BPSC Prelims Mock Test - 5 - BPSC (Bihar) MCQ

• The Correct Answer is Avalokiteshvara:
  • Padmapani is a Bodhisattva, which means someone on the path to Buddhahood.
  • Avalokiteshvara is known as the Bodhisattva of compassion.
  • Among the various forms of Avalokiteshvara, the Padmapani Lokesvara, meaning "Lord with a Lotus in hand," is one of the most renowned representations. Therefore, option 1 is correct.
• Maitreya:
  • Maitreya is the Bodhisattva of the Future.
  • According to beliefs, Maitreya has not yet attained Buddhahood and currently resides in the Tusita Heaven.
  • A well-known depiction of Maitreya Bodhisattva is the Laughing Buddha.
• Manjushri:
  • Manjushri is the Bodhisattva of Wisdom.
  • This figure holds significant importance in Mahayana Buddhism.
  • Images of Manjushri Bodhisattva are commonly found in the meditation halls, libraries, and study rooms of Buddhist monasteries.
• Vajrapani:
  • Vajrapani is the Thunderbolt-bearing Bodhisattva.
  • He is one of the three protective deities associated with Buddha.
  • In human form, Vajrapani is often portrayed holding the vajra in his right hand.
  • Sometimes referred to as a Dhyani-Bodhisattva.

The Aim of Individual Satyagraha

• To demonstrate that nationalist patience was not a sign of weakness.
• To convey the sentiments of those who do not support the war.
• To oppose the struggle for power between Nazism and the double autocracy in India.
• To give the government a chance to peacefully consider Congress's demands.
• The main aim was to utilize freedom of speech to protest the war by making anti-war statements.
• The Satyagrahis continued their efforts by chanting in villages and marching towards Delhi, sparking the Delhi Chalo Movement.

Additional Information about Individual Satyagraha

• Had a direct impact on individual satyagraha.
• The British presented the August Offer in 1940 during a time of war.
• The August Offer was rejected by both the Muslim League and Congress.
• Gandhi realized the unfavorable climate for starting the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• All India Kisan Sabha and Congress Socialist leaders supported direct conflict.
• Initiated by Vinoba Bhave in May 1941, followed by Nehru.

August Declaration, 1917:

• Between 1917 and 1922, Edwin Samuel Montagu served as India's secretary of state.
• It was a speech outlining British policies in India on August 20, 1917.
• Referred to as the August 1917 Declaration.
• The Montague declaration focused on increasing Indian involvement in administration and developing self-governing institutions.

August Offer, 1940:

• Viceroy of India Lord Linlithgow made the offer on August 8, 1940.
• Main proposals included Dominion status as India's goal, establishing a Constituent Assembly post-war, and ensuring minority party consent for any new form of governance.

The 6 Most Populated Countries in Asia

• Asia:
  • Asia is the largest continent in terms of population size.
  • The population of Asia constitutes approximately 59.76% of the total world population and includes the 6 most populated countries.
  • The 6 most populated countries in Asia are:
    • China: Over 1.4 billion people.
    • India: Over 1.3 billion people.
    • Indonesia: Over 270 million people.
    • Pakistan: Over 220 million people.
    • Bangladesh: Over 160 million people.
    • Japan: Over 125 million people.
  • The ranking of continents by population size, from highest to lowest, is Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica.

Population Prospects by 2050

Additional Information about Asia

• Pamir Plateau: Known as the 'Roof of the World,' located in Central Asia.
• Asia is separated from Africa by the Red Sea and Suez Canal.
• Asia is separated from North America by the Bering Strait.
• Asia is not only the most populous continent but also the largest in terms of size.

The Council of Ministers is Collectively Responsible to Lok Sabha

• Article 75(3) of the Indian Constitution establishes that the council of ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
• 'Collective responsibility' implies that the council of ministers is accountable for all governmental actions as a unified entity before the Lok Sabha, serving as a link between the Executive and the Legislature.
• If a vote of no confidence is passed against the Prime Minister, the entire government must resign.

Additional Information

• The First Lok Sabha was formed on 17 April 1952 following India's inaugural general election.
• The first session of this Lok Sabha commenced on 13 May 1952.
• The 1st Lok Sabha completed its full five-year tenure and was dissolved on 4 April 1957.
• Duration of the First Lok Sabha: 13 April 1952 - 4 April 1957
• First Speaker: Shri G.V. Mavalankar
• First Deputy Speaker: Shri M.A. Ayyangar
• First Secretary-General: Shri M. N. Kaul

• Importance of Rice Cultivation:
  • Rice is predominantly cultivated in regions with heavy annual rainfall, typically ranging between 175-300 cm.
  • India is a major producer of rice, with the crop contributing to over 40% of the country's total food grain production.
  • States like West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh are significant contributors to rice production in India.
  • Rice is a Kharif crop, typically sown at the end of the monsoon or the beginning of the winter season.
• Famous Varieties of Rice:
  

Photosynthesis in Different Organisms

• Organism: Ulva
• Photosynthesis: Yes
• Reason: Contains chlorophyll pigment and chloroplast.
• Organism: Lichens
• Photosynthesis: Yes
• Reason: Contains chlorophyll pigment and chloroplast.
• Organism: Bryophyllum
• Photosynthesis: Yes
• Reason: Contains chlorophyll pigment and chloroplast.
• Organism: Fungi
• Photosynthesis: No
• Reason: Absence of chlorophyll pigment and chloroplast.

Key Points

• Chlorophyll pigment: Essential for photosynthesis, traps sunlight for food preparation.
• Ulva: Algae member, performs photosynthesis due to chlorophyll pigment and chloroplast.
• Human cells: Lack chloroplast, hence do not perform photosynthesis.
• Lichens and bryophyllum: Also perform photosynthesis.

• The magnitude of the buoyant force depends on the density of the fluid.
• Buoyancy or upthrust is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.
• In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid.
• Thus the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid is greater than at the top of the column.
• If the object is less dense than the liquid, the force can keep the object afloat.
• Example: A ship will float even though it may be made of steel (which is much denser than water), because it encloses a volume of air (which is much less dense than water), and the resulting shape has an average density less than that of the water.

Archimedes' principle:

• The concept of buoyancy can be traced back to Archimedes' principle given in 212 BC.
• "Any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object".

Identifying Acid Solution

• KNO₃: The correct answer is KNO₃. When dissolved in water, KNO₃ is completely ionized, producing Nitric acid which is a strong acid. Therefore, KNO₃ can be used to identify an acid solution.
• NaCl: NaCl results in a neutral solution and cannot be used to identify an acid solution.
• Na₂CO₃: Formed by a weak acid (Carbonic acid), Na₂CO₃ cannot be used to identify an acid solution.
• K₂SO₄: K₂SO₄ does not help in identifying an acid solution because K⁺ is an unreactive ion.

Key Points

• Acid: A compound that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in a solution is known as an acid. The acidic property depends on the concentration of the hydrogen ion in the solution.
• Identification of Acidity/Basicity: The nature of a salt solution can be identified by specific reactions such as strong acid + strong base, weak acid + strong base, strong acid + weak base, and weak acid + weak base.

Additional Information

• Formula Used:
  • Profit or Loss Percentage = [(Selling Price - Cost Price) / Cost Price] × 100
• Given Information:
  • Selling Price after a 25% increase = Rs. 250
  • Discount offered on the new price = 25%
• Calculations:
  • Let's assume the original cost price is 'C'
  • New Selling Price = Original Cost Price + 25% of Original Cost Price
  • 250 = C + 0.25C
  • 250 = 1.25C
  • C = 250/1.25
  • C = Rs. 200
• Final Calculation for Profit or Loss Percentage:
  • Discounted Selling Price = 75% of New Selling Price
  • Discounted Selling Price = 0.75 × 250
  • Discounted Selling Price = Rs. 187.5
  • Profit or Loss Percentage = [(Selling Price - Cost Price) / Cost Price] × 100
  • Profit or Loss Percentage = [(187.5 - 200) / 200] × 100
  • Profit or Loss Percentage = (-12.5 / 200) × 100
  • Loss Percentage = -6.25%
• Conclusion:
  • Therefore, the correct answer is Loss of 6.25%.

Overview of Pegasus Spyware Development

• The Country of Origin:
  The Pegasus spyware has been developed in Israel.
• Key Points:
  • Pegasus:
  • It is a form of malicious software known as spyware.
  • Its primary purpose is to infiltrate devices covertly, collect personal data, and transmit it to the operator overseeing the spying activities.
  • The development of Pegasus can be attributed to the Israeli company NSO Group, which was established in 2010.

Details of the First Person from Bihar to Receive Jnanpith Puraskar

• Dr. Ramdhari Singh Dinkar was the trailblazer from Bihar to be honored with the prestigious Jnanpith Puraskar for his work 'Urvashi' in 1972.
• He was a notable Indian Hindi poet, patriot, and essayist.
• His accolades include the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1959, Padma Bhushan in 1959, among others.
• The Jnanpith Award is a revered literary award in India, bestowed annually by Bharatiya Jnanpith to recognize exceptional contributions to literature.

Details of the Highest Place in Bihar

• Someshwar Fort:
  • Someshwar Fort is the highest peak in Bihar, India.
  • It is located in the district of West Champaran.
  • With an elevation of 880 meters (2,890 ft), it stands as the highest point.
  • The fort, now in ruins, holds historical significance.
  • Someshwar Fort is situated on Someshwar Hill, standing at an elevation of 2884 feet.
  • This hill is positioned in the Narkatiyaganj subdivision, near the border with Nepal.

• Malik Ibrahim Bayu: Malik Ibrahim Bayu was a renowned saint who lived during the 14th century AD.
• Defeated Kol chiefdoms: He successfully defeated the local Kol chiefdoms in the region.
• First Muslim conqueror and governor of Bihar: Malik Ibrahim Bayu became the first Muslim conqueror and governor of Bihar.
• Tomb at Bihar Sharif: His tomb located in Bihar Sharif is a well-known tourist attraction.
• Significance of the tomb: The tomb is considered one of the most important buildings from the Turkish period.
• Construction and architecture: Constructed in 1353, the tomb was inspired by the tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and reflects the Tughlaq style of architecture.

The Ruler Who Issued the "Infallibility Decree"
Key Points

• Akbar gained historical significance due to his religious policies.
• Several factors influenced his religious beliefs.
• The significant factors include his early interactions with Sufi saints, teachings from his tutor Abdul Latif, his marriage alliances with Rajput women, his connections with intellectual figures like Sheikh Mubarak, and his two notable sons, Abul Faizi and Abul Fazal.
• He was against the involvement of Muslim scholars (ulemas) in political affairs. Therefore, in 1579, he issued the "infallibility decree" to assert his religious authority.
  • Shaikh Mubarik, known for his liberal and independent views, highlighted that according to Islamic law, if there was a disagreement among jurists, the Muslim ruler had the right to choose a view, with his decision being final.
  • He drafted a significant document, supported by Quranic references and Prophet traditions, known as the Mahzarnama "Infallibility Decree of 1579," indicating Akbar's extensive powers in both spiritual and temporal realms.
• However, Akbar did not abide by the restrictions outlined in the 1579 declaration, leading to the unrestrained exercise of autocratic power in practice.

Key Points:

• Kol Rebellion (1832):
  • The Kols, residing in the Chotanagpur area, initially lived autonomously under their traditional chiefs.
  • However, with the arrival of the British, their autonomy was disrupted.
  • Due to oppressive British policies, along with exploitation by merchants and moneylenders, the Kols lost their land and were forced into bonded labor.
  • In 1831-32, the Kols revolted against the British and moneylenders in an insurrection.
• Santhal Hul (1855-1856):
  • The Santhal Hul, also known as the Santhal revolt, took place in regions spanning Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal.
  • It was a rebellion against the British and the exploitative Zamindari system.
  • Santhals faced exploitation by landlords who imposed exorbitant interest rates, leading to perpetual debt and loss of land.
  • The movement was marked by extortion, violence, and other forms of abuse suffered by the tribals.
• Munda Ulgulan (1899 – 1900):
  • The Mundas, also residing in Chotanagpur, had a communal landholding system known as Khuntkatti.
  • The British and outsider-Zamindars replaced this system with Zamindari, resulting in indebtedness and forced labor among the Mundas.
  • Rebellions against the British and dikus (landlords, moneylenders, merchants) were common during the late 18th and 19th centuries.
  • Birsa Munda emerged as a prominent leader, initiating a rebellion in 1894 known as Munda Ulgulan.

Key Points

• The following table describes Koeppen’s World Climate Classification in detail 

• Hence, Option 2 is correct.

The Finance Commission

• Article 280 of the Indian Constitution establishes the Finance Commission.
• It functions as a quasi-judicial body.
• The Finance Commission is constituted by the President of India every fifth year or as deemed necessary, making Statement 1 correct.
• The chairman and four other members are appointed by the President and are eligible for reappointment, making Statement 2 correct.
• Members serve for the period specified by the President, making Statement 4 correct.
• The qualifications of the members are determined by the Parliament as per the Constitution.
• The chairman is required to have experience in Public Affairs, making Statement 3 incorrect.

• Demand-pull inflation occurs when there is an increase in aggregate demand, and the supply remains the same or decreases. When supply cannot meet growing demand, prices for goods and services are pulled higher.
• An increase in the supply of money typically lowers interest rates, which in turn generates more investment and puts more money in the hands of consumers, thereby stimulating spending. Businesses respond by ordering more raw materials and increasing production.
• This leads to higher demand, and hence demand-pull inflation occurs.
• Demand-pull inflation is a tenet of Keynesian economics that describes the effects of an imbalance in aggregate supply and demand. When the aggregate demand in an economy strongly outweighs the aggregate supply, prices go up. This is the most common cause of inflation.

Additional Information

• Cost-push inflation is a type of inflation caused by increases in the cost of imported goods or services where no suitable alternative is available. As businesses face higher prices for underlying inputs, they are forced to increase the prices of their outputs. For instance, if low-paid workers in a factory form a union and demand higher wages, it's possible the factory owner will simply shut down the business in response.
• Deficit-induced inflation occurs when expenditure exceeds revenue, leading to a deficit in the government budget. To meet the gap, the government may ask the central bank to print additional money. Any price rise during this period is called deficit-induced inflation.
• Credit inflation is created when the federal government continues to stimulate the economy while aiming to maintain only a moderate rate of inflation. Investors, especially wealthy investors, have taken advantage of this approach to economic policy-making.

Therefore, Demand-Pull inflation appears in an economy when the money supply exceeds the available goods and services.

Concept:

• Special chemicals known as hormones play a crucial role in providing chemical coordination, integration, and regulation within the human body.
• These hormones are responsible for regulating metabolism, growth, and the development of organs in our body, with the help of endocrine glands or specific cells.
• Endocrine glands are characterized by the absence of ducts and are referred to as ductless glands. The secretions of these glands are called hormones.
• Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals that function as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts.
• The endocrine system comprises endocrine glands and hormone-producing diffused tissues or cells located in various parts of the body.
• Organized endocrine bodies include the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, parathyroid, thymus, and gonads (testis in males and ovary in females).
• Additionally, other organs like the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, and heart also produce hormones.

Thus, the correct match is (a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) -(iv), (d) - (i).

The Properties of Infrared, Visible, and Ultraviolet Radiations/Light

• The Wavelength of Infrared vs. Ultraviolet Radiation: The statement that the wavelength of infrared is more than that of ultraviolet radiation is correct.
• The Wavelength of Ultraviolet vs. Visible Light: The statement that the wavelength of ultraviolet is smaller than that of visible light is correct.
• The Photon Energy of Ultraviolet vs. Visible Light: The statement that the photon energy of visible light is more than that of infrared light is correct.
• The Energy of Ultraviolet Light: The energy of ultraviolet light is greater than that of visible light because ultraviolet light has a shorter wavelength.

Note:

• The order of frequency is as follows: Radio Waves < Microwaves < Infrared Radiation < Visible Light < Ultraviolet Radiation < X-rays < Gamma Rays.
• The order of wavelength is as follows: Radio Waves > Microwaves > Infrared Radiation > Visible Light > Ultraviolet Radiation > X-rays > Gamma Rays.

Concept:

• Molarity:
  • It is defined as the moles of a solute per litres of a solution.
  • It is also known as the molar concentration of a solution.
• Molality:
  • It is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
• Mole fraction:
  • It is the ratio of moles of a component with the total moles of solute and solvent.
• Mass%:
  • It is the percentage of the mass of solute or solvent w.r.t total mass of solution.
• Formulas:​
  

Explanation:

• Molality depends on the mass of the solvent.
• And ,mass is not dependent on temperature.
• So, Molality is independent of temperature.

Additional Information

• Normality:
  • It is defined as the number of gram equivalent per litre of solution.
  • Also known as equivalent concentration.
  • Normality = Number of gram equivalents / [volume of solution in litres]
• Normality is inversely proportional to temperature.
• ​Volume is directly proportional to temperature.
• Molarity is inversely proportional to volume.
• Molarity is inversely proportional to temperature.
• Molality is not dependent on temperature.

Female Literacy Rate of Bihar- 51.50%
Key Points

• Bihar Literacy Rate 2011:
  • ​The literacy rate in Bihar has seen an upward trend and is 61.80% as per the 2011 population census.
  • Male literacy stands at 71.20% while female literacy is at 51.50%.
  • As per details from Census 2011, Bihar has a population of 10.41 Crores, an increase from the figure of 8.30 Crore in the 2001 census.
  • The total population of Bihar as per the 2011 census is 104,099,452 of which males and females are 54,278,157 and 49,821,295 respectively.
  • In 2001, total population was 82,998,509 in which males were 43,243,795 while females were 39,754,714.
  • The total population growth in this decade was 25.42% while in the previous decade it was 28.43%.
  • The population of Bihar forms 8.60% of India in 2011.

Biosphere reserves of India:

• Total 18 numbers of Biospheres are present in India.
• 12 of the 18 biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list.

Except above 4 biospheres, the rest of 8 biospheres that are included in the MAB program is the following:

Analysis of Solution:

• Quarter past twelve indicates that it is 15 minutes after 12:00.
• When the hour hand is pointing to the east, the opposite direction to the minute hand is determined.
• The image below illustrates this scenario:
  

Now, let's understand the direction when the hour hand points to the east:
Hour hand points to the east

Therefore, the opposite direction to the minute hand in this scenario is North.
Hence, the correct answer is "Option (4)".

Ranking of Bihar in Providing Electricity to Urban Areas
In News

• Bihar has surpassed UP and Jharkhand in power supply to urban areas.

Key Points

• Bihar is leading the neighboring states of UP and Jharkhand in power supply.
• Bihar holds the 25th rank in terms of providing electricity to urban areas.
• Urban areas in Bihar receive power supply for 23.1 hours, slightly below the national average of 23.57 hours.
• States like UP, Jharkhand, and Jammu and Kashmir are lagging behind Bihar in power supply.
• Bihar is positioned 18th in terms of power supply in rural areas.
• Rural regions in Bihar receive power supply for 20.1 hours.
• States trailing behind Bihar in rural power supply are Manipur, Assam, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir.
• This information is derived from the ranking and ratings of power companies nationwide released by Rural Electrification Corporation Limited.

In News

• The Hindu: India’s recently discovered frog species is a dark cave dweller found in Meghalaya.

Key Points
Amolops siju:

• Scientists from the Shillong and Pune units of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have identified a new frog species in the Siju Cave of Meghalaya. Hence, option 4 is correct.
• The Amolops siju is the first cave-dwelling cascade frog species found in the northeastern region.
• It has been named after Siju, a natural cave stretching 4 km in Meghalaya’s South Garo Hills district.
• This frog species is the second cave-dwelling frog species recorded in India, following the Micrixalus spelunk in Tamil Nadu nine years ago.

Siju Cave:

• Siju Cave is situated in Meghalaya.
• The cave is known to host over 100 faunal species, mainly invertebrates such as cave crickets, spiders, beetles, and earthworms.

Meta is set to launch the AI language model LLaMA.

• LLaMA is a large language model developed by META that is similar to ChatGPT.
• The main objective of the model is to assist researchers in the field of AI.
• LLaMA is the third large language model developed by META.
• The first was Glactica, and the second was Blender.
• LLaMA is a collection of language models that range from 7B to 65B parameters.
• It trains its models on trillions of tokens claiming that it is possible to train state-of-the-art models using public datasets and not relying on proprietary and inaccessible data sets.
• According to Meta, training smaller foundational models such as LLaMA is ideal as they require significantly low computing power and resources to test, validate and explore new use cases.
• Foundational language models are known to train on large chunks of data that are unlabeled and this makes them ideal for customising according to various tasks.
• Meta has said that it will offer LLaMA in sizes such as 7B, 13B, 33B, and 65B parameters.

Health Ministry Nationwide Campaign to Combat Filariasis

• The Union Health Ministry has initiated a nationwide mass drug administration (MDA) campaign with the goal of eradicating filariasis disease transmission. This campaign involves the door-to-door distribution of anti-filarial drugs, particularly in 10 heavily impacted States.
• India's objective is to eliminate filariasis by the year 2027, which is three years ahead of the global target set for this purpose.
• The states with high burden areas include Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh.
• Filariasis is a parasitic infection caused by tiny, thread-like worms known as filariae.
• It is transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes and affects a significant number of individuals in tropical and subtropical regions across the globe.
• Lymphatic filariasis is the result of infection with parasites belonging to the nematode family Filariodidea (roundworms).
• The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a treatment regimen called IDA, which comprises a combination of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine citrate, and albendazole to expedite the global elimination of lymphatic filariasis.