APSET Paper 2 Mock Test - 8 (Geography) - AP TET MCQ

Important Points

• The conglomerate and Breccia both are two sedimentary structures.
• They commonly form as rock-fall and debris flow deposits along cliffs, and underground along faults or where caves collapse.
• They are both clastic sedimentary rocks composed of particles larger than two millimeters in diameter.
• The main difference between them are as follows,

Key Points

Conglomerate:

• A conglomerate has rounded clasts
• The water transport rapidly rounds large clasts
• The particle shape reveals a difference in how far the particles were transported.
• Near the outcrop where the fragments were produced by mechanical weathering, the shape is angular.

Thus, Conglomerate is an example of a Mechanically formed sedimentary rock.

The correct answer is typical marine vegetation.

Key Points

• Sargasso Sea:
  • While there are many different types of algae found floating in the ocean all around world, the Sargasso Sea is unique in that it harbors species of sargassum that are 'holopelagic' — this means that the algae not only freely floats around the ocean, but it reproduces vegetatively on the high seas.
  • The mean annual temperature is 28 degrees C.
  • Sea is covered with rootless seaweeds which obstruct navigation.
  • It is a spawning site for threatened and endangered Eels, as well as white Marlin, porbeagle Shark, and Dolphinfish.
  • Hence, Option 4 is correct.

Culture cannot be measured. The work standard of a person cannot be measured with another person's work. Culture is a social concept and is constantly changing and adapting.

Brock and Webb has divided the world into 4 major and 2 minor cultural realms. Occidental realm, Islamic, Indian and east Indian cultural realm are the major ones while south east Asian, Meso African are the minor cultural realms.

Europe has a large acre of agricultural land than any other continent and there are no deserts. Its mineral wealth is considerable and varied as well as the trade conditions exceed that of Europe. The mixing of European races results in a variety of energetic and inventive people.

Cultural area is a concept of cultural geography, in which a geographic region and time sequence is characterised by substantially uniform environment and culture. The present boundaries of states in India, which have been drawn on the basis of languages, generally represent cultural areas while cultural region is a portion of the Earth's surface that has common cultural elements.

• A nautical mile is a unit of measurement used for measuring both marine navigation and air.
• It is also used for defining territorial waters and which can be defined as one minute (1/60 of a degree) of latitude along any line of longitude.
• As per the international standard, a nautical mile is equal to 1852 meters.
• There are internationally accepted various abbreviations used for the nautical mile by different organizations and agencies are M, NM, nm, nmi and nq.

The carbon dioxide theory was advanced by T.C Chamberlin in the last decade of 19th century. According to this theory variations in the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere play dominant role in causing worldwide climate change. Carbon dioxide and water vapour content of the atmosphere being the most important heat absorbers produce what is called greenhouse effect.

Thus, the Correct answer is C.

The correct answer is 2 only.

Key Points

• Distribution of water on the surface of the earth:

• Water in groundwater is 0.62% while in lakes and rivers it is 0.008 (Salt lakes)+0.009(freshwater lakes) + 0.0001(rivers)=0.0171. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
• Water in polar ice caps and glaciers is 2% while in groundwater it is 0.62%. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

The correct answer is Dharavi

Key Points

• Dharavi is a locality in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, considered to be one of Asia's largest slums.
• Dharavi has an area of just over 2.1 square kilometers and a population of about 1,000,000.
• With a population density of over 277,136/km2, Dharavi is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.
• The Dharavi slum was founded in 1884 during the British colonial era.
• It grew because of the expulsion of factories and residents from the peninsular city center by the colonial government and from the migration of rural Indians into urban Mumbai.
• For this reason, Dharavi is currently a highly diverse settlement religiously and ethnically.
• Dharavi has an active informal economy in which numerous household enterprises employ many of the slum residents such as leather, textiles, and pottery products are among the goods made inside Dharavi.
• Dharavi has suffered from many epidemics and other disasters, including a widespread plague in 1896 which killed over half of the population of Mumbai.
• Sanitation in the slums remains poor.

Nearest neighbor analysis is the method used to study the distance between the nearest two points. It helps in studying the pattern of distribution of a settlement that is clustered, random or regular. Nearest neighbor analysis will produce a result between 0 and 2.5.

Thus, the Correct answer is C.

The Himalayan mountain range and Tibetan plateau have formed as a result of the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate which began 50 million years ago and continues today. 225 million years ago (Ma) India was a large island situated off the Australian coast and separated from Asia by the Tethys Ocean.

About visual interpretation of data in remote sensing:

• It is a manual exercise.
• Visual interpretation involves the reading of the images of the objects that require identification.
• Extraction and interpretation of digital images require hardware as well as software components.
• There are several elements involved in the visual interpretation of the data.
  • Size of the object
  • Location of the object
  • The object's relations with the surrounding environment.

Elements of visual interpretation:

• Colour - This is the component wherein the energy reflected by the object is captured in different colours, grayscales.
  • Changes in the amount of radiation while coming across different types of terrain, changes in slope, changes in water, etc.
• Texture - This component measures even the slightest changes in the smoothness of the structure.
  • The Texture is correlated to the resolution of the captured image. A high-resolution image of a sugarcane field will show coarse-grained texture.
• Size - Reveals the size of the object. It helps in identifying various industrial complexes from other objects.
• Shape - Accurately defines the shape of the object to easily identify unique structures. This also makes the interpretation of the object easy.
• Shadow - Though, not very useful in visual interpretation of data, it is quite useful in aerial photography.
• Pattern - This component depicts different spatial arrangements of the object with the respect to the surrounding.
• Association - It depicts the relationship between the object and the surrounding along with their geographical location.

Thus, the correct answer to the question is option 4

The stream order method by Strahler is the most common technique used in various applications. Here, the small permanent streams are called 1st order streams. Two 1st order streams join to form a larger order, second order stream; two 2nd order streams join to form a 3rd order and so on.

The correct answer is ​1 and 3 only

Key PointsStructure of the Earth:

• The crust is the outermost solid part of the earth. The thickness of the crust varies under the oceanic and continental areas.
• Oceanic crust is thinner as compared to the continental crust.
• The continental crust is thicker in the areas of major mountain systems. It is as much as 70 km thick in the Himalayan region. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.

• The mean thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 km whereas that of the continental is around 30 km.
• Asthenosphere refers to the upper portion of the mantle, not the crust. Hence, Statement 2 is not correct.
• The Mantle lies below the crust.
• The upper portion of the mantle is called the asthenosphere.
• The word 'astheno' means weak. It is considered to be extending up to 400 km.
• It is the main source of magma that finds its way to the surface during volcanic eruptions.
• The lower mantle, which is in a solid-state, extends beyond the asthenosphere.
• The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle are called the lithosphere. Its thickness ranges from 10-200 km.
• The outer core is in a liquid state while the inner core is in a solid-state. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.
• The core is made up of very heavy material mostly constituted by nickel and iron. It is sometimes referred to as the 'NiFe' layer.
• The core-mantle boundary is located at the depth of 2,900 km.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.

Key Points

• Ocean Current
  • Ocean water is constantly moving, and not only in the form of waves and tides.
  • Ocean currents flow like vast rivers, sweeping along predictable paths.
  • Some ocean currents flow at the surface; others flow deep within the water.
  • Some currents flow for short distances; others cross entire ocean basins and even circle the globe.
  • By moving heat from the equator toward the poles, ocean currents play an important role in controlling the climate.
  • Ocean currents are also critically important to sea life.
  • They carry nutrients and food to organisms that live permanently attached in one place and carry reproductive cells and ocean life to new places.
  • Coastline plays an important role in governing the direction of the flow of the ocean current. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
  • For example, the equatorial current after being obstructed by the Brazilian coast is bifurcated into two branches.
  • The Northern Branch is called the Caribbean current while the Southern branch is called the Brazilian current. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
  • When land borders the ocean, the currents of the ocean warm or cool it, depending on the nature of the particular current that flows by that land.
  • In cases where a warm current flows along a particular coast, that coastal area will generally be warmer than it would otherwise be if it were landlocked.

​The correct answer is the Melting of ice sheets.

Key Points

• Sea-level change:
  • The sea level is currently rising at a rate of 0.13 inches per year.
  • It has risen 8.9 inches between 1880 and 2015, much faster than in the previous 2,700 years.
• Factors responsible:
  • Climate change, especially global warming,
  • Thermal Expansion,
  • Melting Ice sheet and
  • Loss of Greenland and Antarctica’s ice sheets. Hence option 4 is correct.

Confusion Points

• Melting of icebergs v/s Melting of ice sheets:
• Icebergs:
  • ​They are ice that broke off from glaciers and are floating in open water.
  • Melting of icebergs or ablation release fresh water and reduce the salinity of the surrounding sea. This instance can lead to a sudden sea level rise but may not contribute significantly to long-term sea level change . Hence option 3 is incorrect. 
• Ice sheets are huge and they create broad domes and spread out from their centres in all directions.
  • The melting of ice sheets is the cause of long-term sea-level change.

Additional Information

• Atmospheric disturbances:
  • Atmospheric pressure changes can bring strong on-shore winds within a storm (hurricane/ cyclone/typhoon). But do not lead to long-term sea level changes. Hence option 1 is incorrect.
• Change in marine water density:
  • It can happen due to Ocean warming which contributes to global mean sea level rise by reducing the density of seawater. However, it does not lead to long-term sea level changes. Hence option 2 is incorrect.

The correct answer is 1 and 2 Both options.

Key Points

Cruciform settlements

• T-shaped and Y-shaped both are Cross-shaped or cruciform settlements.
• T -shaped settlements develop at tri-junctions of the roads.
• While Y-shaped settlements emerge as the places where two roads converge on the third one and houses are built along these roads.
• Cruciform settlements develop on the cross-roads and houses extend in

​Y-shaped settlement

All the rural settlements:

Shifting cultivation is a primitive type of agriculture, still practiced around the world. In this system, the patch of forest or vegetation is burnt to make room for agricultural land. The land is abandoned after a few years and new land is selected. The abandoned patch of land is used again after its fertility is restored naturally. This type of cultivation is mostly done by nomadic people. It has different names in different parts of the world. It is called as Jhum in North-East India, Kumari in Western Ghats of Kerala, Podu in Andhra Pradesh and Dhavi, Kaman and Vinga in Odisha. Around the world, it has names like Masole in Congo, Ladang in Java & Indonesia, Roka in Brazil, Ray in Vietnam, etc.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

High-tech industries which are regionally concentrated, self-sustained and highly specialised are called technopolis. Silicon Valley is an example. They are clean, environment friendly with most of the jobs pertaining to Research and Development sector.

The correct answer is Friederich Ratzel.

Important Points

• Friederich Ratzel is universally accepted as the founder of human geography because of his pioneering work in the field during the late 19th century.
• He was one of the first geographers to take a holistic and interdisciplinary approach to the study of human society and its relationship with the environment.
• He wrote the first systematic treatise on the field, "Anthropogeographie," in 1882, which laid out many of the key concepts and themes that are still central to human geography today.

Key PointsSome of his main contributions to the field of human geography include:

• Anthropogeography: Ratzel introduced the term "Anthropogeography" to describe the study of human society and its relationship with the environment.

• Lebensraum: Ratzel developed the concept of "lebensraum" which refers to the space where people live and develop. 

Organic Analogy:

• Ratzel used the organic analogy to describe the relationship between human society and the environment.

• He compared the growth and development of human society to that of an organism, arguing that just as an organism adapts to its environment, human society also adapts to its surroundings.

Humanism in geography deals with creating human awareness and human agency. It developed as a criticism against positivism and quantitative revolution in geography. Its basic objection against quantitative revolution is that its tools and assumption do not adequately explain human world and human issues.

Thus, the Correct answer is B.

The correct answer is ​The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Key PointsThomas Kuhn introduced the concept of a "paradigm shift" in his book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" published in 1962. The book is considered one of the most influential in the philosophy of science. In it, Kuhn argues that scientific progress is not steady and gradual but occurs via revolutionary shifts in worldview.

• A paradigm, according to Kuhn, is a constellation of achievements, values, techniques, and so on, shared by a scientific community and used to define legitimate problems and solutions.
• A paradigm shift happens when the dominant paradigm under which normal science operates is rendered incompatible with new phenomena, facilitating the adoption of a new theory or paradigm.

Paradigms:

• According to Kuhn, a paradigm is a universally recognized scientific achievement that provides model problems and solutions for a community of practitioners.
• Paradigms guide the research conducted within a particular scientific discipline. They include laws, theories, applications, and instrumentation that community members share.

Paradigm Shifts:

• Over time, new discoveries or observations that conflict with the prevailing paradigm accumulate.
• These anomalies present problems that cannot be solved with the existing paradigm. Continued accumulation of anomalies can lead to a crisis state in the scientific community.

Magma is extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth's surface. When magma flows onto Earth's surface, it is called lava.

Correct Answer: (A) - (III), (B) - (II), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV).

Key Points

Atlas and wall maps are intended for portraying the geography of large areas. These maps are described as small scale, which usually refer to scales smaller than 1:100,000. Small-scale maps show a large area on a single map sheet, but their contents are less detailed and include only major features like highways, railways, lakes, rivers, etc.

Thus, the Correct answer is D

Answer: Option 4) Static and unchanging nature of communities

Ecological succession is a natural process that describes the gradual and predictable changes in the composition of species in a community over time. It is characterized by the sequential replacement of one community by another until a stable climax community is established.

• Orderly and sequential change in communities: Ecological succession is a gradual and orderly process, where each stage prepares the environment for the next stage.
• Replacement of one community by another: Succession involves the gradual replacement of one community by another, as species adapt and compete for resources.
• Development of a stable climax community: Succession ultimately leads to the establishment of a stable climax community, which is adapted to the specific environmental conditions.

• Static and unchanging nature of communities: This statement is not an essential characteristic of ecological succession. Ecological communities are dynamic and undergo constant change in response to environmental factors, disturbances, and species interactions.

• The rate and direction of ecological succession can be influenced by various factors, such as climate, soil conditions, disturbances, and the availability of resources.
• Understanding ecological succession is important for managing and conserving ecosystems, as it helps us predict how communities will respond to environmental changes and disturbances.

Continental drift: it is the displacement of crustal blocks/ continental blocks from their previous location over a period of time

Introduction to Continental Drift Theory:

• He was a German polar researcher Meteorologist, Geophysicist
• His concept of continental drift was published in the book entitled ‘Die Entstehung der Kontinente and Ozeane’
• This theory was propounded in the year 1912
• It came to light after 1922
• It translated from the German language to English in 1924

Continental Drift Theory:

• In this theory, Wegner aims to explain the relation between past climatic change and the displacement of the continents
• There are two types of displacement of continents

• According to Wegener, all the continents were one single continental mass (called a Super Continent) – Pangaea
• A Mega Ocean surrounded this supercontinent, known by the name Panthalassa.
• Although Wegener’s initial theory did not cover mantle convection until Arthur Holmes later proposed the theory.
• The supercontinent was named Pangaea (Pangea) and the Mega-ocean was called Panthalassa.
• According to this theory, the supercontinent, Pangaea, began to split some two hundred million years back.
• Pangaea first split into 2 big continental masses known as Gondwanaland and Laurasia forming the southern and northern modules respectively.
• Later, Gondwanaland and Laurasia continued to break into several smaller continents that exist today.

From the above discussion, it is clear that all the statements are true in the context of Continental Drift Theory.

 Although there are mentions of Indian Monsoon in the Rig Veda and Al Masudi’s works, the concept of Indian Monsoon was explained in 1686 by Sir Edmund Halley. Halley said that monsoon resulted due to thermal contrast between continents and oceans because of differential heating.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

The correct answer is Karnataka.

Key Points

• The state of Karnataka is the leading producer of coffee in India.
• Karnataka is the country's largest coffee-producing state, accounting for nearly 71 per cent.
• The Karnataka districts of Chikmagalur, Kodagu, and Hassan are major coffee-producing regions of the state. 
• In the latest financial year, Karnataka produced 2.33 Lakh Metric Tonnes of coffee.
• In Karnataka, coffee is cultivated in a wide area and accounts for over 60 % of the total area under coffee cultivation in India.
• The key factors for the production of coffee in large quantities in Karnataka is the required temperature, climate, and rainfall.

Additional Information

• Kerala:​
  • Arabica and Robusta coffee beans are grown in the Malabar region of Kerala.
  • Kerala, across the hills of the Wayanad district near Kalpetta, accounts for 21% of India's coffee production. 
• Tamil Nadu:
  • The state of Tamil Nadu accounts for 5% of India's total coffee production in the Nilgiris District, Yercaud, and Kodaikanal.
  • In the Eastern Ghats, the Shevaroy Hills have many old coffee plantations in Tamil Nadu.
• Maharashtra:
  • Maharashtra's Chikhaldara Hill Station is the only coffee-growing area in Maharashtra and a must-see destination to visit from October to June.

“Human geography is the synthetic study of relationship between human societies and earth’s surface” – Ratzel

Human geography offers a new conception of the interrelationships between earth and human beings.

• Human geography is an attempt to explain the relationship between all elements of human life and the space they occur over. Thus, human geography assumes a highly interdisciplinary nature.
• The nature of human geography is all embracing in terms of man-environment interactions; however, as a scientific discipline it is to limit its content so as to avoid vagueness.

Photochemical smog always contains Ozone, The toxic effect of Carbon Monoxide is due to its greater affinity for haemoglobin as compared to oxygen, Lead is the most hazardous metal pollutant of automobile exhaust. all are true.

A great leap forward' in context of Indian population census in considered the decadal growth from 1951 to 1961.