CUET Psychology Previous Year Solved Paper 2 (25 August 2022 Slot-2) - Humanities/Arts MCQ

Id : It is the source of a person’s instinctual energy. It deals with immediate gratification of primitive needs, sexual desires and aggressive impulses. It works on the pleasure principle, which assumes that people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain.

Maslow has given a detailed account of psychologically healthy people in terms of their attainment of self-actualisation, a state in which people have reached their own fullest potential.

Contextual or practical intelligence involves the ability to deal with environmental demands encountered on a daily basis. It may be called ‘street smartness’ or ‘business sense’.

Rogers suggests that each person also has a concept of ideal self. An ideal self is the self that a person would like to be. When there is a correspondence between the real self and ideal self, a person is generally happy. Discrepancy between the real self and ideal self often results in unhappiness and dissatisfaction. Rogers’ basic principle is that people have a tendency to maximise self-concept through self-actualisation.

Projective techniques were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings. These techniques are based on the assumption that a less structured or unstructured stimulus or situation will allow the individual to project her/ his feelings, desires and needs on to that situation.

In reaction formation, a person defends against anxiety by adopting behaviours opposite to her/ his true feelings.

16PF The test can be used with high school level students as well as with adults. It has been found extremely useful in career guidance, vocational exploration, and occupational testing.

Self-regulation refers to our ability to organise and monitor our own behaviour.

Relaxation procedures are used to decrease the anxiety levels.

Social support may be in the form of tangible support or assistance involving material aid, such as money, goods, services, etc.

Internal pressures stem from beliefs based upon expectations from inside us to ourselves such as, ‘I must do everything perfectly’. Such expectations can only lead to disappointment.

Emotional Effects : Those who suffer from stress are far more likely to experience mood swings, and show erratic behaviour that may alienate them from family and friends.

Exhaustion stage : Continued exposure to the same stressor or additional stressors drains the body of its resources and leads to the third stage of exhaustion.

To avoid separation, children with SAD may fuss, scream, throw severe tantrums, or make suicidal gestures.

Proactive aggression ( i.e. dominating and bullying others without provocation).

People with schizophrenia may have hallucinations, i.e. perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli.

Another group of disorders which are of special interest to young people are eating disorders.
These include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating.

Hyperactiv ity also takes many forms. Children with ADHD are in constant motion. Sitting still through a lesson is impossible for them. The child may fidget, squirm, climb and run around the room aimlessly.

Positive symptoms are ‘pathological excesses’ or ‘bizarre additions’ to a person’s behaviour.

Alternative therapies are so called, because they are alternative treatment possibilities to the conventional drug treatment or psychotherapy.
There are many alternative therapies such as yoga, meditation, acupuncture, herbal remedies and so on. In the past 25 years, yoga and meditation have gained popularity as treatment programmes for psychological distress.

The humanistic therapy values personal growth as the chief benefit.

Confidentiality of the client should be maintained.
Other feature of Ethics in Psychology are : 

• Alleviating personal distress and suffering should be the goal of all attempts of the therapist.
• Integrity of the practitioner-client relationship is important.
• Respect for human rights and dignity.
• Professional competence and skills are essential.

The rationale is that the client’s distress has its origins in the biological, psychological, and social realms. Hence, addressing the biological aspects through relaxation procedures, the psychological ones through behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy techniques and the social ones with environmental manipulations makes CBT a comprehensive technique which is easy to use, applicable to a variety of disorders, and has proven efficacy

Aversive conditioning refers to repeated association of undesired response with an aversive consequence.

The first step in RET is the antecedentbeliefconsequence (ABC) analysis. Antecedent events, which caused the psychological distress, are noted. The client is also interviewed to find the irrational beliefs, which are distorting the present reality.

The experiment consisted of four phases, viz. friendship formation, group formation, intergroup competition, and intergroup cooperation

Cohesiveness refers to togetherness, binding, or mutual attraction among group members.

The door-in-the-face technique : In this technique, you begin with a large request and when this is refused a later request for something smaller, the one that was actually desired, is made, which is usually granted by the person.

A major difference between primary and secondary groups is that primary groups are preexisting formations which are usually given to the individual whereas secondary groups are those which the individual joins by choice.

Tuckman suggested that groups pass through five developmental sequences. These are: forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning