HSSC TGT Science Mock Test - 10 - HSSC PGT/TGT MCQ

Concept

• Biomass refers to organic plant matter.
• This is converted into fuel and used as an energy source.
• Biomass fuel is considered to be of great importance.
• It plays the role of a renewable and sustainable source of energy.
• Biomass is used for the production of electricity.
• It is capable of replacing fossil fuels.
• Organic materials which can be recycled are excellent sources to produce biomass fuel.
• The biomass can be burnt directly and later converted into methane and ethanol biofuels.

Explanation

Bagasse

• It is the fibrous plant residue left after sugarcane juice extraction.
•  In sugar factories, 30% of total sugarcane crushed is bagasse.
• This bagasse is used as a fuel to power boilers.
• It is also used to produce paper.

Thus, bagasse is a potential source of biomass energy.

Important Points

Child development refers to the psychosocial, physical, and cognitive development of children. It extends from birth to the beginning of adulthood.

• Physical development of humans involves growth and changes in the brain and the body including sense organs, motor skills, health, etc.
• Psychosocial development involves changes in personality, social relationships, and emotions.
• Cognitive development involves changes in memory, language, reasoning, creativity, etc.

Key PointsPrinciples of Child development are:

• All areas of development are important. Development is a lifelong process.
• It proceeds at different rates.
• It is a continuous process. 
• Development results from maturity and experience.
• Maturation is a sequence of orderly biological changes in children.
• Most of the maturation depends on changes in the nervous system and brain.
• It helps young children to grasp abilities and skills with appropriate experiences.
• Early experiences have profound effects on development and learning.
• Development is influenced by both nurture and nature.

Hence we can conclude that development occurs due to interaction between maturation and experience is the only principle of child development. 

Concept;

• The term ‘Greenhouse effect’ has been derived from a phenomenon that occurs in a greenhouse.
• The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon.
• It is responsible for heating of Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
• The absorption of solar radiation with the help of greenhouse gases (Carbon dioxide and Methane etc.)  is called the greenhouse effect.
• An increase in the level of greenhouse gases has led to considerable heating of Earth leading to global warming.

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Explanation:

Tidal Energy:

• Due to the gravitational pull of mainly the moon on the spinning earth, the level of water in the sea rises and falls.
• This phenomenon is called high and low tides and the difference in sea levels gives us tidal energy.
• Tidal energy is harnessed by constructing a dam across a narrow opening to the sea.

Geothermal Energy:

• Due to geological changes, molten rocks formed in the deeper hot regions of the earth’s crust are pushed upward and trapped in certain regions called ‘hot spots'.
• When underground water comes in contact with the hot spot, steam is generated.
• The steam trapped in rocks is routed through a pipe to a turbine and used to generate electricity.

Wind Energy:

• To generate electricity, the rotatory motion of the windmill is used to turn the turbine of the electric generator.
• Generally, the kinetic energy of wind changed into electrical energy.

Biogas:

• Cow-dung, various plant materials like the residue after harvesting the crops, vegetable waste, and sewage are decomposed in the absence of oxygen to give bio-gas.
• Biogas is an excellent fuel as it contains up to 75% methane.
• Methane is the major component of Greenhouse gas.

Thus, biogas can lead to the greenhouse effect.

The correct answer is Mela Baba Ramakshah.

Key Points

• Baba Ramakshah Fair is organized at Khubru situated in district Sonepat during the months of February-March.
  • The fair is organized on Pooranmasi in the month of Phalguna (February-March).
• Baba Ramakshah was a saint belonging to Sayeed Community.
  • He used to treat diseases of people with herbs.
  • He was worshipped by many folks.
  • After his death, his grave was made by Hindu and Muslim devotees.

Additional Information

• Khubru is a Village in Ganaur Tehsil in Sonipat District of Haryana State.
  • It belongs to Rohtak Division.
  • As per census 2011, Khubru has a total population of 3,578 peoples, out of which male population is 1,911 while female population is 1,667.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• The average annual rainfall is around 450 mm, of which the average monthly rainfall received during the July and August months is 133.4 and 116.2 mm, respectively.
• The average monthly rainfall during September is 54.5 mm and in June is 49.8mm.
• The average rainfall received during the monsoon season is around 354 mm.
• The rainfall received in an area is an important parameter that determines the availability of the required quantity of water to meet various types of demand including agricultural, industrial, domestic water supply, and power generation as well.
• The variation of rainfall since it affects the food production and availability of fresh water.
• Most of the year, the climate of Haryana is of a pronounced continental character, very hot in summer and markedly cold in winter.
• The rainfall in the region is low and erratic except in parts of Karnal, Kurukshetra, and Ambala Districts.

Key Points

• The purpose of the ‘TeerthDarshan’ scheme of the Haryana Government is to pilgrimage to senior citizens.
• Senior citizens, more than sixty years of age in the state, could go on a pilgrimage within the country at government expense.
• It was announced by the Chief Minister of Haryana state ManoharLalKhattar.

The correct answer is 11.

Key Points

• The Government has notified the appointments of another 11 High Court Judges in the Punjab and Haryana High Court.
• The appointments include the names Nidhi Gupta, Namit Kumar, Harsh Banger, and more.
• On 13th August, 2022, the govt had appointed 26 High Court Judges in the High Courts of Allahabad, Andhra, Telangana, Gauhati, Orissa and Himachal Pradesh.

Important Points

• These include:
  1. Nidhi Gupta
  2. Naresh Singh Shekhawat
  3. Deepak Manchanda
  4. Jagmohan Bansal
  5. Harsh Bunger
  6. Alok Kumar Jain
  7. Sanjay Vashisth
  8. Tribhuvan Dahiya
  9. Namit Kumar
  10. Harkesh Manuja
  11. Aman Chaudhary.
• These names were recommended by high court collegium in March 2022.
• The high court has current strength of judges at 46 against the sanctioned strength of 85.
• With these appointments, the number would go upto 57.

The correct answer is 1266.Key Points

• Maham town situated in district Rohtak was rebuilt by a person called Peshora of Kayastha (Baniya) Community in 1266.
• It had been under the control of various Muslim and Rajput rulers.
• Following are the major historical attractions found here:
  • Harappan site:
    • Various excavations showing the relation of the city with Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) have been done.
    • Ponds in the city are thought to be dug by IVC people to store the rainwater.
  • Mughal Culture:
    • Shahjahan ki Baoli (Choro Ki Bawdi) is 101 stepwell constructed with Lakhori Bricks.
  • Mosques:
    • Jama Masjid (built by Khwaja Rahmet Ullah).
    • Pirzada Masjid (built by Sheikh Yasaf).
    • Tombs of Ramzan Mahami and Gulam Hussain Mahami.

Additional Information

• Haryana:
  • Lok Sabha seats - 10
  • Rajya Sabha seats - 5
  • Vidhan Sabha seats - 90
  • State Animal - Blackbuck
  • State Bird - Black francolin
  • State tree - Peepal Tree
  • State flower - Lotus
  • National Parks - Kalesar National Park, Sultanpur National Park.
  • Dams - Kaushalya Dam (Kaushalya River), Ottu barrage (Ghaggar River), Anagpur Dam (Hakra River)

The correct answer is Gavambhavana.

• In ancient times, Gohana was known as Gavambhavana and was considered a sacred place.
  • ​Gohana is a city in Sonipat district in the Indian state of Haryana.

Additional Information

• Haryana is an Indian state located in the northern part of the country.
  • It was separated from the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on linguistic grounds.
  • It ranks 21st in terms of area with less than 1.4% of India's land area.
  • The state capital is Chandigarh, which it shares with the neighboring state of Punjab.

The correct answer is option 2 i.e Kaushalya.

• The Ghaggar-Hakra River flows through India and Pakistan only during the monsoon season.
  • Originated from Shivalik Hills, Himachal Pradesh.
  • Mouth: Ottu, Haryana.
  • Kaushalya river is a left bank tributary of Ghaggar River.
  • The Kaushalya Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Kaushalya river.
  • The main tributaries of the Ghaggar are the Kaushalya river, Markanda, Sarsuti, Tangri and Chautang.
  • Important right bank tributaries:
    • Markanda river.
    • Sarsuti.
    • Tangri river.
    • Chautang.
• South Koel River, a tributary of the Brahmani River.
• The Yamuna river originating from the Yamunotri Glacier.
  • Yamuna river is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganga.
  • Longest tributary of Ganga in India.
  • Joins with the Ganga river at Prayag, Allahabad.
  • Major tributaries are Chambal, Ken, Tons, Betwa.
• The Saraswati River is one of the main rivers mentioned in the Rig Veda.
  • River consider as sacred by the Vedic Aryans.

The correct answer is Mangrove forests.

• All the given types of forest exist in Haryana except the Mangrove forests.
• Mangroves found in the coastal areas and in the delta of the Ganga region, Sundarban of West Bengal are Mangrove forests.
• Subtropical Thorn forests can be seen in the western region.
• Subtropical dry deciduous forest is in Northeastern region.
• Tropical moist deciduous forest can be seen in the northern region of Haryana in Shiwalik range.

Notes:

• Types of forest in India:
• Tropical Evergreen Rain Forests
  • These forests are found where rainfall is more than 200 cm.
  • They are found in the Northeastern regions of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, the Western Ghats, the Tarai areas of the Himalayas, and the Andaman groups of Islands.
  • Sandal Wood, Rosewood, Mahogany, and bamboo.
• Deciduous or Monsoon Type of Forests
  • These forests are found where rainfall is between 100 cm and 200 cm.
  • They are found on the lower slope of the Himalayas, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Orissa, Karnataka, Maharashtra Jharkhand, and the adjoining areas.
  • The leaves of these trees shed during dry winter and dry summer.
  • Teak, Deodar, Blue Gum, Pal Ash, Sal, Sandalwood, Ebony.
• Dry Deciduous Forests
  • These forests are found where rainfall is between 50 cm and 100 cm.
  • They are found in Central Deccan plateau, Punjab, Haryana, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and South-east of Rajasthan.
• Mountain Forests
  • On the foothills of the Himalayas until a height of 1500 meters, evergreen trees like Sal, teak, and bamboo grow copiously.
  • Alpine grasslands are found.
• Tidal or Mangrove Forests
  • Found in the deltas of the Cauvery, Krishna, Mahanadi, Godavari, and Ganga.
  • Sundarbans are the best example of mangrove forests.
  • Sundari tress is most important specie.
• Semi-Desert or thorny forests
  • These forests are found where rainfall is less than 50 cm.
  • Thorny bushes, acacia are found.
  • In Gujarat, Punjab, and Rajasthan, we found this type of forests.

Noise pollution is that unpleasant sound that causes uneasiness to the ear and can lead to serious health hazards. Increasing population, transportation, industries, factories, and residential areas collectively produce a large amount of noise. It is more prevalent in metropolitan cities compared to suburban areas. Traffic is the main noise pollution in urban areas.

• Sound is measured in units called decibels. The softest sound that healthy ears can hear is 0 decibel (close to total silence).
• A whisper is about 30 dB.
• Normal conversation is about 60 dB.
• A motorcycle engine running is about 95 dB.
• Noise above 70 dB over a prolonged period of time may start to damage your hearing.
• Loud noise above 120 dB can cause immediate harm to your ears.

The purpose of wearing seat belts while driving or riding in a vehicle is to reduce the risk of injury in the event of a collision. Seat belts help restrain occupants and prevent them from being ejected from the vehicle during a crash. They also distribute the force of impact across stronger parts of the body, such as the chest and hips, reducing the severity of injuries. Wearing seat belts is one of the most effective ways to protect yourself and your passengers in the event of an accident, and it's a legal requirement in many countries.

Additional Fact:
Studies have shown that seat belts can significantly reduce the likelihood of serious injury or death in a car crash. However, seat belts are only effective when worn correctly and consistently. Always ensure that seat belts are properly adjusted and securely fastened before starting your journey, regardless of how short the trip may be.

There are three different levels of teaching and teaching takes place at three levels progressively- memory level of teaching, understanding level of teaching, and reflective level of teaching. Teachers must keep in mind the developmental stage of the learners so that desired educational objectives can be achieved.

1. Memory level of teaching (MLT): Least thoughtful teaching

• It is the initial stage of teaching.
• It involves the habit of rote memorization. In such type of act, memory plays a key role.
• The teacher presents factual information before the learner. The learner tries to recall and memorize these facts with the least involvement of his/her thinking and reasoning power. It represents the involvement of the least thoughtful behavior.
• The evaluation includes oral, written, and essay-type examinations.

2. Understanding level of teaching (ULT): thoughtful teaching

• Understanding something is to perceive the meaning, grasp the idea, and comprehend the meaning.
• It focuses on the mastery of the subject.
• The teaching at the understanding level is of a higher quality than the one at the memory level.
• At this level of teaching, the teacher explains the student about the relationship between principles and facts and teaches them how these principles can be applied.
• The learner becomes more capable to think, present the facts in a more logical manner, analyze them properly, drawing inferences.
• The learner and the teacher are actively involved and protect personal interests and attitudes in this level of teaching.
• The evaluation includes both essay and objective type questions.

3. Reflective level of teaching (ULT): Most thoughtful level

• It is a problem-centric approach to teaching.
• Teaching at the reflective level represents the highest level of the teaching activities that can be carried out in the most thoughtful modes of operation providing the desirable quality of teaching situation and experience to the learner for utilizing and enhancing their cognitive abilities to the maximum.
• At this level, the student is made to face a real problematic situation. The student by understanding the situation and using his critical abilities succeeds in solving the problem.
• At this level, the emphasis is laid on identifying the problem, defining it, and finding a solution to it. The student’s original thinking and creative-abilities develop at this level.
• At this level, the learning environment is child-centric, where the learners have the authority to deal with the problem independently.
• The aim is to develop the reflective power of learners so that they can solve problems of their lives by reasoning, logic, and imagination and lead successful and happy lives.

Hence, At the reflective level of teaching the classroom environment is required to be sufficiently ‘open and independent’.

Reading is one of the main skills in language acquisition.

The ability to read is essential because:

1.  it is one of the ways in which a language can be learnt
2.  it enables us to gain further knowledge, and
3.  it helps in the all-round development of the learner and helps him to take his place in society.

Key Points Reading Fluency:

• Reading fluency is the synthesis of three factors:

1. Speed/Pace: Good reading must be fairly quick. The most common unit of measurement for reading pace is words per minute.
2. Accuracy: Inaccurate reading is useless. Accuracy depends on the extent to which meaning is easily and quickly constructed with the least interruptions. If there are a lot of interruptions, then it will be difficult to remember the relationship between what was read, what is being read and what will be read next.  A Proficient reader has many sight words in his/her brain. Sight words are such words that can be recognized without the need to decode them. At an even higher level, a reader is able to take in entire chunks of language at a time.
3. Prosody: The third factor that undergirds fluency in reading is prosody. This term refers to things such as rhythm, pitch, and tone. For example, when you ask a question, you may raise your voice slightly as you approach the end. To read effectively, you need to be able to “hear” the text and apply the corresponding features, even when you read silently.

Hence, it can be concluded that reading fluently means the ability to read a text with accuracy.

As 
According to the question, v‘ = 2v and B' = B/2
∴ 

Succinate undergoes dehydrogenation to form fumarate with the help of a membrane based enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. FADH₂ (reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide) is produced.

The resistance of a material at temperature T is given by 
R=R₀​[1+α(T−T₀​)]
Where R₀​= resistance at reference temperature T​₀=0^oC and α is the temperature coefficient of resistance. 
From the above equation, the unit of the temperature coefficient is per degree Celsius (/^oC). So, dimension will be [C⁻¹]

• Phaeophyceae or brown algae are mostly marine algae.
• They possess xanthophyll pigment, fucoxanthin due to which their color varies from olive green to various shades of brown. 
• Chlorophyceae or green algae are usually green in color usually due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and b. 
• The members of Rhodophyceae are commonly called red algae because of the predominance of the red pigment, phycoerythrin.
• Algae are useful to man in a variety of ways.
• Certain marine brown and red algae produce large amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding substances), e.g., algin (brown algae) and carrageen (red algae) which are used commercially. 

According to this total mass of reactants = total mass of product so no. of atoms of each element in reactant is equal to no. of atoms of that element in product

Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provide peat that has long been used as fuel.

The correct answer is Option D.

Due to hydrogen bonding in the liquid state there is less entropy than expected and it shows some negative deviation in the Trouton's rule. In vapor state there is more entropy and it shows positive deviation in the rule. Thus for ammonia the Trouton's rule is not applicable.

The dispersion is the difference in refracting of lights with highest and lowest velocities. Dispersion depends upon the refractive indexes of the two mediums. Thus, depending on the material of the prism.

Electron transport process makes direct use of oxygen to produce ATP molecules in respiration process.

The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second word denotes the specific epithet.

Hence, the Correct Answer is C

NCERT Reference: Topic- Nomenclature from chapter "The Living world" of NCERT.

If a predator is too efficient and overexploits its prey, then prey might become extinct. The predator will also become extinct for lack of food. Therefore, predators in nature are prudent.

Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic bridges between adjacent plant cells which develop in minute pores of their walls. They form a protoplasmic continuum called symplast.
It provides channels for controlled passage of small sized particles between adjacent cells as well as transfer of some specific signals.

• Each testicular lobule contains one to three highly coiled seminiferous tubules in which sperms are produced.
• Each seminiferous tubule is lined on its inside by two types of cells called male germ cells (spermatogonia) and Sertoli cells.
• The male germ cells undergo meiotic divisions finally leading to sperm formation, while Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells.

Hence, the Correct Answer is D

The correct answer is option A
 
Metal possesses two types of valency- Primary (ionizable) and secondary (non-ionizable) is the postulate of Werner.
Werner's theory states that-
1. Metals possess two types of valencies called primary /      ionizable and secondary / non - ionizable valency.
2. Every metal atom has a tendency to satisfy both its primary and secondary valencies.
3. The ligands satisfying secondary valencies are always directed towards fixed positions in space thereby giving a definite geometry to the complex but primary valencies are non - directional. 
MAIN POSTULATES OF WERNER'S THEORY -
(a) The central metal atom\ ion in a coordination compound exhibits two types of valencies - primary and secondary

(b) Primary valencies are ionisable and correspond to the number of charges on the complex ion. Primary valencies apply equally well to simple salts and to complexes and are satisfied by negative ions.

(c) Secondary valencies correspond to the valencies that a metal atom (or) ion exercises towards neutral molecules (or) negative ions in the formation of its complex ions.

d) Secondary valencies are directional and so a complex has a particular shape. The number and arrangement of ligands in space determines the stereochemistry of a complex.

In most systems, the initial growth is slow (lag phase), and it increases rapidly thereafter,  at an exponential rate (log or exponential phase). Here, both the progeny cells following mitotic cell division retain the ability to divide and continue to do so. However, with limited nutrient supply, the growth slows down leading to a stationary phase. If we plot the parameter of growth against time, we get a typical sigmoid or S-curve. A sigmoid curve is a characteristic of living organism growing in a natural environment. It is typical for all cells, tissues and organs of a plant.

Thus, the correct answer is option B.