BPSC Practice Test- 3 - BPSC (Bihar) MCQ

On Santhanam committee recommendations CVC was established.
IMPORTANT FACTS

• This committee established in 1962 under the chairmanship of Kasturirangan Santhanam.
• CVC was established in 1964.
• Headquarter of CVC  is in New Delhi.

The law of gravitation states that, "The force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses.
Important Facts

• Sir Isaac Newton’s laws of motion explain the relationship between a physical object and the forces acting upon it.
• An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force.
• The conservation of momentum law principle tells us that the total momentum of a system is always conserved for an isolated system.
• Law of inertia states that an object will continue to be either in a state of motion or in a state of rest unless an external force acts on it.

The highest number of 7,782 applications (in five years) have been received from Pakistan for getting Indian citizenship.
IMPORTANT FACTS

• According to the information available with the Ministry of External Affairs, 1,33,83,718 Indian citizens are living in other countries.
• In this way, a total of 6,07,650 people have given up Indian citizenship in the last five years.
• Along with this, the Center also told that in the five years between 2016 and 2020, 4,177 foreigners have been given citizenship of India.
• Out of this, in the year 2016, 1106 persons were given Indian citizenship. Similarly, Indian citizenship was given to 817 persons in the year 2017, 628 persons in the year 2018, 987 persons in the year 2019 and 639 foreign persons in the year 2020.
• In these five years (2016-2020), a total of 10,645 people have applied for Indian citizenship.
• At the same time, in these five years 795 persons from Afghanistan, 182 persons from Bangladesh, 135 persons from Kenya, 167 persons from Nepal, 205 persons from Sri Lanka  etc. had applied for Indian citizenship.

In general, the Directive Principle of Policy is not only enforceable in the Court, but there are some special circumstances, such as if any conflict of Directive Principle with Fundamental Right arises, then in such a situation the intervention of the Supreme Court or High Court can take place.
Important facts

• In the case of Madras State v Champakam Dorairajan 1951, the Supreme Court had held that in case of any conflict between the Directive Principles of Policy and the Fundamental Rights, the Fundamental Rights shall prevail.
• The Directive Principles of State Policy have been prescribed in Part 4 of the Indian Constitution. The provision of Directive Principles of State Policy has been made from Articles 36 to 51, mainly Article 37 reveals the nature of Directive Principles.

Provisions for the establishment of an independent judiciary

• Security has been provided to the tenure of judges
• Judges cannot engage in any function of the judiciary after retirement.
• The power to punish for contempt is given to the judiciary
• All expenses related to the judiciary will be borne by the Consolidated Fund of India.

Constitutional Provision

• The provision of the Supreme Court has been made in the Indian Constitution under Part V (Union) and Chapter 6 (Union Judiciary).
• Articles 124 to 147 in Part V of the Constitution deal with the organization, independence, jurisdiction, powers and procedures of the Supreme Court.
• The Constitution of India under Article 124(1) states that there shall be a Supreme Court of India consisting of a Chief Justice (CJI) and not more than seven other judges unless Parliament by law determines a larger number of other judges. does.
• The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India can generally be classified into original jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction and advisory jurisdiction. However, the Supreme Court has many other powers.

A provision related to election has been given in Articles-324 to 329 of Part-15 of the Constitution.  
Important facts 

• Article 324 - Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in the Election Commission.
• Article 325 - No person shall be disqualified for inclusion in the electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex and that he shall not claim to be included in any particular electoral roll.
• Article 326 - Elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies to be held on the basis of adult suffrage.
• Article 327 - Power of Parliament to make provisions with respect to elections to legislatures. 
• Article 328 - Power of that Legislature to make provisions with respect to elections to the Legislature of a State.
• Article 329 - Bar to interference of courts in election related matters.

• The concept of secularism in the Indian Constitution is reflected in situations like the freedom of people/individuals to practice their religion without any discrimination.
• The word secular was added to the Preamble by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act 1976.
• Articles 25 to 28 (right to religious freedom) were added to the constitution.
• All the concepts of secularism are present in the Indian constitution, that is, all religions are equal in our country and they get equal support from the government.

IMPORTANT FACTS
Secularism

• The state should keep religion away from politics or any non-religious matter and the government should not discriminate against anyone on the basis of religion.
• Secularism does not mean opposing one's religion, but allows everyone to freely follow their religious beliefs .
• In a secular state, that person is also respected who does not believe in any religion.
• In the context of secularism, religion is a very private matter of the individual, in which the state does not interfere unless there is a conflict between the core beliefs of different religions.

Pulses are a good source of proteins.

Medulla oblongata controls heartbeat and respiration.
IMPORTANT FACTS 
Medulla oblongata:

• The medulla oblongata is the smallest part of the brain located at the base of the skull.
• The medulla oblongata is roughly triangular in shape and extends back into the spinal cord.
• The medulla oblongata controls the movement of our internal organs such as the alimentary canal, respiration, heart rate and many involuntary functions.
• Trauma to the medulla oblongata can result in death, as a severe blow to it can stop all involuntary movements and vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat.

Four cranial nerves originate from the medulla oblongata which are as follows:

• glossopharyngeal nerve
• accessory nerve
• vagus nerve
• hypoglossal nerve

Oncology is associated with the treatment of cancer diseases.
Oncology is the study of cancer. An oncologist is a doctor who treats cancer and provides medical care for a person diagnosed with cancer.
World Cancer Day 2022: The theme for World Cancer Day 2022 is ‘Closed the Care Gap’.

IMPORTANT FACTS:
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY-
Veterinary Science:-

• The branch of medicine that deals with the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and injuries of animals, especially domestic animals.

Nuclear biology:-

• Nuclear biology or radiobiology is a branch of biology which studies the effect of radioactivity on living cell and also deals with the development and production of nuclear medicines for diagnosis and treatment of the diseases.

Opthalmology:-

• It is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eyeball and orbit.

Dentistry:-

• It is a branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity.

Oncology:-

• Oncology is the branch of medicine that researches, identifies and treats cancer.

Cardiology:-

• Cardiology is a branch of medicine that concerns diseases and disorders of the heart, which may range from congenital defects through to acquired heart diseases such as coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure.

Orthopedics:-

• It is a branch of medical science which is devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and rehabilitation of injuries, disorders, and diseases of the body's musculoskeletal system. This system includes bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, nerves, and tendons.

Pediatrics:-

• Pediatrics is the branch of medicine dealing with the health and medical care of infants, children, and adolescents from birth up to the age of 18 .

Dermatology:-

• Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with diagnosing and treating skin diseases affecting the skin, hair, and nails.

Physiotherapy:-

• Physiotherapy is a branch of medicine which uses a treatment method that focuses on the science of movement and helps people to restore, maintain and maximize their physical strength, function, motion and overall well-being by addressing the underlying physical issues.

Fat contains the most energy. Fat contains 9 calories/gram of energy, while protein contains 4 calories/gram and carbohydrates contain 4 calories/gram of energy.
There are four types of fats:
Saturated Fats

• It is responsible for bad cholesterol. They are found in most animal products like cheese, milk, meat, etc. 
• Consuming large amounts of saturated fat is the most popular cause of heart disease because it causes cholesterol to block the arteries.

Monounsaturated fats

• Monounsaturated fats are healthy fats found in avocados, macadamia nuts, peanuts, olives, and olive oil. 
• It plays an important role in protecting the heart and is also involved in supporting insulin sensitivity, fat storage, weight loss, and healthy energy levels.

Trans Fats

• Trans fats are also called unsaturated fatty acids or trans fatty acids. 
• These fats are obtained naturally in many foods such as beef, lamb, whole milk, cheese, cream and butter obtained from cattle.
• Conjugated Linoleic Acid is a natural trans-fatty acid that is beneficial in strengthening the immune system and preventing the development of cancer
• Trans fats are present in many processed foods such as baked foods, cookies, crackers, snack foods, deep-fried foods, and other foods made or fried in partially hydrogenated oils.

Polyunsaturated Fats

• Polyunsaturated fats are healthy fats,  found in abundance in both plant and animal foods such as vegetable oils, walnuts, flax seeds,  etc. These fats include both omega 3 and omega 6 fats. 
• Omega 3 helps reduce inflammation and supports healthy hormone levels and cell membranes. 
• Omega 6 fatty acids play an important role in supporting healthy brain and muscle functioning.

An important alloy of iron is stainless steel, and it is very resistant to corrosion. It is used in architecture, bearings, cutlery, surgical instruments and jewellery. 
IMPORTANT FACT 

• Stainless steel is a corrosion-resistant alloy of iron, chromium and, in some cases, nickel and other metals.

In a process called photolysis ('light' and 'splitting'), light energy and a catalyst interact to split water molecules into protons (H+), electrons and oxygen gas.
Option Explanation 

• Radiolysis  is the separation of molecules by ionizing radiation. It is the cleavage of one or several chemical bonds as a result of exposure to high-energy currents.
• Electrolysis  , the process by which an electric current is passed through a substance to effect a chemical change.
• Chemical decomposition occurs by heating thermolysis . If a reaction is endothermic, heat is required for the reaction to proceed.

important point 

• Photolysis is the process by which a photochemical reaction is conducted. The immediate result of light absorption is the primary photochemical reaction. Secondary reactions are called subsequent chemical changes.

confusing  points _  _

• Photolysis is defined as the decomposition of substances when exposed to light, whereas photooxidation is the oxidation of a substance when exposed to light.
• Irradiation of tryptophan with UV light produces a tryptophan radical and a hydrated electron.

Polyvinyl chloride is used in making floor tiles.
Poly vinyl chloride-

• The monomer is vinyl chloride (chloroethylene) which makes in this polymer.
• This is the thermoplastic polymer and rigid in nature.
• The advantage of PVC is they are inexpensive and are good insulators.
• The disadvantage of PVC is that they have very poor heat stability.
• The application of PVC is that they are used for pipes, window frames and roofing, waterproof linings, waterproof clothing, life-jackets, inflatables and sporting goods etc.

OPTIONS EXPLANATION
Teflon- 

• It is used in making non-stick pans.

Nylon-
It is used to-

• Make clothes (including socks)
• Make parachutes as well as ropes for rock climbing
• Make ropes, toothbrushes, and car seat belts etc.
• Make tents, curtains, and sleeping bags

• Sodium carbonate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (Na₂CO₃).
•  It is also called 'washing soda' or 'washing soda' (washing soda or soda ash and soda crystals).

The acid used in car batteries is sulfuric acid.
Important point

• Sulfuric acid is a natural process by which sulfide minerals are oxidized in rock to form sulfuric acid.
• Sulfuric acid is highly acidic. Therefore, it is used  in cleaning metals, removing impurities from oil, manufacturing chemicals - nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, synthesis of dyes, medicines, detergents, explosives,  etc.

Metal frying pans have wooden handles because wood is a bad conductor of heat.
It will be easier for the user to hold even when the metal pan is hot because the wooden handle will not get as hot.
Heat
Heat is a form of energy that flows between a body and its surrounding medium by virtue of the temperature difference between them.
The degree of hotness of the body is quantitatively represented by temperature.
S.I. unit of heat is Joule (J). 

Heat can be transferred from one medium to another by the following three ways-

We know 
Work = Force  Distance
= (kg.m/sec²) (m)
= [MLT^-2][L]
= [ML²T^-2]
Torque = Forceradius
= (kg.m/sec²) (m)
= [MLT^-2][L]
= [ML²T^-2]
So, from the given options Work and Torque have the same dimensions.
Work- 

• Work is the energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement.
• In its simplest form, it is often represented as the product of force and displacement.
• Work = Force  Distance

Torque-

• Torque is the rotational equivalent of linear force. 
• It is also referred to as the moment, moment of force, rotational force or turning effect, depending on the field of study.
• Torque is defined as the product of force and the perpendicular distance between the force acting point and the pivot point.
• Torque = Forceradius

Force-

• A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. 
• Whenever there is an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects
• For a constant mass, force equals the mass times acceleration, 
• F = m x a
• dimension-  [M L T^-2] 

Angular momentum-

• Angular momentum is the property of any rotating object given by moment of inertia times angular velocity.
• Angular momentum = mass velocity radius
• L = mvr
• dimension-  [M L²T⁻¹]

Kelvin scale-

• The Kelvin scale of measuring temperature does not use any negative numbers.
• Lord Kelvin, in 1848, wanted to come up with a scale for measuring temperature that had a logical "beginning" that was a finite point.
• He chose "absolute zero," the temperature at which all thermals stop, representing the lowest temperature in the universe.
• As this was the bottom line, he marked it as zero.
• Theoretically Absolute Zero indicates No Inter-Molecular Interaction can take Place.
• But Practically Attaining Absolute Zero Kelvin is IMPOSSIBLE. That is Equivalent to (-273.15°C) (-459.67°F).

Celsius scale-

• Celsius, also called centigrade, scale based on 0° for the freezing point of water and 100° for the boiling point of water. 
• Invented in 1742 by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius.
• It is sometimes called the centigrade scale because of the 100-degree interval between the defined points.

Fahrenheit scale-

• The Fahrenheit temperature scale is used in the United States; the Celsius, or centigrade, scale is employed in most other countries and for scientific purposes worldwide. 
• The conversion formula for a temperature that is expressed on the Celsius (°C) scale to its Fahrenheit (°F) representation is 

Réaumur scale-

• Réaumur temperature scale, scale established in 1730 by the French naturalist René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757).
• It is zero set at the freezing point of water and its 80° mark at the boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure.

Statement 2 is incorrect because each component of a vector is always a vector, not scalar.

• The magnitude of a vector is always a scalar. For instance magnitude of the velocity of a body moving in a straight line may be equal to the speed of the body.
• The average speed of a particle is either greater or equal to the magnitude of average velocity of the particle over the same interval of time. Because the total path length is either greater than or equal to the magnitude of the displacement vector.
• Three vectors not lying in a plane can never add up to give a null vector. Because the resultant of two vectors will not lie in the plane of third vector and hence cannot cancel its effect to give null vector.

Silver is a best conductor of electricity than copper, but being more expensive, 
Important facts 

• Electrical conductors are those materials through which electric current can easily flow. Copper, aluminium, zinc, gold, silver etc. are conductors of electricity.
• Among iron, silicon, copper and ceramics, copper is also the best conductor of electricity, after silver

Ladakh (173266.37 sq. km.) is the largest constituency of Lok Sabha in terms of area.
IMPORTANT FACTS -

• On the basis of area, the 5 major Lok Sabha constituencies are respectively -
  • Ladakh ( 173266.37 sq. km.)
  • Barmer ( 55074 sq. km.)
  • Kutch (41414 sq. km.)
  • Arunachal East (39704 Sq.km.)
  • Arunachal West (39613 sq. km.)
• The smallest Lok Sabha constituency in terms of area is Chandni Chowk (Delhi) (10.59 sq. km).

• Money Bill has been defined in Article 110.
• The money bill can be kept by the Rajya Sabha only for 14 days.
• There is no provision for a joint session with respect to a money bill.
• The President cannot return the Money Bill for reconsideration.
• Prior permission of the President is necessary before introducing both the Finance Bill and the Money Bill in the Lok Sabha.
• Whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, is decided by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha under Article 110 (3) of the Constitution, and his decision is final.
• The President cannot return the Money Bill for reconsideration.

IMPORTANT FACTS -
According to Article 110, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill which shall contain any or all of the following provisions -

• The abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of the imposition of any tax.
• The regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the Government of India or the amendment of the law relating to any financial obligations taken or likely to be incurred by the Government of India.
• The custody of the Consolidated Fund or Contingency Fund of India, depositing money in or withdrawing money from any such fund.
• The appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
• To declare any expenditure to be an expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or to increase the amount of any such expenditure.
• Receiving money from the Consolidated Fund of India or the Public Account of India or the custody or issue of such money or the audit of the accounts of the Union or a State.
• Any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in sub-sections (a) to (f).

Every year on 28 July the world observes "World Hepatitis Day" to raise awareness about this deadly liver infection.
IMPORTANT FACTS -
The theme for the year 2022 - “Bringing hepatitis care closer to you”.

• It aims to highlight the need to bring hepatitis care closer to primary health care facilities and communities, to ensure better access to treatment and care.

About Hepatitis :

• Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. It is an infectious disease caused by hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D and E.
• The other causes of the disease are medicines, toxins, drugs, and alcohol.
• Hepatitis is the only communicable disease with increasing mortality.

Treatment :

• Hepatitis A and E are limited types of disease (i.e. they go away on their own) and do not require any specific antiviral medications.
• Effective drugs are available for hepatitis B and C.
• Effect of  Hepatitis :
  • Southeast Asia accounts for 20% of the global morbidity burden of hepatitis.
  • About 95% of all hepatitis-related deaths are due to cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by the hepatitis B and C viruses.
  • Viral hepatitis, caused by the hepatitis virus, remains a major public health problem in India.
  • A global target has been set to eliminate viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030.
  • An Integrated Regional Action Plan for Viral Hepatitis, HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) 2022-2026 is being developed by WHO.

 Other important days of July :

• 1 July - National Doctor's Day, GST Day
• 9 July - National Students Day
• 11 July - World Population Day
• 26 July - Kargil Vijay Diwas
• 29 July - International Tiger Day

Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) handed over the country's first indigenously built aircraft carrier (IAC-1) 'Vikrant' to the Indian Navy on 28 July.
IMPORTANT FACTS -
INS Vikrant

• INS Vikrant, also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 1, is an aircraft carrier built by Cochin Shipyard Limited for the Indian Navy.
• It is the first aircraft carrier to be built in India.
• It has been named 'Vikrant' as a tribute to India's first aircraft carrier, Vikrant.
• The Indian Naval Ship Vikrant played an important role in the 1971 war.
• This warship has been built in India at a cost of about Rs 20,000 crore.
• The 262-metre-long carrier has a full displacement of around 45,000 tonnes which is more advanced than its predecessor.
• It is powered by four gas turbines with a total power of 88 MW and has a maximum speed of 28 knots.
• The project was executed in three phases of contract between the Ministry of Defence and CSL, which were concluded in May 2007, December 2014 and October 2019 respectively.

Other Aircraft Carrier in India
INS Vikrant (1957)

• This is the first-ever aircraft carrier warship of India and was decommissioned in 1997.
• This aircraft carrier was purchased from the UK.
• It did important work for India against the Pakistan Naval Force in the Indo-Pak War of 1971.

INS Viraat

• It was bought from the UK, this carrier served the country for 30 years before it was officially decommissioned in 2017.
• Prior to INS Vikramaditya in 2013, it was a major centre of the Indian Navy.
• It weighed about 29,000 tons and had 26 aircraft.

INS Vikramaditya

• It is the current serving aircraft carrier of India.
• It was made by the USSR and Russia.
• He currently serves as the Chief of the Indian Navy.

More than 1,000 animals, mainly cows and buffaloes, have died in Rajasthan due to the infectious lumpy skin disease
What is Lumpy Skin Disease?

• It is caused by infection of cattle or  buffalo with the poxvirus Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV).
• The virus is one of three closely related species of the genus Capripoxavirus.
• The other two species are Sheeppox virus and Goatpox virus.
• Due to its infectious nature and its impact on the economy, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has declared it a notable disease.

Symptoms of disease

• The main symptoms are fever in animals, discharge from eyes and nose, saliva from the mouth, lump-like soft blisters all over the body, decreased milk production, difficulty in eating, which sometimes leads to the death of the cattles.

Transmission of disease

• The virus is easily transmitted through blood-sucking insects such as mosquitoes, flies and ticks, and through saliva and contaminated water and food.
• The virus was first reported in Asia and the Pacific region in 2019 in north west China, Bangladesh and India.
• There is no treatment available for the disease. 

Union Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurated the “Conference on Drug Trafficking and National Security” on July 30, 2022.

• During this conference, more than 30,000 kg of narcotic drugs were burnt and disposed of at Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai.
• NCB had launched the Drug Disposal Campaign on 1st June 2022.
• Till July 29, more than 51,217 kg of narcotics have been disposed of in 11 states.
• As a part of the 'Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav' celebrations, NCB has pledged to dispose of 75000 kgs of drugs.

IMPORTANT FACTS -
Drug addiction in India :

• India is situated between the world's two largest opium producing regions (the 'Golden Triangle' on one side and the 'Golden Crescent' on the other).
• The 'Golden Triangle' region includes Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam and Laos.
• The 'Golden Crescent' region includes Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran.
• According to the World Drug Report 2021, prescription drugs and their ingredients are increasingly being converted into recreational use in India (the world's largest producer of generic drugs).
• India is also linked to shipments of drugs sold in the 19 major darknet markets analysed in 2011-2020.
• According to the report released by the Ministry of Social Justice and All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) on the quantum of substance abuse in 2019.
• There are 31 million cannabis users in India (of which 2.5 million were dependent users).
• There are 23 million opioid users in India (of which 2.8 million were dependent users).

Other Related Initiatives :

• Narco-Coordination Centre- Narco-Coordination Centre (NCORD) was constituted in November 2016 and the scheme "Financial Assistance to States for Narcotics Control" was revived.
• Project Sunrise- It was launched in 2016 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to tackle the rising HIV prevalence in the North-Eastern states of India, especially among those who inject drugs.
• NDPS Act- It prohibits a person from producing, possessing, selling, buying, transporting, storing and/or consuming any narcotic drug or psychotropic substance.
• The NDPS Act has been amended thrice so far - in 1988, 2001 and 2014.
• The Act applies to the whole of India as well as to all Indian citizens outside India and all persons employed on ships and aircraft registered in India.
• Drug Free India- Government has also announced the launch of 'Nasha Mukt Bharat' or Drug Free India campaign which focuses on community outreach programmes.

On August 1, 2019, Muslim women got freedom from the social evil called 'triple talaq', hence August 1 has been recorded in the history of India as 'Muslim Women's Rights Day'.
Muslim Women's Rights Day is celebrated on 1st August in the backdrop of Triple Talaq Bill which was approved in Parliament on 1st August 2019.

• The Triple Talaq Bill was a major milestone in freeing Muslim women from the shackles of social evil of the conditions of divorce.
• Shah Bano Begum & Ors Vs Mo Ahmed Khan', 'Shayra Bano Vs Union of India and Others' laid the foundation stone for this move.
• In her writ petition, Shayra Bano had sought the Supreme Court to declare the three practices talaq-e-biddat, polygamy, nikah-halala unconstitutional.
• Cases were being registered citing violation of Articles 14, 15, 21, 25 of the Constitution.

IMPORTANT FACTS -
About triple talaq law :

• Triple talaq is called 'Talaq-e-bidat'.
• In this, the husband says three times in one go... Talaq-Talaq-Talaq. It is valid only if both the husband and wife agree to divorce each other.
• But it has been seen that in almost 100 percent of the cases, only the husband has the consent.
• The bill was passed in the Lok Sabha in December 2017, but got stuck in the Rajya Sabha.
• After this, in September 2018, the government issued an ordinance to ban triple talaq.
• Declaring triple talaq as an offence in this ordinance, there is a provision for imprisonment of up to three years and fine for the husband.
• The Supreme Court called it a violation of Articles 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution, which give equal rights to all citizens.
• According to Section 3 of this bill, it will be illegal and unlawful to pronounce triple talaq in writing or by any electronic means.

Success of law :

• Ever since the law was passed, the cases of triple talaq have come down by 82%.

Which countries have banned triple talaq?

• Egypt was the first country to ban triple talaq in 1929.
• Egypt is followed by Sudan, Pakistan (in 1956), Malaysia (in 1969), Bangladesh (in 1972), Iraq (in 1959) and Syria (in 1953).
• In recent years, the United Arab Emirates, Morocco, Iran, Cyprus, Qatar, Jordan, Brunei, Algeria, as well as India, have banned the practice.

The joint military Exercise  AL NAJAH -IV between contingents of Indian Army and the Royal Army of Oman is starting from 1 August at the Foreign Training Node of Mahajan Field Firing Range in Bikaner, Rajasthan.

• It is the fourth edition of Exercise AL NAJAH -IV.
• The joint military exercise aims to enhance the level of bilateral defence cooperation between the both countries.
• A 60-member team of the Royal Army of Oman has reached the exercise site.
• The Indian Army will be represented in the exercise by soldiers from 18 Mechanised Infantry Battalions.
• The previous edition of this exercise was conducted in March 2019 in Muscat.

IMPORTANT FACTS -
The scope of the exercise :

• Professional interaction, mutual understanding of exercises and procedures, establishment of joint command and control structures and elimination of terrorist threats.
• It will focus on counter-terrorism operations, regional security operations and peacekeeping operations under the United Nations Charter, besides conducting joint physical training programmes, tactical exercises, techniques and procedures.
• India's Joint Military Exercise with other countries :
  • Mitra Shakti - India & Sri Lanka
  • Maitree Exercise - India & Thailand
  • Yudh Abhyas - India and US
  • Vajra Prahar - India and US
  • Garuda Shakti - India & Indonesia
  • Nomadic Elephant - India & Mongolia
  • Shakti Exercise - India & France
  • Surya Kiran - India and Nepal
  • SIMBEX - India and Singapore
  • CORPAT - India and Thailand

Former Philippine President Fidel Ramos died on 31 July at the age of 94 due to complications of COVID-19.
Ramos, the 12th President of the Republic of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998, was said to be the driving force behind investor confidence in the country.

• It was during his time that the Philippines was recognized as an emerging economy.
• It was during his time that the Philippines was identified as a booming "tiger economy", The Manila Times reported.
• Prior to becoming president, Fidel Ramos also served as Chief-of-Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in the government of then-President Corazon Aquino.
• Apart from this, he was also the Defence Secretary.
• Ramos, a former military general, trained in the US, also participated in the Korea and Vietnam Wars.
• Ramos led a national police force and was instrumental in bringing down the notorious Marcos regime.

IMPORTANT FACTS -
About Philippines :
The Philippines is a country located in Southeast Asia.

• It got complete independence on 4 July 1946 after the Second World War.
• It is the country with the fifth longest coastline in the world.
• The Philippines is the second largest producer of geothermal energy in the world, after the United States.
• Capital - Manila
• Currency - peso