Fill in the blanks in each of the paragraphs given below, with the most appropriate word or sentence from among the options given for each blank. Be guided by the overall style and meaning when you choose the answer. Then select the option which presents all appropriate parts. I) ___________ raw material was stored in (II) ______________ enabled inventory, wrapped in (III) ___________ with as minimal (IV) ___________ to the inventory as possible in order to avoid unnecessary (V) ________ . Q. The blanks in the above sentence can be filled sequentially by which of the following sets of words?

(I) excess, (II) sensor, (III) canvas, (IV) access, (V) canvass

(V) canvass, (I) excess, (II) access, (III) canvass, (IV) sensor, (V) canvas

(I) canvas, (II) access, (III) canvass, (IV) excess, (V) access

(I) sensor, (II) canvass, (III) canvas, (IV) access, (V) excess

Each of the questions has a statement. Pick from the options the most appropriate restatement of the given statement. Note that all the choices may be grammatically correct but you have to select the one that is closest in meaning to the given statement. The modern academic and professionalized study of history has divorced the genre from learning that compares different eras, and has thereby been able to examine societies far different from the historian's own, without the sense that these societies either had anything to teach or contributed in any way to the identity of the examining society.

Modern history is about societies and eras that ,are significant on their own and have not drawn from, or contributed to, any others.

Today's historian studies societies and eras that are significant on their own and is therefore not influenced by others that they, have drawn from, or contributed to.

Present day historians study societies and eras for their own significance alone and are therefore not influenced by the possibilities that these could have contributed to any others, even her own.

Insert commas wherever necessary in the following sentences to render the sentence coherent and identify the words sequentially after which commas will be inserted. I think he realized my distress for he leant forward in his chair and spoke to me his voice gentle asking if I would have more coffee and when I refused and shook my head I felt his eyes were still on me puzzled reflective.

distress, me, gentle, coffee, me, puzzled

distress, me, gentle, coffee, puzzled

Read the following passages and answer the questions associated with each of them. Ending Hatreds with in countries often run far deeper than between them. The fighting rarely sticks to battlefields, as it can do between states. Civilians are rarely spared. And there are no borders to fall back behind. Yet civil wars do end. Of 150 large intrastate wars since 1945 fewer than ten are ongoing. Angola, Chad, Sri Lanka and other places long known for bloodletting are now at peace, though hardly democratic. The rate at which civil wars start is the same today as it has been for 60 years; they kick off every year in 1-2% of countries. But the number of medium to-large civil wars under way - there are six in which more than 1,000 people died last year, is low. This is because they are coming to an end a little sooner. The outcomes of civil wars changed, too. Until 1989, victory for one side was common (58%). Nowadays victories are much rarer (13%), though not unknown; the Sri Lankan government defeated Tamil rebels in 2009. At the same time negotiated endings have jumped from 10% to almost 40%. The rest of the conflicts peter out, subsiding to a level of violence below the threshold of war - though where that threshold should lie is a matter debate. The main reason for jaw-jaw outpacing war-war is a change in the nature of outside involvement. In the Cold War neither of the superpowers i.e., the United States and the Soviet Union was keen to back down; both would frequently fund their faction for as long as it took. When the Cold War ended, the two superpowers stopped most of their sponsorship of foreign proxies and without it; the combatants folded. Today outside backers are less likely to have the resources for funding faction. And in many cases, outsiders are taking an active interest in stopping civil wars. The motives vary. Some act out of humanitarian concern. Others seek influence, or a higher international profile. But above all outsiders have learned that small wars can wreak preventable havoc. Fractious Afghanistan bred al-Qaeda the genocide in tiny Rwanda spread murder across a swathe of neighbors. In coastal Africa, violence is passed back and forth between Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and lvory Coast like a winter cold round an office. Outsiders can weigh in on one side, backing their desire for peace with cold steel. In Mali a brawl involving a mutinous army, ethnic rebels and Islamic extremists ended after less than a year thanks to French soldiers, who intervened if, January and forced a partial reconciliation. Ever fewer powers, though, have the stomach'for an overt armed intervention. It is true that military victories tend to provide more stable outcomes than negotiated settlements, which especially in the absence of external peacekeepers - often break down when the underlying problems that led to the conflict in the first place resurface. Still, some break-ups do make sense. South Sudan's government is lousy, and fighting continues along the border set up with the rest of Sudan two years ago. But most independent observes agree that the south made the right choice in negotiating to split off. The Arab elite in the north was never going to change its murderous attitude toward black southerners that brought about decades of miserable war and the death of two million people. And there is little worry that South Sudan will look so attractive as to encourage secession elsewhere. Few minorities would accept such pain to win y'seat at the UN. Q. All of the following inferences regarding outside intervention in civil wars today are supported by the passage EXCEPT?

By using military power, outsiders can make rebels sec peace as the least bad option.

Civil combatants fold without foreign proxics.

The guns would fall silent if militias stopped receiving money from abroad.

Intervention fuels internecine fighting in weak young states.

Read the following passages and answer the questions associated with each of them. Ending Hatreds with in countries often run far deeper than between them. The fighting rarely sticks to battlefields, as it can do between states. Civilians are rarely spared. And there are no borders to fall back behind. Yet civil wars do end. Of 150 large intrastate wars since 1945 fewer than ten are ongoing. Angola, Chad, Sri Lanka and other places long known for bloodletting are now at peace, though hardly democratic. The rate at which civil wars start is the same today as it has been for 60 years; they kick off every year in 1-2% of countries. But the number of medium to-large civil wars under way - there are six in which more than 1,000 people died last year, is low. This is because they are coming to an end a little sooner. The outcomes of civil wars changed, too. Until 1989, victory for one side was common (58%). Nowadays victories are much rarer (13%), though not unknown; the Sri Lankan government defeated Tamil rebels in 2009. At the same time negotiated endings have jumped from 10% to almost 40%. The rest of the conflicts peter out, subsiding to a level of violence below the threshold of war - though where that threshold should lie is a matter debate. The main reason for jaw-jaw outpacing war-war is a change in the nature of outside involvement. In the Cold War neither of the superpowers i.e., the United States and the Soviet Union was keen to back down; both would frequently fund their faction for as long as it took. When the Cold War ended, the two superpowers stopped most of their sponsorship of foreign proxies and without it; the combatants folded. Today outside backers are less likely to have the resources for funding faction. And in many cases, outsiders are taking an active interest in stopping civil wars. The motives vary. Some act out of humanitarian concern. Others seek influence, or a higher international profile. But above all outsiders have learned that small wars can wreak preventable havoc. Fractious Afghanistan bred al-Qaeda the genocide in tiny Rwanda spread murder across a swathe of neighbors. In coastal Africa, violence is passed back and forth between Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and lvory Coast like a winter cold round an office. Outsiders can weigh in on one side, backing their desire for peace with cold steel. In Mali a brawl involving a mutinous army, ethnic rebels and Islamic extremists ended after less than a year thanks to French soldiers, who intervened if, January and forced a partial reconciliation. Ever fewer powers, though, have the stomach'for an overt armed intervention. It is true that military victories tend to provide more stable outcomes than negotiated settlements, which especially in the absence of external peacekeepers - often break down when the underlying problems that led to the conflict in the first place resurface. Still, some break-ups do make sense. South Sudan's government is lousy, and fighting continues along the border set up with the rest of Sudan two years ago. But most independent observes agree that the south made the right choice in negotiating to split off. The Arab elite in the north was never going to change its murderous attitude toward black southerners that brought about decades of miserable war and the death of two million people. And there is little worry that South Sudan will look so attractive as to encourage secession elsewhere. Few minorities would accept such pain to win y'seat at the UN. Q. The author cites South Sudan to make the case that:

Many nations with fissiparous tensions at home recoil from the ideas of any partition anywhere, lest it be seen as a precedent.

Separating sects may well spark new conflicts.

Populations mobilized by grievances that have ripened over decades are best separated.

Fighters cling to their original dreams long after all possibility of attaining them has faded.

Read the following passages and answer the questions associated with each of them. Ending Hatreds with in countries often run far deeper than between them. The fighting rarely sticks to battlefields, as it can do between states. Civilians are rarely spared. And there are no borders to fall back behind. Yet civil wars do end. Of 150 large intrastate wars since 1945 fewer than ten are ongoing. Angola, Chad, Sri Lanka and other places long known for bloodletting are now at peace, though hardly democratic. The rate at which civil wars start is the same today as it has been for 60 years; they kick off every year in 1-2% of countries. But the number of medium to-large civil wars under way - there are six in which more than 1,000 people died last year, is low. This is because they are coming to an end a little sooner. The outcomes of civil wars changed, too. Until 1989, victory for one side was common (58%). Nowadays victories are much rarer (13%), though not unknown; the Sri Lankan government defeated Tamil rebels in 2009. At the same time negotiated endings have jumped from 10% to almost 40%. The rest of the conflicts peter out, subsiding to a level of violence below the threshold of war - though where that threshold should lie is a matter debate. The main reason for jaw-jaw outpacing war-war is a change in the nature of outside involvement. In the Cold War neither of the superpowers i.e., the United States and the Soviet Union was keen to back down; both would frequently fund their faction for as long as it took. When the Cold War ended, the two superpowers stopped most of their sponsorship of foreign proxies and without it; the combatants folded. Today outside backers are less likely to have the resources for funding faction. And in many cases, outsiders are taking an active interest in stopping civil wars. The motives vary. Some act out of humanitarian concern. Others seek influence, or a higher international profile. But above all outsiders have learned that small wars can wreak preventable havoc. Fractious Afghanistan bred al-Qaeda the genocide in tiny Rwanda spread murder across a swathe of neighbors. In coastal Africa, violence is passed back and forth between Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and lvory Coast like a winter cold round an office. Outsiders can weigh in on one side, backing their desire for peace with cold steel. In Mali a brawl involving a mutinous army, ethnic rebels and Islamic extremists ended after less than a year thanks to French soldiers, who intervened if, January and forced a partial reconciliation. Ever fewer powers, though, have the stomach'for an overt armed intervention. It is true that military victories tend to provide more stable outcomes than negotiated settlements, which especially in the absence of external peacekeepers - often break down when the underlying problems that led to the conflict in the first place resurface. Still, some break-ups do make sense. South Sudan's government is lousy, and fighting continues along the border set up with the rest of Sudan two years ago. But most independent observes agree that the south made the right choice in negotiating to split off. The Arab elite in the north was never going to change its murderous attitude toward black southerners that brought about decades of miserable war and the death of two million people. And there is little worry that South Sudan will look so attractive as to encourage secession elsewhere. Few minorities would accept such pain to win y'seat at the UN. Q. The passage mentions each of the following as perceptible trends in civil war EXCEPT?

The number of civil wars is low by the siandards of the period.

The number of civil wars has risen by leaps and bounds.

Victory for one side is not very- common now in civil wars.

Civil wars are increasingly being resolved with both sides facing their enemies across the negotiating table.

Read the following passages and answer the questions associated with each of them. Ending Hatreds with in countries often run far deeper than between them. The fighting rarely sticks to battlefields, as it can do between states. Civilians are rarely spared. And there are no borders to fall back behind. Yet civil wars do end. Of 150 large intrastate wars since 1945 fewer than ten are ongoing. Angola, Chad, Sri Lanka and other places long known for bloodletting are now at peace, though hardly democratic. The rate at which civil wars start is the same today as it has been for 60 years; they kick off every year in 1-2% of countries. But the number of medium to-large civil wars under way - there are six in which more than 1,000 people died last year, is low. This is because they are coming to an end a little sooner. The outcomes of civil wars changed, too. Until 1989, victory for one side was common (58%). Nowadays victories are much rarer (13%), though not unknown; the Sri Lankan government defeated Tamil rebels in 2009. At the same time negotiated endings have jumped from 10% to almost 40%. The rest of the conflicts peter out, subsiding to a level of violence below the threshold of war - though where that threshold should lie is a matter debate. The main reason for jaw-jaw outpacing war-war is a change in the nature of outside involvement. In the Cold War neither of the superpowers i.e., the United States and the Soviet Union was keen to back down; both would frequently fund their faction for as long as it took. When the Cold War ended, the two superpowers stopped most of their sponsorship of foreign proxies and without it; the combatants folded. Today outside backers are less likely to have the resources for funding faction. And in many cases, outsiders are taking an active interest in stopping civil wars. The motives vary. Some act out of humanitarian concern. Others seek influence, or a higher international profile. But above all outsiders have learned that small wars can wreak preventable havoc. Fractious Afghanistan bred al-Qaeda the genocide in tiny Rwanda spread murder across a swathe of neighbors. In coastal Africa, violence is passed back and forth between Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and lvory Coast like a winter cold round an office. Outsiders can weigh in on one side, backing their desire for peace with cold steel. In Mali a brawl involving a mutinous army, ethnic rebels and Islamic extremists ended after less than a year thanks to French soldiers, who intervened if, January and forced a partial reconciliation. Ever fewer powers, though, have the stomach'for an overt armed intervention. It is true that military victories tend to provide more stable outcomes than negotiated settlements, which especially in the absence of external peacekeepers - often break down when the underlying problems that led to the conflict in the first place resurface. Still, some break-ups do make sense. South Sudan's government is lousy, and fighting continues along the border set up with the rest of Sudan two years ago. But most independent observes agree that the south made the right choice in negotiating to split off. The Arab elite in the north was never going to change its murderous attitude toward black southerners that brought about decades of miserable war and the death of two million people. And there is little worry that South Sudan will look so attractive as to encourage secession elsewhere. Few minorities would accept such pain to win y'seat at the UN. Q. The author cornpares which of the following to 'a winter cold round an office' as mentioned in the last line of the fourth paragraph?

Civil wars contagiously passing from one country to another.

Civil wars ending in a messy way.

Negotiations taking place in parallel with combat.

Readying the underlying dynamics of civil war.

Read the following passages and answer the questions associated with each of them. Ending Hatreds with in countries often run far deeper than between them. The fighting rarely sticks to battlefields, as it can do between states. Civilians are rarely spared. And there are no borders to fall back behind. Yet civil wars do end. Of 150 large intrastate wars since 1945 fewer than ten are ongoing. Angola, Chad, Sri Lanka and other places long known for bloodletting are now at peace, though hardly democratic. The rate at which civil wars start is the same today as it has been for 60 years; they kick off every year in 1-2% of countries. But the number of medium to-large civil wars under way - there are six in which more than 1,000 people died last year, is low. This is because they are coming to an end a little sooner. The outcomes of civil wars changed, too. Until 1989, victory for one side was common (58%). Nowadays victories are much rarer (13%), though not unknown; the Sri Lankan government defeated Tamil rebels in 2009. At the same time negotiated endings have jumped from 10% to almost 40%. The rest of the conflicts peter out, subsiding to a level of violence below the threshold of war - though where that threshold should lie is a matter debate. The main reason for jaw-jaw outpacing war-war is a change in the nature of outside involvement. In the Cold War neither of the superpowers i.e., the United States and the Soviet Union was keen to back down; both would frequently fund their faction for as long as it took. When the Cold War ended, the two superpowers stopped most of their sponsorship of foreign proxies and without it; the combatants folded. Today outside backers are less likely to have the resources for funding faction. And in many cases, outsiders are taking an active interest in stopping civil wars. The motives vary. Some act out of humanitarian concern. Others seek influence, or a higher international profile. But above all outsiders have learned that small wars can wreak preventable havoc. Fractious Afghanistan bred al-Qaeda the genocide in tiny Rwanda spread murder across a swathe of neighbors. In coastal Africa, violence is passed back and forth between Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and lvory Coast like a winter cold round an office. Outsiders can weigh in on one side, backing their desire for peace with cold steel. In Mali a brawl involving a mutinous army, ethnic rebels and Islamic extremists ended after less than a year thanks to French soldiers, who intervened if, January and forced a partial reconciliation. Ever fewer powers, though, have the stomach'for an overt armed intervention. It is true that military victories tend to provide more stable outcomes than negotiated settlements, which especially in the absence of external peacekeepers - often break down when the underlying problems that led to the conflict in the first place resurface. Still, some break-ups do make sense. South Sudan's government is lousy, and fighting continues along the border set up with the rest of Sudan two years ago. But most independent observes agree that the south made the right choice in negotiating to split off. The Arab elite in the north was never going to change its murderous attitude toward black southerners that brought about decades of miserable war and the death of two million people. And there is little worry that South Sudan will look so attractive as to encourage secession elsewhere. Few minorities would accept such pain to win y'seat at the UN. Q. The author cites South Sudan to make the case that:

Many nations with fissiparous tensions at home recoil from the ideas of any partition anywhere, lest it be seen as a precedent.

Separating sects may well spark new conflicts.

Populations mobilized by grievances that have ripened over decades are best separated.

Fighters cling to their original dreams long after all possibility of attaining them has faded.

Read the following passage and answer the questions associated with each of them. The philosophical concept of transcendence was developed by the Greek philosopher Plato. He affirmed the existence of absolute goodness, which he characterized as something beyond description and as knowable ultimately only through intuition. Later religious philosophers, influenced by Plato, applied this concept of transcendence to divinity, maintaining that God can be neither described nor understood in terms that are taken from human experience. The doctrine that God is transcendent, in the sense of existing outside of nature, is a fundamental principle in the orthodox forms of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The terms transcendent and transcendental were used in a more narrow and technical sense by scholastic philosophers late in the Middle Ages to signify concepts of unrestricted generality applying to all types oi thing. The Scholastic recognized six such transcendental concepts: essence, unity, goodness, truth, thing and something (Latin ens, unum, bonum, verum, res, and aliquid) The German philosopher Immanuel Kant was the first to make a technical distinction between the terms transcendent and transcendental. Kant reserved the term transcendent for those entities such as God and the soul, which are thought to exist outside of human experience and are therefore unknowable; he used the term transcendental to signify a priori forms of thought that is, innate principles with which the mind gives form to its perceptions and makes experience intelligible . Kant applied the name transcendental philosophy to the study of pure mind and its a priori forms. Later German idealist philosophers who were influenced by Kani, particularly Johann Gottlieb Frchte, Fried-rich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, and Edmund Husserl, described their views as transcendental. Consequently, the term transcendentalism came to be applied almost exclusively to doctrines of metaphysical idealism. In its most specific usage, transcendentalism refers to a literary and philosophical movement that developed in the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century. While the movement was, in part, a reaction to certain 18th century rationalist doctrines, it was strongly influenced by Deism which, although rationalist, was opposed to Calvinist orthodoxy Transcendentalism also involved a rejection of the strict Puritan religious attitudes that were attitudes that were the heritage of New England, where the movement originated. In addition, it opposed the strict ritualism and dogmatic theology of all established religious institutions. More important, the transcendentalists were influenced by romanticism, especially such aspects as self-examination, the celebration of individualism and the extolling of the beauties of nature and humankind. Consequently, transcendentalist writers expressed semireligous feelings toward nature, as well as the creative process, and saw a direct connection, or correspondence, between the universe (macrocosm) and the individual soul (microcosm). In this view, divinity permeated all objects, animate or inanimate, and the purpose of human life was union with the so-called Over-Soul, Intuition, rather than reason, was regarded as the highest human faculty, Fulfillment of human potential could be accomplished through mysticism, or through an acute awareness of the beauty and truth of the surrounding natural world. This process was regarded as inherently individual, and all orthodox tradition was suspect. American transcendentalism began with the formation (1836) of the Transcendental Club in Boston. Among the leaders of the movement were the essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson, the feminist and social reformer Margaret Fuller, the preacher Theodore Parker, the educator Bronson Alcott, the philosopher William Ellery Channing, and the author and naturalist Henry David Thoreau. Q. The statement that is true, keeping Kant's ideas of 'transcendental' and 'transcendent' in view is:

knowledge about all objects can be considered transcendental knowledge.

certain features or aspects of objects are not amenable to be quantified by our senses.

thought that helps us understand objects as objects is transcendental.

any type of knowledge can be obtained through reasoning.

Read the following passage and answer the questions associated with each of them. The philosophical concept of transcendence was developed by the Greek philosopher Plato. He affirmed the existence of absolute goodness, which he characterized as something beyond description and as knowable ultimately only through intuition. Later religious philosophers, influenced by Plato, applied this concept of transcendence to divinity, maintaining that God can be neither described nor understood in terms that are taken from human experience. The doctrine that God is transcendent, in the sense of existing outside of nature, is a fundamental principle in the orthodox forms of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The terms transcendent and transcendental were used in a more narrow and technical sense by scholastic philosophers late in the Middle Ages to signify concepts of unrestricted generality applying to all types oi thing. The Scholastic recognized six such transcendental concepts: essence, unity, goodness, truth, thing and something (Latin ens, unum, bonum, verum, res, and aliquid) The German philosopher Immanuel Kant was the first to make a technical distinction between the terms transcendent and transcendental. Kant reserved the term transcendent for those entities such as God and the soul, which are thought to exist outside of human experience and are therefore unknowable; he used the term transcendental to signify a priori forms of thought that is, innate principles with which the mind gives form to its perceptions and makes experience intelligible . Kant applied the name transcendental philosophy to the study of pure mind and its a priori forms. Later German idealist philosophers who were influenced by Kani, particularly Johann Gottlieb Frchte, Fried-rich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, and Edmund Husserl, described their views as transcendental. Consequently, the term transcendentalism came to be applied almost exclusively to doctrines of metaphysical idealism. In its most specific usage, transcendentalism refers to a literary and philosophical movement that developed in the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century. While the movement was, in part, a reaction to certain 18th century rationalist doctrines, it was strongly influenced by Deism which, although rationalist, was opposed to Calvinist orthodoxy Transcendentalism also involved a rejection of the strict Puritan religious attitudes that were attitudes that were the heritage of New England, where the movement originated. In addition, it opposed the strict ritualism and dogmatic theology of all established religious institutions. More important, the transcendentalists were influenced by romanticism, especially such aspects as self-examination, the celebration of individualism and the extolling of the beauties of nature and humankind. Consequently, transcendentalist writers expressed semireligous feelings toward nature, as well as the creative process, and saw a direct connection, or correspondence, between the universe (macrocosm) and the individual soul (microcosm). In this view, divinity permeated all objects, animate or inanimate, and the purpose of human life was union with the so-called Over-Soul, Intuition, rather than reason, was regarded as the highest human faculty, Fulfillment of human potential could be accomplished through mysticism, or through an acute awareness of the beauty and truth of the surrounding natural world. This process was regarded as inherently individual, and all orthodox tradition was suspect. American transcendentalism began with the formation (1836) of the Transcendental Club in Boston. Among the leaders of the movement were the essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson, the feminist and social reformer Margaret Fuller, the preacher Theodore Parker, the educator Bronson Alcott, the philosopher William Ellery Channing, and the author and naturalist Henry David Thoreau. Q. Which of the following statements is/are true as per the passage?

The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood.

The primary purpose of the passage is to describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it.

Religious forms like Christianity Judaism and Islam differ from transcendentalism in the respect and status accorded to nature.

Read the following passage and answer the questions associated with each of them. The philosophical concept of transcendence was developed by the Greek philosopher Plato. He affirmed the existence of absolute goodness, which he characterized as something beyond description and as knowable ultimately only through intuition. Later religious philosophers, influenced by Plato, applied this concept of transcendence to divinity, maintaining that God can be neither described nor understood in terms that are taken from human experience. The doctrine that God is transcendent, in the sense of existing outside of nature, is a fundamental principle in the orthodox forms of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The terms transcendent and transcendental were used in a more narrow and technical sense by scholastic philosophers late in the Middle Ages to signify concepts of unrestricted generality applying to all types oi thing. The Scholastic recognized six such transcendental concepts: essence, unity, goodness, truth, thing and something (Latin ens, unum, bonum, verum, res, and aliquid) The German philosopher Immanuel Kant was the first to make a technical distinction between the terms transcendent and transcendental. Kant reserved the term transcendent for those entities such as God and the soul, which are thought to exist outside of human experience and are therefore unknowable; he used the term transcendental to signify a priori forms of thought that is, innate principles with which the mind gives form to its perceptions and makes experience intelligible . Kant applied the name transcendental philosophy to the study of pure mind and its a priori forms. Later German idealist philosophers who were influenced by Kani, particularly Johann Gottlieb Frchte, Fried-rich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, and Edmund Husserl, described their views as transcendental. Consequently, the term transcendentalism came to be applied almost exclusively to doctrines of metaphysical idealism. In its most specific usage, transcendentalism refers to a literary and philosophical movement that developed in the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century. While the movement was, in part, a reaction to certain 18th century rationalist doctrines, it was strongly influenced by Deism which, although rationalist, was opposed to Calvinist orthodoxy Transcendentalism also involved a rejection of the strict Puritan religious attitudes that were attitudes that were the heritage of New England, where the movement originated. In addition, it opposed the strict ritualism and dogmatic theology of all established religious institutions. More important, the transcendentalists were influenced by romanticism, especially such aspects as self-examination, the celebration of individualism and the extolling of the beauties of nature and humankind. Consequently, transcendentalist writers expressed semireligous feelings toward nature, as well as the creative process, and saw a direct connection, or correspondence, between the universe (macrocosm) and the individual soul (microcosm). In this view, divinity permeated all objects, animate or inanimate, and the purpose of human life was union with the so-called Over-Soul, Intuition, rather than reason, was regarded as the highest human faculty, Fulfillment of human potential could be accomplished through mysticism, or through an acute awareness of the beauty and truth of the surrounding natural world. This process was regarded as inherently individual, and all orthodox tradition was suspect. American transcendentalism began with the formation (1836) of the Transcendental Club in Boston. Among the leaders of the movement were the essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson, the feminist and social reformer Margaret Fuller, the preacher Theodore Parker, the educator Bronson Alcott, the philosopher William Ellery Channing, and the author and naturalist Henry David Thoreau. Q. Trans cendenta lists opposed the strict ritual associated with religious practices because:

they subscribed to the view that each person's experience is unique and equally important.

they considered nature to be God's alter ego and thus worshipped nature.

according to them, each individual has his unique way of uniting them with the Over-Soul.

they did not perceive God in idols or in any other form of tangible representation.

Read the following passage and answer the questions associated with each of them. The philosophical concept of transcendence was developed by the Greek philosopher Plato. He affirmed the existence of absolute goodness, which he characterized as something beyond description and as knowable ultimately only through intuition. Later religious philosophers, influenced by Plato, applied this concept of transcendence to divinity, maintaining that God can be neither described nor understood in terms that are taken from human experience. The doctrine that God is transcendent, in the sense of existing outside of nature, is a fundamental principle in the orthodox forms of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. The terms transcendent and transcendental were used in a more narrow and technical sense by scholastic philosophers late in the Middle Ages to signify concepts of unrestricted generality applying to all types oi thing. The Scholastic recognized six such transcendental concepts: essence, unity, goodness, truth, thing and something (Latin ens, unum, bonum, verum, res, and aliquid) The German philosopher Immanuel Kant was the first to make a technical distinction between the terms transcendent and transcendental. Kant reserved the term transcendent for those entities such as God and the soul, which are thought to exist outside of human experience and are therefore unknowable; he used the term transcendental to signify a priori forms of thought that is, innate principles with which the mind gives form to its perceptions and makes experience intelligible . Kant applied the name transcendental philosophy to the study of pure mind and its a priori forms. Later German idealist philosophers who were influenced by Kani, particularly Johann Gottlieb Frchte, Fried-rich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling, and Edmund Husserl, described their views as transcendental. Consequently, the term transcendentalism came to be applied almost exclusively to doctrines of metaphysical idealism. In its most specific usage, transcendentalism refers to a literary and philosophical movement that developed in the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century. While the movement was, in part, a reaction to certain 18th century rationalist doctrines, it was strongly influenced by Deism which, although rationalist, was opposed to Calvinist orthodoxy Transcendentalism also involved a rejection of the strict Puritan religious attitudes that were attitudes that were the heritage of New England, where the movement originated. In addition, it opposed the strict ritualism and dogmatic theology of all established religious institutions. More important, the transcendentalists were influenced by romanticism, especially such aspects as self-examination, the celebration of individualism and the extolling of the beauties of nature and humankind. Consequently, transcendentalist writers expressed semireligous feelings toward nature, as well as the creative process, and saw a direct connection, or correspondence, between the universe (macrocosm) and the individual soul (microcosm). In this view, divinity permeated all objects, animate or inanimate, and the purpose of human life was union with the so-called Over-Soul, Intuition, rather than reason, was regarded as the highest human faculty, Fulfillment of human potential could be accomplished through mysticism, or through an acute awareness of the beauty and truth of the surrounding natural world. This process was regarded as inherently individual, and all orthodox tradition was suspect. American transcendentalism began with the formation (1836) of the Transcendental Club in Boston. Among the leaders of the movement were the essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson, the feminist and social reformer Margaret Fuller, the preacher Theodore Parker, the educator Bronson Alcott, the philosopher William Ellery Channing, and the author and naturalist Henry David Thoreau. Q. All of the following are true from the passage EXCEPT?

'Transcendentalism' - a literary and philosophical movement came into existence in the first half of the 19th century with the formation of the transcendental club in Boston..

As transcendentalism developed as a movement over time, it came to accept many principles and dogmas of other religious establishments and it rejected metaphysical idealism.

Intuition, and not reason, was more important to transcendentalists as a principle through which the mind gave form to its perceptions.

Transcendentalists cerebrated mysticism, individualism and natural beauty.

Read the following passage and answer the questions associated with each of them. At the zenith of its physical power in the world, Europe was at the nadir of its moral capacity to lead it, or even to reform itself. The sheer violence and aggression of the expansions was justified in terms of white European supremacy on various moral, religious, organisational and other counts, which tended to be accepted through their constant repetition. But the brutalizing nature of the colonial encounters tended to rebound or these countries themselves, culminating in the internal wars and the emergence of very dark political forces within Europe in the first half of the 20th century. Colonial rulers hugged the idea of civilizing colonial peoples so completely that they would be 'assimilated' to European standards. This was an idea that marked them off from both the British and the Dutch Britain was prepared to give some of its subjects Western knowledge, Holland to give some of them western husbands: France proposed in addition to give them Western souls, to translate them into Frenchmen'. But the 'ideal of assimilation soon wilted under contact with the realities of colonial profit making'. Homelands were always depicted as being in frightful conditions of misrule or chaos (Malaya) or prone to appalling social practices (India and China). Debt-slavery was highlighted and emphasized to generate shock among the British public, 'little as the reality might differ from indentured labor on a British plantation'. The fact that the natives did not always respond with gratitude at this a frequent source of annoyance and irritation. 'The haughtiest conqueror has moods of regret that he is not loved, and Burma was hugged as a consolation for India'. But that too proved to be but a fleeting compensation Kieman describes the bewilderment of an officer who finds to his dismay people did not after all seem to have been so unhappy under their old regime, 'and gave no evidence of rejoicing lour coming'. In the meantime, the cruelty and violence with which the native populations were treated could be justified in various ways. H. H. Prichard argued that 'neg-roes have far duller nerves and are less susceptible to pain than Europeans'. This justified not just outright killing and torture but also the slave trade. Resilience in turn could become a weapon to be used against the native. 'It was widely suggested that Africans only understood force and positively enjoyed being ruled with a rod of iron'. The degradation of other peoples was even greater when they were openly manipulated and conned, with their subjugation being seen as evidence of their inherently inferior nature. In Australia, as in other continents, 'the argument -was heard that natives had no souls, so that killing them was nothing like murder. Like any killing, it could come to be viewed as sport.' Late in the 19th century, a man in Queens and showed a visitor 'a particular bend in the river where he had once, as a jest, driven a black family, man, woman and children, into the water among of crocodiles'. In the case of New Zealand, for example, the conditions of the Maori and their exploitation at the hands of British settlers were simply ignored. England reserved no right and recognized no duty to protect the native population, and was free to collect its dividends or eat its frozen mutton without looking too closely into how they were produced. Tacit agreement was spreading in Europe with the doctrine of men on the spot that primitive races were bound to be displaced, even to die out, very much as a large crop of annual accidents in mines or mills at home was accepted. 'Progress has to be paid for preferably by someone else'. Q. According to the passage, the ideal of assimilation failed because :

of different political economies and social histories in colonial encounters.

colonialism warped the masters as much as it degraded natives.

of the brutalizing nature of colonial encounters.

of the imperatives of the balance sheet.

Read the following passage and answer the questions associated with each of them. At the zenith of its physical power in the world, Europe was at the nadir of its moral capacity to lead it, or even to reform itself. The sheer violence and aggression of the expansions was justified in terms of white European supremacy on various moral, religious, organisational and other counts, which tended to be accepted through their constant repetition. But the brutalizing nature of the colonial encounters tended to rebound or these countries themselves, culminating in the internal wars and the emergence of very dark political forces within Europe in the first half of the 20th century. Colonial rulers hugged the idea of civilizing colonial peoples so completely that they would be 'assimilated' to European standards. This was an idea that marked them off from both the British and the Dutch Britain was prepared to give some of its subjects Western knowledge, Holland to give some of them western husbands: France proposed in addition to give them Western souls, to translate them into Frenchmen'. But the 'ideal of assimilation soon wilted under contact with the realities of colonial profit making'. Homelands were always depicted as being in frightful conditions of misrule or chaos (Malaya) or prone to appalling social practices (India and China). Debt-slavery was highlighted and emphasized to generate shock among the British public, 'little as the reality might differ from indentured labor on a British plantation'. The fact that the natives did not always respond with gratitude at this a frequent source of annoyance and irritation. 'The haughtiest conqueror has moods of regret that he is not loved, and Burma was hugged as a consolation for India'. But that too proved to be but a fleeting compensation Kieman describes the bewilderment of an officer who finds to his dismay people did not after all seem to have been so unhappy under their old regime, 'and gave no evidence of rejoicing lour coming'. In the meantime, the cruelty and violence with which the native populations were treated could be justified in various ways. H. H. Prichard argued that 'neg-roes have far duller nerves and are less susceptible to pain than Europeans'. This justified not just outright killing and torture but also the slave trade. Resilience in turn could become a weapon to be used against the native. 'It was widely suggested that Africans only understood force and positively enjoyed being ruled with a rod of iron'. The degradation of other peoples was even greater when they were openly manipulated and conned, with their subjugation being seen as evidence of their inherently inferior nature. In Australia, as in other continents, 'the argument -was heard that natives had no souls, so that killing them was nothing like murder. Like any killing, it could come to be viewed as sport.' Late in the 19th century, a man in Queens and showed a visitor 'a particular bend in the river where he had once, as a jest, driven a black family, man, woman and children, into the water among of crocodiles'. In the case of New Zealand, for example, the conditions of the Maori and their exploitation at the hands of British settlers were simply ignored. England reserved no right and recognized no duty to protect the native population, and was free to collect its dividends or eat its frozen mutton without looking too closely into how they were produced. Tacit agreement was spreading in Europe with the doctrine of men on the spot that primitive races were bound to be displaced, even to die out, very much as a large crop of annual accidents in mines or mills at home was accepted. 'Progress has to be paid for preferably by someone else'. Q. The last sentence of the passage 'Progress ........ someone else' implies which of the following?

Native populations had only second-rate souls, and they were better off as slaves.

Economic benefits accrued without causing, any headaches of moral or ethical concerns about the conditions faced by native peoples.

Public misgivings were assuaged with the notion that all native people destined bondsmen.

Evil, however covered up and sanctified, comes home in often unexpected - Those to whom evil is done, do evil in return.

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