18

Solution: From the last part of the highlighted text - “it does not mean it’s all down to nurture”, we can assume that the role of genes is still important. This validates option 3. The sentence talks about the role of both nurture and nature. This rules out options 1 and 2. Nature and nurture are both inter related in the overall development of a person - this maybe a universal truth however this cannot be corroborated from the sentence highlighted and “interdependence” makes the option invalid.Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 19

Group Question

Answer the questions based on the passage given below.

The evolution of language and speech is perhaps the most fascinating area of research. It was once believed that only humans used language and that animal sounds were nothing more than instinctive responses to behavioural cues, such as cries of pain. Now we know that many species have flexibility in their vocal production, allowing them to choose when to call and what sound to make. Researchers have found that monkeys use different calls for different predators, and that prairie dogs can encode the colour and shape of an approaching predator in their alarm calls. Songbirds display particularly complex rules to the order of their singing notes. The hope is that studying animal calls will shed light on the way human speech developed. It’s a step toward solving the hardest question in science.

Dialects, or regional differences in the form and use of vocalisations, have been observed in birds, bats, chimpanzees and now an increasingly long list of other species. This has been most beautifully heard in whales, where the songs of humpbacks are transmitted across hundreds of miles, telling a listener which part of the ocean the whale lives in, and tracing its family group by the influences on song formations. The bioacousticians Katharine Payne and Roger Payne first listened to the whales on underwater microphone recordings in the 1960s, and used musical notation to explore the changes that occurred in each male’s song, year on year. Whalesong, heard by humans as long ago as Aristotle, became the subject of intense study and public interest. Their research showed that there were geographic differences in humpback whale songs and that we could tell apart populations just by using those songs, which change throughout their lives. So the whales were controlling their singing and subject to cultural influences.

Isolation and geographic distance have meant that human language has diverged multiple times, creating thousands and thousands of dialects, many with words distinct to the environment in which they arose. Yet certain words are so basic that they have barely changed over thousands of years, eg the word mother, which is ‘matar’ in Sanskrit, ‘mater’ in Latin and ‘meter’ in Ancient Greek, and ‘mzaa’ in Swahili. The word shows its original roots in a possibly universal proto-language even today, while the words for more complex ideas are more typically unrelated. By exploring this, we can explore the first steps towards true language. 

 

 

Q. Based on the passage, what can be said  about the author’s style of writing? 

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 19

Solution: A descriptive passage is a narration of certain event or situation or action.
In analytical passages, the author shows relationships between pieces of information and arrives at a conclusion.
In argumentative passages, the subject is usually an issue that has two sides to it.
Abstract passages highlight hypothetical ideas and opinions.
The above passage is analytical as the writer carefully states certain facts and connects them to arrive at a conclusion which is convincing enough for the readers.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 20

The evolution of language and speech is perhaps the most fascinating area of research. It was once believed that only humans used language and that animal sounds were nothing more than instinctive responses to behavioural cues, such as cries of pain. Now we know that many species have flexibility in their vocal production, allowing them to choose when to call and what sound to make. Researchers have found that monkeys use different calls for different predators, and that prairie dogs can encode the colour and shape of an approaching predator in their alarm calls. Songbirds display particularly complex rules to the order of their singing notes. The hope is that studying animal calls will shed light on the way human speech developed. It’s a step toward solving the hardest question in science.

Dialects, or regional differences in the form and use of vocalisations, have been observed in birds, bats, chimpanzees and now an increasingly long list of other species. This has been most beautifully heard in whales, where the songs of humpbacks are transmitted across hundreds of miles, telling a listener which part of the ocean the whale lives in, and tracing its family group by the influences on song formations. The bioacousticians Katharine Payne and Roger Payne first listened to the whales on underwater microphone recordings in the 1960s, and used musical notation to explore the changes that occurred in each male’s song, year on year. Whalesong, heard by humans as long ago as Aristotle, became the subject of intense study and public interest. Their research showed that there were geographic differences in humpback whale songs and that we could tell apart populations just by using those songs, which change throughout their lives. So the whales were controlling their singing and subject to cultural influences.

Isolation and geographic distance have meant that human language has diverged multiple times, creating thousands and thousands of dialects, many with words distinct to the environment in which they arose. Yet certain words are so basic that they have barely changed over thousands of years, eg the word mother, which is ‘matar’ in Sanskrit, ‘mater’ in Latin and ‘meter’ in Ancient Greek, and ‘mzaa’ in Swahili. The word shows its original roots in a possibly universal proto-language even today, while the words for more complex ideas are more typically unrelated. By exploring this, we can explore the first steps towards true language. 

 

 

Q. A suitable title for the passage would be:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 20

Solution: In the above passage, the author basically tries to decipher the way human speech developed with the help of animal sounds. Also, he says that by exploring the evolution of certain spoken words we might be able to explore the evolution of human language. This validates option 2.
Option 1 is contrary to what the passage depicts.
Option 3 is absurd.
Option 4 is just an abstract idea taken from the last paragraph. Thus, it can be eliminated. Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 21

The evolution of language and speech is perhaps the most fascinating area of research. It was once believed that only humans used language and that animal sounds were nothing more than instinctive responses to behavioural cues, such as cries of pain. Now we know that many species have flexibility in their vocal production, allowing them to choose when to call and what sound to make. Researchers have found that monkeys use different calls for different predators, and that prairie dogs can encode the colour and shape of an approaching predator in their alarm calls. Songbirds display particularly complex rules to the order of their singing notes. The hope is that studying animal calls will shed light on the way human speech developed. It’s a step toward solving the hardest question in science.

Dialects, or regional differences in the form and use of vocalisations, have been observed in birds, bats, chimpanzees and now an increasingly long list of other species. This has been most beautifully heard in whales, where the songs of humpbacks are transmitted across hundreds of miles, telling a listener which part of the ocean the whale lives in, and tracing its family group by the influences on song formations. The bioacousticians Katharine Payne and Roger Payne first listened to the whales on underwater microphone recordings in the 1960s, and used musical notation to explore the changes that occurred in each male’s song, year on year. Whalesong, heard by humans as long ago as Aristotle, became the subject of intense study and public interest. Their research showed that there were geographic differences in humpback whale songs and that we could tell apart populations just by using those songs, which change throughout their lives. So the whales were controlling their singing and subject to cultural influences.

Isolation and geographic distance have meant that human language has diverged multiple times, creating thousands and thousands of dialects, many with words distinct to the environment in which they arose. Yet certain words are so basic that they have barely changed over thousands of years, eg the word mother, which is ‘matar’ in Sanskrit, ‘mater’ in Latin and ‘meter’ in Ancient Greek, and ‘mzaa’ in Swahili. The word shows its original roots in a possibly universal proto-language even today, while the words for more complex ideas are more typically unrelated. By exploring this, we can explore the first steps towards true language. 

 

 

Q. Which of the following cannot be said about the “whale’s song” as described in the passage?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 21

Solution: Option 1 can be inferred from “. Whalesong, heard by humans as long ago as Aristotle, became the subject of intense study and public interest.” Options 2 and 3 can be inferred from “Their research showed that there were geographic differences in humpback whale songs and that we could tell apart populations just by using those songs...” Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 22

The evolution of language and speech is perhaps the most fascinating area of research. It was once believed that only humans used language and that animal sounds were nothing more than instinctive responses to behavioural cues, such as cries of pain. Now we know that many species have flexibility in their vocal production, allowing them to choose when to call and what sound to make. Researchers have found that monkeys use different calls for different predators, and that prairie dogs can encode the colour and shape of an approaching predator in their alarm calls. Songbirds display particularly complex rules to the order of their singing notes. The hope is that studying animal calls will shed light on the way human speech developed. It’s a step toward solving the hardest question in science.

Dialects, or regional differences in the form and use of vocalisations, have been observed in birds, bats, chimpanzees and now an increasingly long list of other species. This has been most beautifully heard in whales, where the songs of humpbacks are transmitted across hundreds of miles, telling a listener which part of the ocean the whale lives in, and tracing its family group by the influences on song formations. The bioacousticians Katharine Payne and Roger Payne first listened to the whales on underwater microphone recordings in the 1960s, and used musical notation to explore the changes that occurred in each male’s song, year on year. Whalesong, heard by humans as long ago as Aristotle, became the subject of intense study and public interest. Their research showed that there were geographic differences in humpback whale songs and that we could tell apart populations just by using those songs, which change throughout their lives. So the whales were controlling their singing and subject to cultural influences.

Isolation and geographic distance have meant that human language has diverged multiple times, creating thousands and thousands of dialects, many with words distinct to the environment in which they arose. Yet certain words are so basic that they have barely changed over thousands of years, eg the word mother, which is ‘matar’ in Sanskrit, ‘mater’ in Latin and ‘meter’ in Ancient Greek, and ‘mzaa’ in Swahili. The word shows its original roots in a possibly universal proto-language even today, while the words for more complex ideas are more typically unrelated. By exploring this, we can explore the first steps towards true language. 

 

 

Q. “Isolation and geographic distance have meant that human language has diverged multiple times, creating thousands and thousands of dialects, many with words distinct to the environment in which they arose.” This implies:

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 22

Solution: Option 1 is a correct implication as the formation of multiple dialects was the result of diversification.Option 2 cannot be implied as nothing about the uniqueness of these languages has been mentioned in the sentence.Option 3 is more of an inference than an implication.Option 4 is false with “environmental” is incorrect Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 23

The evolution of language and speech is perhaps the most fascinating area of research. It was once believed that only humans used language and that animal sounds were nothing more than instinctive responses to behavioural cues, such as cries of pain. Now we know that many species have flexibility in their vocal production, allowing them to choose when to call and what sound to make. Researchers have found that monkeys use different calls for different predators, and that prairie dogs can encode the colour and shape of an approaching predator in their alarm calls. Songbirds display particularly complex rules to the order of their singing notes. The hope is that studying animal calls will shed light on the way human speech developed. It’s a step toward solving the hardest question in science.

Dialects, or regional differences in the form and use of vocalisations, have been observed in birds, bats, chimpanzees and now an increasingly long list of other species. This has been most beautifully heard in whales, where the songs of humpbacks are transmitted across hundreds of miles, telling a listener which part of the ocean the whale lives in, and tracing its family group by the influences on song formations. The bioacousticians Katharine Payne and Roger Payne first listened to the whales on underwater microphone recordings in the 1960s, and used musical notation to explore the changes that occurred in each male’s song, year on year. Whalesong, heard by humans as long ago as Aristotle, became the subject of intense study and public interest. Their research showed that there were geographic differences in humpback whale songs and that we could tell apart populations just by using those songs, which change throughout their lives. So the whales were controlling their singing and subject to cultural influences.

Isolation and geographic distance have meant that human language has diverged multiple times, creating thousands and thousands of dialects, many with words distinct to the environment in which they arose. Yet certain words are so basic that they have barely changed over thousands of years, eg the word mother, which is ‘matar’ in Sanskrit, ‘mater’ in Latin and ‘meter’ in Ancient Greek, and ‘mzaa’ in Swahili. The word shows its original roots in a possibly universal proto-language even today, while the words for more complex ideas are more typically unrelated. By exploring this, we can explore the first steps towards true language. 

 

 

Q. The passage talks about animal sounds as:

A. Instinctive responses of animals

B. Mating responses of animals

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 23

Solution: Statement A is mentioned in the first paragraph Statement B cannot be corroborated from the passage. Hence, the correct answer is option 1.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 24

The evolution of language and speech is perhaps the most fascinating area of research. It was once believed that only humans used language and that animal sounds were nothing more than instinctive responses to behavioural cues, such as cries of pain. Now we know that many species have flexibility in their vocal production, allowing them to choose when to call and what sound to make. Researchers have found that monkeys use different calls for different predators, and that prairie dogs can encode the colour and shape of an approaching predator in their alarm calls. Songbirds display particularly complex rules to the order of their singing notes. The hope is that studying animal calls will shed light on the way human speech developed. It’s a step toward solving the hardest question in science.

Dialects, or regional differences in the form and use of vocalisations, have been observed in birds, bats, chimpanzees and now an increasingly long list of other species. This has been most beautifully heard in whales, where the songs of humpbacks are transmitted across hundreds of miles, telling a listener which part of the ocean the whale lives in, and tracing its family group by the influences on song formations. The bioacousticians Katharine Payne and Roger Payne first listened to the whales on underwater microphone recordings in the 1960s, and used musical notation to explore the changes that occurred in each male’s song, year on year. Whalesong, heard by humans as long ago as Aristotle, became the subject of intense study and public interest. Their research showed that there were geographic differences in humpback whale songs and that we could tell apart populations just by using those songs, which change throughout their lives. So the whales were controlling their singing and subject to cultural influences.

Isolation and geographic distance have meant that human language has diverged multiple times, creating thousands and thousands of dialects, many with words distinct to the environment in which they arose. Yet certain words are so basic that they have barely changed over thousands of years, eg the word mother, which is ‘matar’ in Sanskrit, ‘mater’ in Latin and ‘meter’ in Ancient Greek, and ‘mzaa’ in Swahili. The word shows its original roots in a possibly universal proto-language even today, while the words for more complex ideas are more typically unrelated. By exploring this, we can explore the first steps towards true language. 

 

 

Q. Which of the following statements from the passage are false?

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 24

Solution: Option 1 is validated by “ By exploring this, we can explore the first steps towards true language.” Option 2 is not true as it can be inferred from the passage that various other languages descend from the universal proto-language.Option 3 is validated by “This has been most beautifully heard in whales, where the songs of humpbacks are transmitted across hundreds of miles, telling a listener which part of the ocean the whale lives in, and tracing its family group by the influences on song formations.” Option 4 is validated by “....just by using those songs, which change throughout their lives." Hence, the correct answer is option 2.

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 25

Carefully read the statements in the questions below and arrange them in a logical order.

 

1. The cocks hovered on the ledges, the crows sat on the roofs; the cows and the sheep lay down in front of the pigs and started chewing the cud.

2. First arrived the two dogs, Jessie and Bluebell, and then the horses who sat in the mud bordering the platform.

3. At one end of the big shed, on a somewhat raised platform, General had already settled on his straw bed, beneath a lantern that hung from a plank.

4. He was thirteen years old and had recently grown rather overweight, but he still had a regal look, with a benevolent and intelligent appearance.

5. Before long the other animals began to arrive and make themselves comfortable after their different fashions.


Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 25

Solution: Statement 3 begins the paragraph by describing the venue where the Genral is present and seems to be waiting for others. This is followed by statement 4 which gives a brief description of the General. Then, statement 5 speaks about other animals arriving at the venue followed by 2 and 1 giving the sequence of their arrival.
Hence, the correct sequence is 34521.

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 26

Carefully read the statements in the questions below and arrange them in a logical order.

 

1. But although the Industry finds Its biggest fans at home, It finds its best customers abroad.

2. The leading provider of IT services to Indian companies is not a home-grown champion like Wipro or TCS, but IBM.
3. Infosys, the country’s most celebrated IT company, collects only 1.2% of its income from the domestic market.

4. It earns $3.75 in exports for every dollar it earns in India.

5. Indians are rightly proud of their information-technology firms.


Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 26

Solution: The statements present facts about the IT industry in India and elucidate how the bulk of the earnings in the industry come from its customers abroad.
Statement 5 is general in nature and could well be placed at the start of the sequence. However, placing statement 3 at the end of the sequence does not make sense. The statement gives specific information about a part of the income earned by Infosys and is not conclusive in nature. Statement 1 calls the collective information-technology firms mentioned in statement 5 as "the industry". Hence, 5-1 form a pair.
Statement 4 throws light on its international earnings and statement 3 gives an example of the same. Hence, 4-3 form a pair.
Statement 2 which does not, fit as an opening sentence or logically follow any of the sentences, can be best placed at the end of the sequence.
Option 4 provides the most suitable and logical arrangement of the sequence - 51432.

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 27

Carefully read the statements in the questions below and arrange them in a logical order.

 

1. With history in mind, one can say that the introduction of new workplace technologies has been more about increasing profits for corporations and less about addressing the problems of workers or rewarding them for their feverish output.

2. Technology, from an Excel spreadsheet to an assembly-line robot, may make aspects of our jobs easier.

3. There's no indication that this pattern is set to change.

4. But that’s at most a collateral aim; the real point of technological improvement in the office has always been to make us more productive.

5. The “Great Speedup,' as this phenomenon has been called, involves us working harder and longer, even when we're not in the office, than we ever have before.


Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 27

Solution: The sequence takes a negative stance on technology by explaining that workplace technologies work more in favour of increasing profits for corporations and are less beneficial for employees. While statement 2 refers to a positive aspect of technology, all of the other statements argue against it. Therefore, it makes sense to have statement 2 as the introductory statement as it would not fit anywhere else in the sequence.
The first statement that contradicts the contention made in statement 2 is statement 4. It does so by exposing the collateral aim of technology - make aspects of our jobs easier while making us more productive (thereby making us more advantageous for employers). Thus, statements 2 and 4 form a logical pair.
Statements 5 and 1 in that order further elaborate on how technology actually results in the exploitation of workers followed by statement 3, which makes a judgment on the scenario.
Hence, the correct sequence is 24513.

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 28

The following question consists of a certain number of sentences. Some sentences are grammatically incorrect or inappropriate. Identify the number of sentences that are grammatically incorrect.


1. The task of a modem educator is not to cut down jungles, nor to irrigate deserts.

2. Colleges and universities must regain the spirit they lost ever since they turned into degree-production units.

3. Learning is much more then what lies within the lines of textbooks and what is learnt in enclosed classrooms.

4. Higher educational institutions today have become more important in shaping one career and much less in shaping one character.


Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 28

Solution: In option 1, the coordinating conjunction “nor” is incorrect, however “but” fits perfectly in this case. Option 2 has no grammatical error. In option 3 is grammatically incorrect, the adverb "then” is wrongly used. Here the subordinating conjunction “than” is more apt.
In option 4, there is omission in the use of an apostrophe after “one”. It is important to show the noun in possession of the object.
Hence, the correct answer is 3.

*Answer can only contain numeric values
CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 29

The following question consists of a certain number of sentences. Some sentences are grammatically incorrect or inappropriate. Identify the number of sentences that are grammatically correct and appropriate.

 

1. From my opinion, human communication is about getting other people to recognise what intentions you have with regard to their own beliefs.

2. The big picture is this, human communication is the family of different means of expression, each with their own strengths and weaknesses.

3. Ordinary human communication ranges beyond a continuum between the definite and the indefinite, the precise and the loose.

4. The most common means of human communication is language, and for good reason.


Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 29

Solution: In option 1, the preposition “in” should be used before the expression “....opinion".
In option 2, the indefinite article “a” should be replaced with “the” before family which makes the sentence grammatically wrong.
In option 3, the correct phrase would be “range over” and not “range beyond”.
Option 4 has no grammatical error.
Hence, the correct answer is 1.

CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 30

Each of the following questions has a paragraph from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.


When United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon recently visited Antarctica, he was impressed by the melting ice he saw there. Then he was in Brazil, where he was impressed by the country’s use of bio-fuel to power a quarter of its automotive traffic. Oil pressed from rapeseed can be used as diesel fuel, and maize or sugar beets can yield ethanol to replace gasoline. The UN and many countries officially share the view that bio-fuel is one option in fighting climate change____________  

Detailed Solution for CAT Practice Test - 18 - Question 30

Solution: Since there are 4 options that raise controversial issues, we need to choose the least controversial and the most relevant question from the view point of the given data. The UN and many countries officially share...’ in the paragraph makes option 3 score over all the other choices as it assumes the situation to be unobjectionable and raises the larger issue of environment. Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

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