HSSC TGT Science Mock Test - 5 - HSSC PGT/TGT MCQ

Concept:

​Noise pollution:

Noise pollution is generally defined as regular exposure to elevated sound levels that may lead to adverse effects in humans or other living organisms. According to the World Health Organization, sound levels less than 70 dB are not damaging to living organisms. Exposure for more than 8 hours to constant noise beyond 85 dB may be hazardous.

Sources of Noise Pollution:

1). Agricultural machine pollution:

Tractors, thrashers, harvesters, tube wells, powered tillers, etc. have all made agriculture highly mechanical but at the same time highly noisy. Noise level 90 dB to 98 dB due to the running of farm machines have been recorded in the state of Punjab.

2). Household pollution:

The household is an industry in itself and is a source of many indoor noises such as the banging of doors, noise of playing children, crying of infants, moving of furniture, the loud conversation of the inhabitants, etc. Besides these are the entertainment equipment in the house, namely the radio, record-players, and television sets. 

3). Transport pollution:

The automobile revolution in urban centers has proved to be a big source of noise pollution. Increasing traffic has given rise to traffic jams in congested areas where the repeated hooting of horns by impatient drivers pierce the ears of all road users. Heavy trucks, buses, trains, jet-planes, motor-cycles, scooters, mopeds, jeeps noise pollution, etc. are the cause of transport pollution.

4). Defense equipment pollution:

A lot of noise pollution is added to the atmosphere by artillery, tanks, launching of rockets, explosions, exercising of military airplanes, and shooting practices. Screams of jet engines and sonic booms have a deafening impact on the ears.

5). Industrial pollution:

Progress in technology or industrialization has resulted in creating noise pollu­tion. Textile mills, printing presses, engineering establishments, and metal works, etc. contribute heavily towards noise pollution. 

6). Miscellaneous Sources:

The automobile repair shops, construction-works, blasting, bulldozing, stone crushing, etc. are other sources of noise pollution.

• Soils are complex mixtures of minerals, water, air, organic matter, and countless organisms that are the decaying remains of once-living things.
• Soils are formed as a result of weathering of rocks.
• India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms and vegetation types.
• These have contributed to the development of various types of soils in India.
• Each soil has unique properties and characteristics.

Key-Points

Riverine soil:

• Khadar and Bhangar are types of riverine i.e. alluvial soil.
• Alluvial soil is also known as riverine soil because it is found in river basins and is formed when the velocity of streams and rivers slows.
• Alluvial soil is formed by the deposition of sediments carried by rivers starting from the mountains (its origin).
• When the river overflows, this soil is deposited on the riverbanks.

​​ Important Points

Some important points that distinguish between Khadar and Bhangar are:

Thus, Khadar and Bhangar are types of riverine i.e. alluvial soil.

Additional Information

Makherla soil: It is another name for laterite soil.

Regur soil: It is another name for black soil.

Urvara soil: It is the name for soils that are fertile in nature.

• Potential energy is the stored ability to perform work.
• To actually perform work, potential energy must be transformed into other forms of energy. 
• Sun is the major source of energy for the ecosystem.
• The chemical energy of food is the main source of energy required by all living organisms.
• This energy is transmitted to different trophic levels along the food chain.

Key-Points

Energy flow in the ecosystem:

• In a food chain, the energy flow follows the 10 per cent law.
• According to this law, only 10 per cent of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the other; the rest is lost into the atmosphere.
• This is clearly explained in the following figure and is represented as an energy pyramid.
• This energy is stored in various organic products in the plants from the sun via the process of photosynthesis.
• This is then passed on to the primary consumers in the food chain when the herbivores consume (primary consumers) the plants as food.
• Then conversion of chemical energy stored in plant products into kinetic energy occurs, degradation of energy will occur through its conversion into heat.
• The energy flow is: Primary (100%) → First level/ Primary (10%) → Second-level/ Secondary (1%) → Third level / Tertiary (0.1%).
• The energy flow in the ecosystem is clearly unidirectional.

Thus, the ​correct sequence of trophic levels with increasing potential energy is Decomposers, Secondary consumers, Primary consumers, ​Producers.

• ‘Climate Resilience Building among Farmers through Crop Residue Management’ is a regional project launched by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change under the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) on 28 December 2017.
• NAFCC is a Central government project under which 100% central grant is provided to the State Governments to aid them in climate change adaptation projects.
• Climate Resilience Building among Farmers through Crop Residue Management aims at tackling the problem of Stubble Burning.
• Its first phase was approved for Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan at a cost of approximately Rs. 100 Crore.

The correct answer is Shanno Devi.

Key-Points

• Shanno Devi-
  • ​she was the first speaker of Haryana state legislative assembly.
  • She served from 6-Dec-1966 till 17-Mar-1967.

Additional Information

• Rao Virendra Singh-
  • ​He was the second speaker of Haryana state legislative assembly.
  • He served from 17/03/1967 till 23/03/1967.
  • He also served as the chief minister of Haryana.
• Swaroop Singh-
  • ​He was elected to the Legislative Assembly and was also elected Deputy Speaker of Vidhan Sabha in Joint Punjab.
  • He served as Minister of Excise and Taxation and also as Minister of Development and Cooperation in Haryana.
  • He was the 6^th speaker of the Haryana state legislative assembly.
• Ran Singh-
  • ​He served in the Indian Army and retired from the post of Brigadier.
  • Later he joined politics and won the Vidhan sabha election from Beri.
  • He served as the 4^th speaker of the legislative assembly of Haryana.

Important Points

Speaker of the State assembly-

• Article 178- Deals with the 'Speaker/Deputy Speaker' of State Legislature.
• Article 182- Deals with the 'chairman/Deputy Chairman' of State Legislature.
• Article 164- Deals with the appointment of the council of Ministers and the Chief Minister'
• ​Speaker is elected by the assembly itself. Speaker remains in office during the life of the assembly.
• Speaker can vacate his/her office in three cases-
  • If he/she ceases to be a member of the assembly.
  • If he/she resign by writing to the deputy speaker.
  • If he/she is removed by a resolution passed by the majority of all the then members of the assembly.
• Power and duties of the speaker-
  • He/She maintain decorum and order in the assembly.
  • He/She is the final interpreter of the provisions of (a) The constitution (b) the rule and procedures and conduct of businesses of the assembly, and (c) legislative procedures within the assembly.
  • He/She can adjourn or suspend the assembly in the absence of a quorum.
  • He/She can apply the casting vote during the case of a tie.
  • He/She decides whether the bill is a money bill or not.
  • He/She appoints the chairman of all the committees of the assembly.

"Jean Piaget", a swiss psychologist, belongs to the cognitive school of psychology, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorised into four stages.

Educational Implications of Piaget's theory:

• Discovery learning.
• Practical learning situation.
• Flexibility in the curriculum.
• Acceptance of individual differences.
• Simple to the complex method of teaching.
• Sensitivity to children's readiness to learn.
• Equal importance to co-curricular activities.
• The curriculum should be based on the child's developmental level.

Hence, we conclude that the need for verbal teaching​ cannot be derived from Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

The Correct Answer is Option (4) i.e. 1-b, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a.

• 2011 Census of India was the 15^th Indian census which began on 1^st April 2010.
• The first synchronous census in India was held in 1881.

Census 2011

Important Points

Important data from census 2011 of Haryana:-

Additional Information

• Census 2011 was the seventh census after the independence and fifteenth census overall.
• 2011 Census Commissioner of India – C. Chandramouli.
• The motto of the Census – 'Our Census, Our Future'.

The correct answer is 872.

• Sex Ratio is the ratio of "number of female per 1000 male".
• Hisar is the second largest District of Haryana.
• Hisar is one of the 7 districts which was constituted with the establishment of Haryana.
• Hisar share borders with the Fatehabad, Jind, Rohtak and Bhiwani districts of Haryana.
• Hisar also shares a border with the state of Rajasthan.
• Hisar was established by Firozshah Tuglaq in 1354 A.D.
• According to the 2011 census, the total population of Hisar is 1,743,931.
• According to the 2011 census, the Sex ratio of Hisar is 872.
• According to the 2011 census, the Literacy rate of Hisar is 72.89%.
• According to the 2011 census, the Population density of Hisar is 438.

The correct answer is to slow down.

Key Points

• While driving on a curve the driver should slow down.
• There are three steps to drive through a curve safely:
  • When approaching a curve, slow down appropriately and position your car to the side of your lane which is opposite the direction of the curve.
  • If the road winds to the right, for example, move to the left side of your lane.
  • As you continue to drive through the curve, smoothly position your vehicle towards the other side of your lane.
  • When approaching the end of the bend, gradually ease back to the normal position in your lane, then accelerate out of it in a straight line.
• you must stay alert for other drivers and traffic while rounding a curve.
• If other vehicles are too close to the center of the road while you're driving through a curve, it could put you at risk of a head-on collision.

Work education is considered purposeful and meaningful physical labor, which is organized as the inherent part of the educational process.

Key Points

Characteristics of work education:

• Work education helps in initiating feelings of leadership and leadership skills.
• Work education benefits coordination in hand and brain.
• Work education helps in developing socially desirable values.
• Work education is an essential and significant factor in the learning process.
• Work education develops regular habits and a positive attitude to fulfill the basic needs of their body.
• Work education helps in the development of personality.
• Work education provides opportunities for experiencing conditions related to community services.

​​Hence, we can conclude that work education benefits co-ordination in hand and brain and work education is an essential and significant factor in the learning process both statements are correct.

The correct answer is Agroha.

• Maharaja Agrasen was a Vaish King of the Solar Dynasty who adopted Vanika Dharma for the benefit of his people.
  • Literally, Agrawal means the “Children of Agrasen” or the “People of Agroha”, a city in ancient Kuru Panchala, near Hisar in the Haryana region said to be founded by Maharaja Agrasen.

Key Points

• Agrasen was a great Indian king of the merchant city of Agroha.
  • He is a descendant of Kush, son of Lord Rama and was born in the 35th generation after Lord Rama.
  • He is credited with founding the kingdom of merchants named Agroha in northern India and is known for his compassion in refusing to kill animals in yagyas.

Additional Information

• History of Haryana:
  • The history of Haryana is very proud and it starts from the Vedic period.
  • This state is believed to be the birthplace of the mythological Bharata dynasty, after which the country got its name, Bharat.
  • Haryana has been discussed in our great epic Mahabharata. Before becoming the capital of India, it became a part of the history of India with the arrival of Muslims and the capital of India of Delhi and remained anonymous until the First War of Independence in 1857.
  • Their territories were either merged with the British territories or handed over to the rulers of Patiala, Nabha and Jind.
  • After the reorganization of Punjab on November 1, 1966, Haryana became a complete one.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages. 

According to Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory:

• Cognitive development takes place at different rates at different stages of development.
• Cognition develops through the interaction between the child and the environment.
• Piaget’s theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of the child’s intelligence.

Important Points

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

Hence, from the above explanation, it can be concluded that to understand the family tree, children need to use mental reversibility skills.

The processes meant for bringing about changes in the cognitive structure (structure of knowledge in one’s mind) in those who are being taught is called teaching.

• It refers to the actions of someone who is trying to assist others to reach their fullest potential in all aspects of development.

 Key Points The types of teaching according to stages of teaching :

• Memory stage - It is the first stage in which the learning is stored as a memory.
• Understanding stage - It takes place when the child starts making meaning from his learning.
• Reflection stage - It takes place when the child is able to think about his learning in a critical way. ​

Hence, the demonstration is the active engagement of the learner in the teaching-learning activity. It is not a stage of teaching rather it is a type of teaching method.

Important Points The important characteristics of teaching :

• Teaching is both Science and Art.
• Teaching is Complex - It uses all sorts of techniques, methods, and media. Teaching makes use of various techniques or skills such as questioning, probing, exemplifying, etc. 
• Teaching Visualizes Change in Behavior - These changes can be in the cognitive (knowledge), psychomotor (skills), and affective (attitudes) values of the learners. 
• Teaching can be Direct or Indirect - teachers may resort to either direct or indirect ways of teaching. As the teachers use such methods as lecture, demonstration, etc, and engage students in the face–to–face interaction, they are teaching them directly.

The correct answer is Parking allowed.

Key Points 

• Parking allowed:

•  Entry prohibited:

• Crossroad ahead:

Important Points 

There are three kinds of road signs in India: 

Mandatory Signs:

• These are the road signs that need to be followed compulsorily.
• These signs are used to make sure the free movement of traffic.
• By these signs, the road users are made aware of the specific laws, such as those of speed limits and no parking zones, etc.

Cautionary Signs:

• These traffic signs are required to make the road users realize potential dangers or safety hazards on the road.

Informatory Signs:

• These traffic signs are used to tell information like distances, fuel stations, nearby medical centers, public convenience, etc.

Here, I = 12.5 A, R = 3 cm = 3 x 10^-2 m 
x = 4 cm = 4 x 10^-2 m
∴ 

Oxygen is required by the germinating seed during aerobic respiration, it is the main source of energy for the seedlings until the formation of leaves. Oxygen is an atmospheric gas that is found in soil pore spaces. If a seed is buried too deeply within the soil or’the soil is water logged, the seed can be oxygen starved. If germinating seeds do not get air for respiration, they are still capable of respiration in absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration takes place in the seeds in the absence of free oxygen.

Krebs' cycle produces 2 GTP (or 2 ATP) through substrate level phosphorylation. Six molecules of NADH₂ and 2 molecules of FADH₂ for every two molecules of Acetyl CoA oxidised by it.

36 ATP molecules are produced during complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose.
So, 40 molecules of glucose will produce (36×40) ATP = 1440 ATP.

The frequency of radiation arising from the two close energy levels in hydrogen known as Lamb shift i.e. 1057 MHz is radio waves as it belongs to the short wavelength end of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Kirchoff's Law states that the algebraic sum of currents at a junction of an electric circuit is zero. ... Wheatstone bridge is formed by connecting a battery B or an electric source, a plug key K and a variable resistor X between the junctions A and D and a galvanometer G between the junctions C and D.

Fusion of two polar nuclei with one male gamete is called triple fusion. Primary endosperm nucleus is formed by this product of triple fusion that divide mitotically to form endosperm.

We are given that:
Focal length = 20 cm
In a convex mirror image is formed between focal length and mirror.
So the maximum distance is f i.e. focal length of the mirror.  
Now
f = 20 / 2 = 10 cm
Thus the largest distance of an image from a convex mirror is 10 cm.
 

• Heterospory refers to the production of spores of two different sizes and developmental patterns: microspores for males and megaspores for females.
• Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce two kinds of spores, macro (large) and micro (small) spores are known as heterosporous.

Fig: Heterosporous pteridophytes

Hence, the correct option is D.
NCERT Reference: Topic “PTERIDOPHYTES” of chapter Plant Kingdom.

is the right answer.

Absolute refractive index of a medium = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in in that medium.

Since the speed of light is maximum in vacuum, the refractive index cannot be less than unity.

According to the competitive exclusion principle, no two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time. Two species whose niches overlap may evolve by natural selection to have more distinct niches, resulting in resource partitioning.

So the correct answer is 'No two species can occupy exactly the same niche in the same geographical area.'

The female gametophyte (embryo sac) develops from a single functional megaspore. This megaspore undergoes three successive mitotic divisions to form eight nucleate embryo sacs.

The first mitotic division in the megaspore forms two nuclei. One nucleus moves towards the micropylar end while the other nucleus moves towards the chalazal end. Then, these nuclei divide at their respective ends and re-divide to form eight nucleate stages. As a result, there are four nuclei each at both the ends i.e., at the micropylar and the chalazal end in the embryo sac. At the micropylar end, out of the four nuclei only three differentiate into two synergids and one egg cell. Together they are known as the egg apparatus. Similarly, at the chalazal end, three out of four nuclei differentiates as antipodal cells. The remaining two cells (of the micropylar and the chalazal end) move towards the centre and are known as the polar nuclei, which are situated in a large central cell. Hence, at maturity, the female gametophyte appears as a 7-celled structure, though it has 8 nucleate.

Electron gain enthalpy values of noble gases are positive because they have stable electronic configuration and thus have no tendency to take additionalelectron.