CUET Psychology Previous Year Solved Paper 1 (25 August 2022 Slot-1) - Humanities/Arts MCQ

Componential Intelligence : Componential or analytical intelligence is the analysis of information to solve problems. Persons high on this ability think analytically and critically and succeed in schools.

Group tests, however, do not allow an opportunity to be familiar with the subjects’ feelings. Individual tests allow people to answer orally or in a written form or manipulate objects as per the tester’s instructions. Group tests generally seek written answers usually in a multiple-choice format.

With respect to the role of environment, studies have reported that as children grow in age, their intelligence level tends to move closer to that of their adoptive parents. Children from disadvantaged homes adopted into families with higher socioeconomic status exhibit a large increase in their intelligence scores.

Giftedness is exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas.

An ordinary individual who is engaged in simple occupations like pottery, carpentry, cooking, etc. can also be creative.

Social competence (respect for social order, commitment to elders, the young and the needy, concern about others, recognising others’ perspectives).

Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) Test is an example of a non-verbal test.

Classification of psychological disorders has been done by the WHO (ICD-10) and the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-5).

Extraversion and introversion are considered to be opposite ends of a single dimension, with individuals varying in their placement along this continuum. While some people are highly extraverted or introverted, many individuals fall somewhere in between these two extremes.

For most behaviourists, the structural unit of personality is the response. Each response is a behaviour, which is emitted to satisfy a specific need.

Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, developed a trait theory of personality in which he identified three different types of traits that influence a person's behavior: Cardinal Traits, Central Traits, and Secondary Traits.
Cardinal Traits:

• Highly generalised disposition
• Determines the primary goals and motivations in a person's life
• Rare and not found in every person
• Examples include an extreme level of altruism, selfishness, or ambition

Central Traits:

• Characteristics that make up an individual's core personality
• Common in most people and are easily observable
• Examples include honesty, friendliness, and intelligence

Secondary Traits:

• Less important traits that influence behavior in specific situations
• Not as consistent as central traits
• Examples include preferences, attitudes, and situational reactions

In summary, Gordon Allport considered cardinal traits as highly generalised dispositions that indicate the goal around which a person's entire life seems to revolve.

GAS  -  General Adaptation Syndrome

Selye studied this issue by subjecting animals to a variety of stressors such as high temperature, X-rays and insulin injections, in the laboratory over a long period of time. He also observed patients with various injuries and illnesses in hospitals. Selye noticed a similar pattern of bodily response in all of them. He called this pattern the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).

It consists of ‘the three Cs’, i.e. commitment, control, and challenge. Hardiness is a set of beliefs about oneself, the world, and how they interact.

Coping is a dynamic situation-specific indiv idual reaction to stress. There are three main types of coping, task-oriented, emotion-oriented, and avoidance-oriented coping.

These are the personal stresses we endure as individuals, due to the happenings in our daily life, such as noisy surroundings, commuting, quarrelsome neighbours, electricity and water shortage, traffic snarls, and so on. Attending to various emergencies are daily hassles experienced by a housewife.

Many people with schizophrenia develop delusions. A delusion is a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds. It is not affected by rational argument, and has no basis in reality.

Another type of anxiety disorder is panic disorder, which consists of recurrent anxiety attacks in which the person experiences intense terror.

This model states that psychological disorders develop when a diathesis (biological predisposition to the disorder) is set off by a stressful situation.

Very often people who hav e been caught in a natural disaster (such as tsunami) or have been
victims of bomb blasts by terrorists, or been in a serious accident or in a war-related situation, experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

People who have phobias have irrational fears related to specific objects, people, or situations.

Illness anxiety disorder involves persistent preoccupation about developing a serious illness and constantly worrying about this possibility.

These disorders include problems associated with the use and abuse of alcohol, cocaine, tobacco and opiods among others, which alter the way people think, feel and behave.

The terms conduct disorder and antisocial behaviour refer to age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of others. The behaviours typical of conduct disorder include aggressive actions that cause or threaten harm to people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property damage, major deceitfulness or theft, and serious rule violations.

In bulim ia nervosa, the indiv idual m ay eat excessive amounts of food, then purge her/his body of food by using medicines such as laxatives or diuretics or by vomiting. The person often feels disgusted and ashamed when s/he binges and is relieved of tension and negative emotions after purging.

Psychological factors are also emphasised by the cognitive model. This model states that abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems. People may hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate.

Psychodynamic therapy is of the  view that intrapsychic conflicts, i.e. the conflicts that are present within the psyche of the person, are the source of psychological problems. According to behaviour therapies, psychological problems arise due to faulty learning of behaviours and cognitions.
The existential therapies postulate that the questions about the meaning of one’s life and existence are the cause of psychological problems.

• Learning through exposure to information : Many attitudes are learned in a social context, but not necessarily in the physical presence of others.
• Today, with the huge amount of information that is being provided through various media, both positive and negative attitudes are being formed.
• By reading the biographies of selfactualised persons, an individual may develop a positive attitude towards hard work and other aspects as the means of achieving success in life.

• The two-step concept was proposed by S.M.
• Mohsin, an Indian psychologist. According to him, attitude change takes place in the form of two steps. In the first step, the target of change identifies with the source. 

In addition, one must also consider the direction and extent of attitude change. An attitude change may be congruent — it may change in the same direction as the existing attitude (for example, a positive attitude may become more positive, or a negative attitude may become more negative).