Life Cycle Of Angiosperms MCQ Test - 1, State PMT - NEET MCQ

Orthotropus ovule belongs to Polygonum.
Explanation:
- Orthotropus ovule is a type of ovule found in plants.
- It belongs to the genus Polygonum.
- The options given are Capsella, Polygonum, Ranunculus, and All of these.
- Capsella is a genus of plants in the family Brassicaceae and does not include Orthotropus ovule.
- Ranunculus is a genus of plants in the family Ranunculaceae and does not include Orthotropus ovule.
- Therefore, the correct answer is Polygonum.

The development of the embryo sac in a flowering plant:
The development of the embryo sac in a flowering plant involves several stages and results in the formation of a structure that contains cells necessary for reproduction. Here is a detailed explanation of the process:
1. Megaspore formation: The megaspore mother cell, located in the ovule, undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores.
2. Megaspore development: Out of the four megaspores, usually three degenerate, and only one megaspore survives. This surviving megaspore undergoes further development.
3. Embryo sac formation: The surviving megaspore undergoes mitotic divisions to form an embryo sac. The embryo sac typically consists of several cells.
4. Cellular organization of the embryo sac: The embryo sac is organized into different cells within its structure. The specific cellular organization can vary among different flowering plant species. However, the most common arrangement is as follows:
- Antipodal cells: These are three cells located at the opposite end of the embryo sac and are typically non-functional.
- Synergids: These are two cells located near the egg cell and play a role in guiding the pollen tube to the egg.
- Egg cell: This is the central cell of the embryo sac and is involved in fertilization.
- Central cell: This is a large cell located in the center of the embryo sac and contains two nuclei. It is involved in double fertilization, where one nucleus fuses with the sperm to form the zygote, while the other nucleus fuses with another sperm to form the endosperm.
Conclusion:
In summary, the embryo sac in a flowering plant typically contains several cells, including the antipodal cells, synergids, egg cell, and central cell. The specific cellular organization may vary among different plant species, but the overall structure and function of the embryo sac remain consistent. In the given options, none of them accurately describe the cellular organization of the embryo sac, so the correct answer is D: None of these.

Adaptation of Pollination in Calotropis:
Calotropis is a genus of flowering plants that exhibits specific adaptations in pollination. The adaptation of pollination found in Calotropis is herkogamy. Herkogamy refers to the spatial arrangement of reproductive organs within a flower, which prevents self-pollination and promotes cross-pollination.
The specific adaptations of herkogamy in Calotropis are as follows:
1. Physical separation: In Calotropis flowers, the stamens (male reproductive organs) and the pistil (female reproductive organ) are physically separated within the flower. This physical separation reduces the chances of self-pollination and increases the likelihood of cross-pollination.
2. Positioning: The stamens and pistil are positioned in such a way that they are at different heights within the flower. This spatial arrangement prevents self-pollination by ensuring that the pollen from the stamens does not directly come into contact with the stigma (part of the pistil) of the same flower.
3. Timing: Another aspect of herkogamy in Calotropis is the temporal separation of the stamen and pistil maturation. The stamens mature before the pistil, ensuring that the pollen is not available for self-pollination when the stigma becomes receptive.
These adaptations of herkogamy in Calotropis promote cross-pollination by encouraging pollen transfer between flowers of the same species. This enhances genetic diversity and increases the chances of successful reproduction for Calotropis plants.

Apogamy is the failure of fusion of gametes.
Explanation:
Apogamy is a term used in reproductive biology to describe the failure of fusion of gametes, which are the reproductive cells involved in sexual reproduction. It refers to the inability of the male and female gametes to unite and form a zygote, which is the first cell of a new individual.
Here are some key points to understand apogamy:
1. Definition: Apogamy is the absence or failure of fertilization in sexual reproduction.
2. Gametes: Gametes are specialized reproductive cells, such as sperm and eggs, that are involved in sexual reproduction. In apogamy, the gametes fail to fuse and form a zygote.
3. Fusion Failure: Apogamy occurs when the male and female gametes are unable to unite due to various reasons, such as genetic abnormalities, incompatible gametes, or reproductive system disorders.
4. Reproductive Process: In normal sexual reproduction, the fusion of gametes is essential for the formation of a zygote, which then develops into a new individual. However, in apogamy, this fusion does not occur, leading to the failure of reproduction.
5. Consequences: The absence of fertilization in apogamy prevents the formation of offspring and hampers the continuation of the species. It is considered a reproductive failure.
In conclusion, apogamy is the failure of fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction. It is an important concept in reproductive biology and has significant implications for the reproductive success and survival of species.

Apospory is production of gametophyte directly from diploid cell of the sporophyte without spore formation.

Explanation:
When a seed germinates while still attached to the parent plant, it is known as vivipary. Vivipary is a type of seed germination where the seed starts to grow and develop into a new plant while it is still attached to the parent plant. This process is commonly seen in certain plant species, particularly those in tropical regions.
Key Points:
- Seed germination refers to the process by which a seed begins to grow and develop into a new plant.
- Vivipary is a type of seed germination where the seed starts to grow while it is still attached to the parent plant.
- In vivipary, the seedling may develop roots, shoots, and even leaves while still attached to the parent plant.
- This process is commonly observed in certain plant species, especially those in tropical regions.
- Vivipary allows the seedling to have a head start in terms of growth and development, as it can take advantage of the parent plant's resources and protection.
- Once the seedling has developed sufficiently, it can detach from the parent plant and continue its growth independently.

Species of Pollinia
- Pollinia are present in the family Asclepiadaceae.
- Pollinia are a unique characteristic of the family Asclepiadaceae.
Explanation
- Pollinia are structures found in certain flowering plants, specifically in the family Asclepiadaceae.
- Asclepiadaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the milkweed family.
- Pollinia are masses of pollen grains that are transferred as a unit during pollination.
- They are held together by a sticky substance and are usually attached to the bodies of pollinators such as insects or birds.
- When the pollinator visits another flower, the pollinia are deposited onto the stigma, allowing for cross-pollination.
- Pollinia are not present in the families Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, or Malvaceae.
- Brassicaceae is the family of cruciferous plants, which includes vegetables like broccoli and cabbage.
- Cucurbitaceae is the family of gourds and melons, including cucumbers and pumpkins.
- Malvaceae is the family of flowering plants that includes hibiscus and mallow.
- Therefore, the correct answer is C: Asclepiadaceae.

Nuclear Endosperm in Coconut
Coconut is the correct answer as it is the only option that contains nuclear endosperm. Here's a detailed explanation why:
Nuclear Endosperm:
- Nuclear endosperm is a type of endosperm found in certain plants.
- It is a tissue that surrounds and nourishes the developing embryo in the seed.
- It is characterized by having multiple nuclei in a single cell, often arranged in a specific pattern.
Coconut:
- The coconut is a fruit that is commonly found in tropical regions.
- It is a type of drupe, which is a fruit with a hard outer shell and a fleshy inner layer.
- The inner layer of the coconut is known as the endosperm, which is the part of the fruit that provides nourishment to the developing embryo.
- Unlike most other fruits, the endosperm in coconut is nuclear endosperm, meaning it has multiple nuclei within a single cell.
- This nuclear endosperm is responsible for the white, fleshy part of the coconut that we consume.
Other Options:
- Banana, Phoenix, and Mango do not have nuclear endosperm.
- Banana and Mango have a different type of endosperm known as cellular endosperm, which consists of individual cells with a single nucleus.
- Phoenix, which refers to the Phoenix dactylifera or date palm, does not have endosperm at all. It has a different type of fruit structure.
Therefore, the correct answer is B: Coconut, as it is the only option that contains nuclear endosperm.

Development of embryo from a cell of embryo sac other than egg is an example of Apogamy.
Apogamy is a type of asexual reproduction in plants where an embryo develops from a cell other than the egg cell in the embryo sac. This process bypasses the normal sexual reproduction process involving fertilization.
Explanation:
- Apogamy is a form of asexual reproduction that occurs in plants, particularly in the lower plants like ferns and mosses.
- In apogamy, a diploid cell in the embryo sac, often called the antipodal cell or the synergids, develops into an embryo without the need for fertilization.
- This process can occur due to the failure of the egg cell to develop or due to the suppression of the egg cell's development by other cells in the embryo sac.
- The embryo that develops from apogamy is genetically identical to the parent plant since it is formed from a diploid cell of the parent plant.
- Apogamy is considered a type of vegetative reproduction because it involves the production of a new plant without the involvement of gametes or sexual reproduction.
In conclusion, the development of an embryo from a cell of the embryo sac other than the egg is an example of apogamy.

Seed coat is derived from:

The answer is C: Integuments of ovule.

Explanation:

The seed coat is the outer protective covering of a seed. It develops from the integuments of the ovule, which are the protective layers that surround and protect the developing embryo inside the ovule.

The process of seed coat formation begins with the fertilization of the ovule. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, and the outer layers of the ovule differentiate to form the seed coat. The integuments of the ovule thicken and harden to provide protection to the developing embryo and to prevent desiccation (drying out) of the seed.

Once the seed coat is fully formed, it acts as a barrier to external factors such as physical damage, pathogens, and water loss. It also plays a role in seed dormancy, regulating the germination of the seed until favorable conditions for growth are present.

Therefore, the seed coat is derived from the integuments of the ovule.

Male gametophyte develop in angiosperms. Pollen grains develop in stamen, which consists of filament supporting anther.The cross- section of anther before the onset of meiosis shows four microsporangia where male gametes develop.

Entry of pollen tube through micropyle is:
There are four different types of pollination mechanisms based on the entry of pollen tube through the micropyle. They are:
1. Porogamy: In this type of pollination, the pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle. It is the most common mechanism found in flowering plants.
2. Mesogamy: In this type of pollination, the pollen tube enters the ovule through the middle part of the ovule wall. It is less common compared to porogamy.
3. Psemigamy: In this type of pollination, the pollen tube enters the ovule through the integuments or outer layers of the ovule wall. It is relatively rare.
4. Chalazogamy: In this type of pollination, the pollen tube enters the ovule through the chalaza, which is the basal part of the ovule. It is also a less common mechanism.
Out of these four types, the entry of pollen tube through the micropyle is referred to as porogamy. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
Note: The micropyle is a small pore present at the apex of the ovule, and it allows the entry of the pollen tube into the ovule during fertilization.

Micropyle helps in:
- Allowing entry of pollen tube: The micropyle is a small opening in the outer covering of the ovule of a plant. It acts as a passageway for the pollen tube to enter the ovule during fertilization. The pollen tube carries the male gametes (sperm cells) from the pollen grain to the egg cell in the ovule for fertilization to occur.
- Germination of pollen grain: The micropyle also plays a role in the germination of the pollen grain. When a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower, it needs to germinate and grow a pollen tube to reach the ovule. The micropyle provides a point of entry for the pollen tube to start growing towards the ovule.
- Growth of pollen tube: Once the pollen grain has germinated, the pollen tube starts to grow. It elongates and extends towards the micropyle, guided by chemical signals from the ovule. The micropyle acts as a target for the pollen tube to grow towards, ensuring that it reaches the correct location for fertilization.
- Coming out of pollen tube from pollen grain: The micropyle also facilitates the release of the pollen tube from the pollen grain. As the pollen tube grows, it needs to break free from the pollen grain and extend towards the ovule. The micropyle provides an exit point for the pollen tube to emerge and start its journey towards the ovule.
In conclusion, the micropyle is crucial in allowing the entry of the pollen tube into the ovule, facilitating the germination and growth of the pollen tube, and providing an exit point for the pollen tube to emerge from the pollen grain.

Anatropous is the inverted ovule, with funiculus (stalk) lying close to micropyle (narrow pore or passage at one end of the ovule). Atropous or orthotropous is the erect ovule with the micropyle opposite to the chalaza (place of origin of integuments) here the funicle, micropyle and chalaza lie in a straight line. Campylotropous ovule is curved and bent so as to bring the hilum (point of attachment of the body of the ovule with the funiculus), micropyle and chalaza close together. Cyfokinin is a plant growth hormone that promotes cell division. 

Syngamy: The Process of Fertilization
Syngamy is the process of fertilization in which male and female gametes fuse together to form a zygote. It is a vital step in sexual reproduction and occurs in both plants and animals. In plants, syngamy takes place in the ovule, while in animals, it occurs in the fallopian tube or oviduct.
Key Points:
1. Male gamete fuses with female gamete: This is the correct option (A). During syngamy, the male gamete, which is the sperm cell in animals and the pollen tube in plants, fuses with the female gamete, which is the egg cell in animals and the ovule in plants.
2. Pollen tube enters into the ovule through chalaza: This option (B) is incorrect. The pollen tube actually enters the ovule through the micropyle, a small pore located at the tip of the ovule.
3. Pollen tube enter into the ovule through micropyle: This option (C) is partially correct. The pollen tube does enter the ovule through the micropyle, but it is not the process of syngamy itself. Syngamy occurs when the male and female gametes fuse.
4. Generative cell and tube cell fuse: This option (D) is incorrect. The generative cell and tube cell are components of the pollen grain in plants. The generative cell divides to form two sperm cells, one of which fuses with the egg cell during syngamy.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A: Male gamete fuses with female gamete.

Embryo Sac Conditions
The embryo sac is a structure found in the ovule of a flowering plant. It contains the female gametes and plays a crucial role in fertilization and seed development. The conditions of the embryo sac can vary and are denoted by the number of sets of chromosomes present in the cells. Let's examine the conditions mentioned in the options:
A: Egg, Antipodal, Endosperm
- Egg: The egg cell in the embryo sac is the female gamete that fuses with the male gamete (sperm) during fertilization.
- Antipodal: Antipodal cells are present at the opposite end of the embryo sac and have a role in nourishing the developing embryo.
- Endosperm: The endosperm is a nutritive tissue that provides nourishment to the developing embryo. It is triploid (3n) in most flowering plants.
B: Nucellus, Endosperm, Egg
- Nucellus: The nucellus is the central part of the ovule that surrounds the embryo sac. It provides nourishment to the developing embryo.
- Endosperm: As mentioned earlier, the endosperm is a nutritive tissue that nourishes the developing embryo. It is triploid (3n).
- Egg: The egg cell is the female gamete present in the embryo sac.
C: Antipodal, Zygote, Endosperm
- Antipodal: Antipodal cells, as mentioned earlier, are present at the opposite end of the embryo sac.
- Zygote: The zygote is formed when the egg cell fuses with the sperm cell during fertilization. It is diploid (2n).
- Endosperm: The endosperm, again as mentioned earlier, is a nutritive tissue that nourishes the developing embryo. It is triploid (3n).
D: Endosperm, Nucellus, Egg
- Endosperm: The endosperm, as mentioned earlier, is a nutritive tissue that nourishes the developing embryo. It is triploid (3n).
- Nucellus: The nucellus is the central part of the ovule that surrounds the embryo sac. It provides nourishment to the developing embryo.
- Egg: The egg cell is the female gamete present in the embryo sac.
Conclusion:
Based on the given options and the conditions mentioned, it is clear that option C is the correct answer. In the embryo sac, the conditions of antipodal, zygote, and endosperm are found.

Formation of Endosperm in Angiosperms:
Endosperm is a nutritive tissue that is formed in the seeds of angiosperms. It provides nourishment to the developing embryo.
The formation of endosperm involves the following processes:
1. Double Fertilization: In angiosperms, double fertilization occurs, where two sperm cells are involved. One sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, which develops into the embryo. The other sperm cell fuses with the two polar nuclei in the central cell of the ovule to form the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN).
2. Division of Fused Polar Nuclei: The primary endosperm nucleus undergoes multiple rounds of mitotic division without cytokinesis, resulting in the formation of a large, multinucleate cell called the endosperm. This process is known as nuclear endosperm formation.
3. Cellularization: Eventually, the multinucleate endosperm cell undergoes cellularization, where cell walls form around each of the nuclei, resulting in the formation of individual endosperm cells.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D: Division of fused polar nuclei and male gamete.

Endosperm of angiospermic plant is triploid.
Explanation:
The endosperm is a tissue found in the seeds of angiosperms (flowering plants). It serves as a source of nutrients for the developing embryo. The endosperm is formed through a process called double fertilization, in which two sperm cells fuse with two different nuclei in the embryo sac.
The endosperm is typically triploid, meaning it contains three sets of chromosomes. This is because one sperm cell fuses with the two polar nuclei in the central cell of the embryo sac, resulting in a triploid nucleus. This triploid nucleus then undergoes several rounds of cell division to form the endosperm tissue.
The triploid nature of the endosperm is important for its function as a nutrient storage tissue. The extra set of chromosomes allows for increased cell size and nutrient storage capacity. This is beneficial for the developing embryo, as it provides a rich source of nutrients for its growth and development.
In contrast, the embryo itself is typically diploid, as it is formed from the fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell. The triploid endosperm and diploid embryo work together to ensure the successful development and germination of the seed.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A: Triploid.

Xenia is the effect of pollens inside embryo sac on endosperm (except embryo)eg Maize.

Pollination in which pollen grains of one flower are transferred to the stigma of another flower of the same plant is called Geitonogamy.
Geitonogamy is a type of pollination where the pollen from the anther of one flower is transferred to the stigma of another flower on the same plant. This type of pollination occurs within a single plant rather than between different plants.
Here are some key points about geitonogamy:
- Geitonogamy is a mechanism of self-fertilization within a single plant. It ensures that pollen from one flower can reach the stigma of another flower on the same plant, leading to the production of seeds.
- In geitonogamy, the transfer of pollen can occur through various mechanisms such as wind, water, insects, or other animals.
- This type of pollination is common in plants that have flowers with both male and female reproductive organs. These flowers may have mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization, but geitonogamy allows for a backup method of pollination in case cross-pollination fails.
- Geitonogamy can be advantageous in certain situations, such as when pollinators are scarce or when environmental conditions are unfavorable for cross-pollination.
- However, geitonogamy can also have disadvantages. It can lead to a decrease in genetic diversity and an increase in inbreeding, which can be detrimental to the long-term survival and adaptability of a plant population.
In conclusion, geitonogamy is a type of pollination where pollen grains are transferred from one flower to the stigma of another flower on the same plant. It serves as a backup mechanism for self-fertilization and can have both advantages and disadvantages for plant populations.

Aleurone layer is part of:
The aleurone layer is a specialized tissue found in the seeds of flowering plants. It is primarily located in the endosperm, which is the nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo. The aleurone layer plays an important role in seed germination and provides nutrients for the developing embryo.
Key points:
- The aleurone layer is part of the endosperm, which is the nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo in seeds.
- It is a specialized tissue that plays a crucial role in seed germination and provides nutrients for the developing embryo.
- The aleurone layer is rich in proteins, lipids, and enzymes.
- During germination, the aleurone layer undergoes enzymatic breakdown to release these nutrients, which are then utilized by the growing embryo.
- The aleurone layer also produces enzymes that aid in the breakdown of stored reserves in the endosperm, such as starch and proteins.
- These enzymes help convert complex molecules into simpler forms that can be readily absorbed and utilized by the developing embryo.
- The aleurone layer is typically located just beneath the seed coat, in close proximity to the embryo.
- It is often observed as a distinct layer with a different color or texture compared to the rest of the endosperm.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: Endosperm.

Function of embryonal suspensor in angiosperms is to:
The embryonal suspensor in angiosperms plays a crucial role in the development and growth of the embryo. Its main functions include:
1. Pushing the embryo deeper into the endosperm:
- The suspensor elongates and pushes the embryo deeper into the endosperm, ensuring optimal positioning for nutrient absorption.
- This allows the developing embryo to access the necessary nutrients present in the endosperm for its growth and development.
2. Facilitating nutrient transfer:
- The suspensor acts as a conduit for the transfer of nutrients from the parent sporophyte to the young embryo.
- It helps transport essential substances such as sugars, amino acids, and minerals from the parent plant to the developing embryo.
- This nutrient transfer is crucial for the early stages of embryo development until the embryo is capable of independent nutrient uptake.
3. Providing support:
- The suspensor provides structural support to the developing embryo.
- It anchors the embryo within the endosperm, preventing it from detaching or moving around during its growth.
4. Hormone production:
- The suspensor is involved in the production and release of growth hormones such as auxins.
- These hormones regulate various developmental processes in the embryo, including cell division, elongation, and differentiation.
In summary, the embryonal suspensor in angiosperms serves multiple functions, including pushing the embryo deeper into the endosperm, facilitating nutrient transfer, providing support, and producing growth hormones. These functions are essential for the successful development and growth of the embryo.

Microsporophyll means male gamete and male gamete ... moreis pollen grain.

Mesogamy is defined as the entry of the pollen tube through the integuments.
Mesogamy is a process that occurs during plant reproduction, specifically during the fertilization of the ovule. It involves the entry of the pollen tube through the integuments, which are the protective layers surrounding the ovule. Here is a detailed explanation of mesogamy:
- Definition of Mesogamy: Mesogamy is the process of the pollen tube entering the ovule through the integuments. It is an essential step in the fertilization process of flowering plants.
- Fusion of Male and Female Gametes: Mesogamy does not involve the fusion of male and female gametes. This process occurs after the pollen tube has reached the ovule.
- Fusion of Physiologically Similar and Morphologically Different Gametes: Mesogamy also does not involve the fusion of physiologically similar and morphologically different gametes. This process occurs during double fertilization, which is a separate event from mesogamy.
- Entry of Pollen Tube through Integuments: The correct definition of mesogamy is the entry of the pollen tube through the integuments. The pollen tube is a structure that grows from the pollen grain and carries the male gametes to the ovule. The integuments are protective layers that surround the ovule. The pollen tube penetrates these layers, allowing the male gametes to reach the egg cell and fertilize it.
- Importance of Mesogamy: Mesogamy is crucial for successful fertilization in flowering plants. It ensures the delivery of male gametes to the female reproductive structures, allowing for the fusion of genetic material and the formation of seeds.
In conclusion, mesogamy refers to the entry of the pollen tube through the integuments during plant fertilization. It is an essential step that allows for the successful delivery of male gametes to the ovule.

Nucellus forms which of the following part of fruit:
The nucellus is a component of the ovule, which eventually develops into a seed. Therefore, the nucellus forms the perisperm, which is a part of the fruit.
Explanation:
The fruit is formed from the ovary of a flower after fertilization. The ovary contains one or more ovules, and each ovule consists of several parts, including the nucellus. Here is a detailed explanation of the different parts of the ovule and their relationship to the fruit:
1. Nucellus:
- The nucellus is the central part of the ovule.
- It contains cells that will develop into the embryo sac, which houses the egg cell.
- The nucellus provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac and later to the developing seed.
2. Perisperm:
- The perisperm is a nutritive tissue that surrounds the embryo in certain seeds.
- It is derived from the nucellus and provides nutrients to the developing embryo.
- In some fruits, the perisperm persists and becomes a part of the mature fruit.
3. Seed coat:
- The seed coat is the protective covering of the seed.
- It develops from the integuments of the ovule, which are layers of cells surrounding the nucellus.
- The seed coat helps protect the seed from desiccation, mechanical damage, and pathogens.
4. Raphe:
- The raphe is a structure that connects the seed coat to the nucellus.
- It acts as a transport pathway for nutrients from the nucellus to the developing embryo.
In conclusion, the nucellus forms the perisperm, which is a part of the fruit. The nucellus provides nourishment to the developing embryo and eventually becomes a part of the mature fruit.

Given:
- The root of a flowering plant has 24 chromosomes.
To find:
- The number of chromosomes in its gamete.

A gamete is a reproductive cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. In order to determine the number of chromosomes in the gamete, we need to divide the number of chromosomes in the parent cell (root) by 2.
Steps:
1. Number of chromosomes in the parent cell (root) = 24 chromosomes.
2. Divide the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by 2 to find the number of chromosomes in the gamete.
- 24 chromosomes ÷ 2 = 12 chromosomes.
Answer:
The gamete of the flowering plant has 12 chromosomes. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Raphe is:

[UP CPMT 2007]

Explanation:
The raphe is a structure found in the ovule of a flower. It is important for the attachment and support of the developing seed. Here is a detailed explanation of each option:
A: Part of flower
- This option is incorrect as the raphe is not a part of the flower itself but is found within the ovule.
B: Funicle attached to ovule
- The funicle is a stalk-like structure that connects the ovule to the placenta of the flower. It is not the same as the raphe.
C: Ridge formed by funiculus
- This option is correct. The raphe is a ridge-like structure formed by the funiculus, which is a part of the ovule. It runs along the length of the ovule and helps in the transport of nutrients and water to the developing seed.
D: Part of nucellus
- The nucellus is the central part of the ovule, and the raphe is not a part of it. Therefore, this option is incorrect.
In conclusion, the correct answer is option C: Ridge formed by funiculus. The raphe is a ridge-like structure formed by the funiculus in the ovule of a flower.

Caruncle is formed by:
The correct answer is option C: Integument.
The integument is the outermost layer of the ovule, which is a part of the female reproductive structure of a flowering plant. The caruncle is a specialized structure that develops from the integument and is found in certain plant families.
Here is a detailed explanation of the formation of caruncle:
1. Integument: The integument is a protective covering surrounding the embryo sac within the ovule. It consists of two layers, the inner integument and the outer integument.
2. Fertilization: After pollination, the male gametes (sperm cells) from the pollen grain travel down the pollen tube and enter the ovule. Fertilization occurs when one of the sperm cells fuses with the egg cell within the embryo sac.
3. Embryo development: The fertilized egg cell undergoes repeated divisions and develops into an embryo. The embryo is surrounded by endosperm, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo.
4. Caruncle formation: In certain plant families, such as the Euphorbiaceae and Sapindaceae, the outer integument of the ovule undergoes special growth and differentiation to form the caruncle. The caruncle is a fleshy or horn-like structure that is attached to the seed.
5. Function of caruncle: The caruncle serves various functions, including attracting seed dispersers, providing a nutrient source for the developing embryo, and aiding in the dispersal of the seed.
In conclusion, caruncle is formed by the differentiation and growth of the outer integument of the ovule. It is a specialized structure found in certain plant families and serves important roles in seed dispersal and embryo development.

Perisperm
Perisperm is the remnant of the nucellus in the seed of a plant. It is found in some angiosperms and gymnosperms. Here is a detailed explanation of what perisperm is and its characteristics:
Definition:
Perisperm refers to the remains of the nucellus in the seed of a plant. It is found in some angiosperms and gymnosperms.
Characteristics of Perisperm:
- Perisperm is the remnant of the nucellus, which is the tissue that surrounds and nourishes the developing embryo in the seed.
- It is located between the endosperm and the seed coat.
- Perisperm is derived from the nucellus, which is the maternal tissue of the ovule.
- It is usually rich in starch, proteins, and other nutrients that are essential for the growth and development of the embryo.
- In some plants, perisperm may persist in the mature seed and serve as a source of nutrients for the germinating embryo.
- Perisperm is different from endosperm, which is the tissue formed after fertilization and acts as a nutrient reserve for the developing embryo.
- It is also different from the synergids and secondary nucleus, which are not related to perisperm.
Conclusion:
Perisperm is the remnant of the nucellus in the seed of a plant. It is located between the endosperm and the seed coat and serves as a source of nutrients for the developing embryo. It is different from endosperm, synergids, and secondary nucleus.

The campylotropous type of ovule is found in plants belonging to Leguminosae family (example: pea plant). The campylotropous ovule is the type of ovule in which the body of the ovule is curved or bent round so that micropyle and chalaza do not lie in the same straight line.