CTET Paper 2 Mock Test - 8 (Social Science) - CTET & State TET MCQ

The least restricted environment is a set up where disadvantaged students get the opportunity to be educated with the non-disadvantaged and non-disabled peers. Hence, it normalises the lives of children from deprived groups who were increasing the linkage of school with the parents and communities of these children.

'Enriched programme' can be used as it is a broad term for special practices, procedures and theories used in the education of children. An enrichment programme teaches additional related material to the student through the standard curriculum, faster than the normal.

All of the above given methods can be used to study the behaviour of the learners.
Observation is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other social scientists. This technique involves studying the spontaneous behaviour of participants in natural surroundings.
In the interview method, there is a direct face-to-face contact between the investigator and the subject. Through this method, the interviewer collects information about the subject by asking questions. The inner feelings of the subject become known to the investigator.
The experimental method is one of the most important and objective methods of psychology. Through this method, attempts are made to establish cause and effect relationships through carefully planned and controlled observation of the subject's behaviour.

Right to Education Act (RTE) is an act of the Parliament of India enacted on 4th August, 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.
After the implementation of RTE Act 2009, the classrooms are age-wise more homogeneous.

Educational diagnostic testing is a form of assessment that occurs before instruction begins. The purpose of administering diagnostic tests is to try to determine what students already know about the concepts and skills to be covered by instruction. So, it is to know the general area of weakness in class performance.

'Prediction' is the characteristic of aptitude. 'Aptitude' means 'a natural ability to do something'.

Due to propagation of exploratory and project-based learning, which is greatly influenced by cognitive characteristics of students, it is necessary to determine student's cognitive potential. Preliminary investigations have shown that it is possible to select an individual plan of a learning process for every student, ensuring successful learning of a whole subject field, on the assumption that the optimal cognitive strategy can be determined and realised.

Mental age ÷ Physical age × 100 = IQ
5/4 x 100 = 125
No matter what the child's chronological age is, if the mental age is the same as the chronological age, then the IQ will equal 100. Modern intelligence tests, including the current Stanford-Binet test, no longer compute scores using the IQ formula.

An anecdotal record is an observational method used frequently in classroom or learning settings in which the observer summarises a single developmental incident after the event has occurred. Written from memory, the anecdotal record documents a student's growth and trends.

Vygotsky on make-believe play and cognitive development:
Vygotsky viewed make-believe play as unique, broadly influential zone of proximal development in which children learn to act in accord with internal ideas rather than on impulse.

All learners make mistakes. As someone has said: "You can't learn without goofing". Whether you are learning how to ride a bicycle, how to fly a kite or learn a language, everyone does make mistakes.

The Achievement motivation theory narrates personal individualities and circumstantial to a need for achievement and the allied competitive drive to meet standards of excellence. Achievement Motivation Theory (AMT) clarifies the affiliation between an individual’s appearances and his/her need to accomplish roughly in life. In doing so, it also takes into account the kind of reasonable drive a person has to achieve set goals.

The constructivist frame/perspective is based on the idea that meaningful learning takes place when learners actively construct their own knowledge.

Assessment is done to determine the outcomes (what students have learned), process (the way they learned), and their approach to the learning before, during, or after the program or course.

• During instruction, the assessment can be used to determine what students are learning so that if there is a need, the teacher can adjust their teacher.
• It is a process-oriented approach that is used to identify the areas for improvement in the learning process.

Learning disability refers to a neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc. are the most common learning disability.

Noam Chomsky, known as the father of modern linguistics, has made a crucial contribution in the field of linguistics.

Problem-solving is an important part of thinking processes. In general, a problem is any kind of conflict or difference between one situation and another that one wishes to produce, that which is the goal. 

• Problem-solving can be done either with or without insight and utilizes analytical, synthetic thinking along with metacognition.
• An individual uses various kinds of methods or strategies to solve problems.
• Some strategies when used take a long time but definitely give an answer. On the other hand, there are some other strategies that take lesser time but do not always guarantee success.

Critical Thinking: Critical thinking is a process that is way beyond mental exercise. It ensembles the various mechanisms of reasoning which enable us to, analyze, synthesize, process, and evaluate the information.

Thorndike developed his theory based on his famous experiment on the cat and the puzzle box.

In the context of socio-cultural, psychologists proposed that human learning is largely a social process. Lev Vygotsky, a psychologist also proposed a theory that learning is developed through social interaction and plays an important role in the development of a learner's cognitive ability.​

Cognitive development aims to study a child's development, especially information processing, conceptual processing, perceptual skills, language learning, and other aspects related to brain development. The process of striking a balance between adjustment and assimilation. Whereas on the other hand adaptation (a relatively stable structure) occurs when the child strikes a balance between the two processes while trying to internalize the perceived processes.

Childhood refers to the period of the human lifespan, ranging from birth to puberty. It consists of many developmental stages and 'adolescence' is one of them.
'Adolescence' comes from the Latin word 'Adolescere' which means 'to grow to become mature'. It a stage which lies between the age of '12 to 19 years'.
According to Stanley Hall:

• Adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings.
• The time period of transition from childhood and adolescence is of great stress.
• Adolescence fails to think clearly and it creates great frustration and stress in their lives.

So, it could be concluded that "Adolescence is the period of great stress, strain, storm and strike" is the statement of Stanley Hall.

In childhood, physiological development follows the cephalocaudal sequence. their growth occurs from head to extreme parts.
In adolescents, their body size will increase, with the feet, arms, legs, and hands sometimes growing “faster” than the rest of the body. it does not follow the cephalocaudal sequence.
So, growth in adolescents is reverse of that in childhood because in adolescents hands feet and legs accelerate first than other parts.

In concrete operational stage, the child responds to inferred reality. Children are much less egocentric in the concrete operational stage. It falls between the ages of 7 to 11 years old and is marked by more logical and methodical manipulation of symbols. The main goal at this stage is for a child to start working things out inside their head.

Constructivist pedagogy places the child at the centre of the learning, and can also be referred to as ‘invisible pedagogy’. It is an approach to learning in which learners are provided the opportunity to construct their own sense of what is being learned by building internal connection or relationship among the ideas and facts being taught.” 

- The assertion is true as socialization and education have become less distinct over time.

- The reason is true as the 'Gardening' approach to education involves teaching values traditionally linked with socialization.

- However, while both statements are true, the reason does not directly explain the assertion, making Option B the correct answer.

- The Assertion is correct as gender bias in the classroom can indeed influence students' attitudes towards learning.

- The Reason is also accurate because teachers having lower expectations for girls' academic success compared to boys is a known phenomenon.

- The Reason serves as a correct explanation for the Assertion as the differential treatment based on gender can impact how students perceive their own abilities and potential, affecting their attitudes towards learning.

Assertion: The assertion is true. Inclusive education indeed helps students appreciate diversity and fosters collaborative skills.

Reason: The reason is false. While inclusive education promotes respect for differences, the direct correlation with developing cooperative skills is not well-established.

Explanation: The reason does not provide a correct explanation for the assertion. While inclusive education does promote collaboration, the direct link to developing cooperative skills is not explicitly established in the assertion.

- The assertion that children with higher intelligence tend to achieve developmental milestones quicker is correct.

- The reason that intelligence impacts various aspects of development like physical growth, cognitive processes, and academic success is also correct.

- The reason statement explains why children with higher intelligence achieve developmental milestones quicker, making it the correct explanation for the assertion.

• The assertion is accurate as infants indeed engage in vocal play during this developmental stage.
• The reason is also true as vocal play demonstrates the child's experimentation with different sound types and patterns.
• Importantly, the reason correctly explains why vocal play is a significant aspect of language development during this period.