CTET Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 (Social Science) - CTET & State TET MCQ

trial and error method is more useful for Ariving at a conclusion as for only this option one can apply trial and error method to get the answer directly.

Gender parity is a numerical concept related to gender equality. Gender parity concerns relative equality in terms of numbers and proportions of women and men, girls and boys, and is often calculated as the ratio of female-to-male values for a given indicator.

Limitation is not a learning method because if there will be limitation in any of the learning process, one cannot grow.

Insight, in learning theory, immediate and clear learning or understanding that takes place without overt trial-and-error testing. Insight occurs in human learning when people recognise relationships or make novel associations between objects or actions that can help them solve new problems.

Teacher should overlook this fact and treat such a child at par with other children.

Age is a personal matter. It doesn't reflect environment, cognition or society. So, option (2) is the correct answer.

Physical health and mental health are both interrelated. Poor mental health is a risk factor for chronic physical conditions.

Engrams are theorised to be means by which memories are stored as biophysical or biochemical changes in the brain.

Children with learning disabilities have confusion between letters and alphabets that look alike. "Learning disability" is an "umbrella" term describing a number of other, more specific learning disabilities, such as dyslexia and dysgraphia.

In psychology, coping means to invest own conscious effort, to solve personal and interpersonal problems, in order to try to master, minimize or tolerate stress and conflict. Revolution does not belong to the category of coping strategies.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Socialization may be defined more comprehensively as a life-long process of inculcation whereby an individual learns the principles, values, and symbols of the social system in which he participates and the expression of those values and norms in the roles he enacts. 

According to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory, Cognition develops through the interaction between the child and the environment.​ Piaget’s theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of the child’s intelligence.

Lev Vygotsky states that the child’s mental strength grows when assisted by a more advanced and competent individual.

Assumptions of Vygotsky’s theory:

• The first assumption is that through informal and formal conversations and education, the competent individual can guide the children the way their culture interprets and responds to the world.
• The second assumption is that thought and language become increasingly independent in the first few years of life.
• The third assumption explains that mental strength increases when the children begin to involve them in social activities. When children grow, their internalize process increases and they begin to use them independently. This internalize process allows the children to transform ideas and process to make them unique.
• The children can do more challenging tasks when assisted by a competent individual. Vygotsky identified two levels of development are:
  • The actual development is the maximum ability of the child to perform individually and
  • Potential development is the maximum ability of the child to perform with the assistance of an experienced individual.
• The final assumption is that play allows children to stretch themselves cognitively. 

Hence, we can conclude that according to Lev Vygotsky, the primary cause of cognitive development is social interaction.

Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist and a contemporary of Jean Piaget proposed a theory of cognitive development known as 'Socio Cultural Theory'. Developmental Processes Society and culture of the children plays a vital role in the development of their cognition. 

Lawrence Kohlberg, an American psychologist, has propounded the 'Theory of Moral Development'. He has made a systematic study of moral development in his theory that is categorised into 3 levels and 6 stages.

The meaning of "progressive education" depends on the meaning assigned to the word 'progress'. Progress implies movement and movement involves changes in some direction. 'progressive education, is that body of educational thought that nourished in the fertile mind of John Dewey. 

Intelligence has been defined as the sum total of everything you know, as the ability to learn or profit from experience, as the ability to solve problems, or as the ability to cope with the demands of the environment. 

Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist and a social constructivist. He has propounded 'Socio-cultural Theory' which emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

• Lev Vygotsky emphasized that the acquisition of speech is the major activity in cognitive development. 
• He believed that cognitive skills and patterns of thinking are the product of the interaction between the individual and the socio-cultural institution where the individual grows up.

While our society provides us with an ecosystem that is necessary for our survival. It also has some flaws embedded within itself that discriminate and hinders the growth of a few sections of the society. In our Indian society, it has been a prolonged stereotype that women have the primary responsibility of taking care of household and men are responsible for taking care of the financial stability and the hard work related to it.

Children in Pre-operational stage have symbolic thinking but do not realize that actions can be reversed and their judgments are based on the immediate appearance of things. 
Cognitive development involves cognitive processes such as knowing, thinking, remembering, recognizing, categorizing, imagining, reasoning, decision-making, and so forth. Cognitive development proceeds as children mature. Piaget divided cognitive development into four stages.

• Sensorimotor (Birth – 2 years) & Preoperational (2-7 years)
• Concrete Operational (7-11 years) & Formal Operational (11 years and above)

​The Pre-operational Stage: This is the second stage of cognitive development which is basically a pre-logical stage as logic has not yet fully developed. It extends from two to seven years of age. They begin to think symbolically. During the Symbolic play, children can create mental images of objects and store them in their minds for later use. For example, such a child can draw a picture of or pretend to play with a puppy that is no longer present there.

The zone of potential development is the upper limit of tasks that a learner can successfully perform with the assistance of a more competent individual. It can be understood as the difference/gap between the actual developmental level and potential developmental level (the upper limit of tasks that a learner can successfully perform with the assistance of a more competent individual) that can be identified while a child is working on a problem.

Inclusive Education: It is concerned with the learning and participation of all students vulnerable to exclusionary pressures not only those with impairments or those who are categorised ‘having special educational needs’. Inclusion is all about embracing all.

In pre-childhood, the tendency of children to explore new and move around greatly increases.
Pre-childhood covers the period from 2 to 6 years. It is also known as the preschool stage. The characteristics of pre-childhood are:

• Some parents feel that behavioral problems of the childhood period are more troublesome than physical care of infants.
• Some behavioral problems occur during this period such as obstinacy, stubbornness, disobedience, and antagonistic.
• It is a toy age because most of the time children are engaged with their toys. These toys are also helpful to educate the children. Toys are an important element of their play activities.
• The tendency of children to explore new and move around greatly increases.
• This is a period when a child is considered physically and mentally independent. This is also a school-going age.
• Children become more self-sufficient, and independent, and develop self-esteem.
• This is the age of foundations of social behavior. They are a more organized social life they will be required to adjust to when they enter first grade.
• Develop physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development.

According to the principles of motivation, a teacher promotes learning through as a teacher, care should be taken that children behave ethically.
Principle of the motivation in learning:

• Motivation is controlled both intrinsically and extrinsically.
• Motivation should encourage curiosity in the students.
• The motivation should be blended with both praise and encouragement to develop self-reliance among the students.
• The teacher promotes learning through motivation by taking care of the students so that the students behave ethically. The role of the teacher is to guide in the learning process so they take part in the process actively instead of feeling that learning is a burden, the students should feel learning is fun and interesting.
• When students start behaving ethically it will help to develop their character, they will be able to judge which is good or bad, which help them to understand the world.
• The teacher should motivate the students by guiding them, not by forcing and punishment because the child may learn in fear of punishment, but he will never understand the knowledge because he studies in fear of punishment.

Assertion: The assertion is true. Inclusive education has the potential to mitigate social stigmas by promoting acceptance and inclusivity.

Reason: The reason is false. While inclusive education does aim to promote acceptance and understanding, it may not directly lead to the reduction of all social stigmas associated with disabilities.

Explanation: Both assertion and reason are individually correct statements, but the reason does not provide a direct or complete explanation for how inclusive education can significantly reduce all social stigmas associated with disabilities.

- Assertion is correct as feedback is essential for evaluating solutions in problem-solving.

- Reason is correct as decisions without feedback may indeed be less effective.

- The Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion, emphasizing the importance of feedback in problem-solving.

- Assertion is correct as individuals high in self-reliance are indeed inclined towards independence.
- Reason is correct as self-reliance signifies a self-sufficient nature rather than being dependent.
- The Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion as self-reliance inherently leads to independence.

• The assertion is incorrect as early infantile laughter often emerges earlier, around 2 to 3 months after birth.
• The reason is also inaccurate as infantile laughter primarily reflects physiological responses rather than deliberate social cues, making the explanation incorrect.

• Assertion is correct as stressful family environments can indeed have negative impacts on a child's learning abilities and emotional development.
• Reason is also correct as children in such environments may face challenges in forming healthy emotional bonds and in their learning processes.
• The Reason statement logically explains why stressful family environments can lead to issues in learning abilities and emotional development.