Life Cycle Of Angiosperms Test - Reproduction In Plants, Botany, Class 12 - Class 12 MCQ

Androphore structure is formed by:
The androphore structure is formed by the internode.
Explanation:
The androphore structure refers to the modified stem in certain flowers where the stamens are attached. Here is a detailed explanation of how the androphore structure is formed by the internode:
- Internode: The internode is the section of the stem between two adjacent nodes. In the case of the androphore structure, it is the internode that undergoes modification to form the androphore.
- Modification: During the development of the flower, the internode between the receptacle and the stamens elongates and becomes specialized to hold the stamens in a higher position.
- Attachment: The stamens, which are the male reproductive organs of the flower, are attached to the androphore. They are typically fused to the androphore or attached near its base.
- Support: The androphore provides support to the stamens, elevating them to a higher position within the flower. This positioning can be crucial for efficient pollination.
- Function: The androphore structure allows the stamens to be positioned closer to the center of the flower, where they can easily release pollen onto the pistil, enhancing the chances of successful pollination and fertilization.
In conclusion, the androphore structure is formed by the internode, which undergoes modification to provide support and proper positioning for the stamens in certain flowers.

Embryonic Development from a Haploid Cell of Embryosac:
When the embryo develops from a haploid cell of embryosac, it is known as apomixis. Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where seeds are produced without fertilization, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant. In this process, the embryo develops from a haploid cell other than the egg cell.
Here is a detailed explanation of the given options:
A. Apogamy:
- Apogamy refers to the development of a sporophyte from a gametophyte without the involvement of spores or meiosis.
- It is a type of asexual reproduction in plants where the sporophyte is formed directly from a somatic cell of the gametophyte.
- Apogamy is not specifically related to the development of an embryo from a haploid cell of embryosac.
B. Apospory:
- Apospory is the development of a gametophyte directly from a sporophyte without the formation of spores or meiosis.
- It is a type of asexual reproduction in plants where the gametophyte is formed directly from a somatic cell of the sporophyte.
- Apospory is not specifically related to the development of an embryo from a haploid cell of embryosac.
C. Adventive Embryony:
- Adventive embryony refers to the development of embryos from cells other than the egg cell within the ovule or seed.
- It is a type of asexual reproduction in plants where embryos develop from somatic cells of the ovule or seed.
- Adventive embryony is the correct term for the process mentioned in the question.
D. Diplospory:
- Diplospory is a type of apomixis where the embryo develops from an unreduced diploid cell in the ovule, bypassing meiosis and fertilization.
- It is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where the embryo develops from a diploid cell instead of the usual haploid cell.
- While diplospory is related to apomixis, it does not specifically refer to the development of an embryo from a haploid cell of embryosac.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: Adventive embryony for the process of embryo development from a haploid cell of embryosac.

Answer:
The correct statement is B: Flower is a modified shoot.
Explanation:
Flowers are reproductive structures found in plants. They are responsible for the production of seeds and fruits. Here's a detailed explanation of why statement B is correct:
1. Flower Structure: Flowers consist of different parts, including the sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. These parts are organized in a specific arrangement.
2. Shoot System: The shoot system in plants consists of stems, leaves, and buds. It is responsible for growth and reproduction.
3. Modified Shoot: Flowers are considered modified shoots because they are derived from shoots. They develop from the apical meristem of the shoot system.
4. Transformation: During the development of flowers, the shoot apical meristem undergoes modifications, resulting in the formation of floral organs.
5. Leaf-like Structures: Some floral organs, such as sepals and petals, bear resemblance to leaves in their structure and function. This further supports the idea that flowers are modified shoots.
6. Reproductive Function: Flowers are primarily involved in the reproduction of plants. They produce pollen (male gametes) and contain the female reproductive organs (ovules) within the carpels.
In conclusion, flowers are considered modified shoots because they develop from the shoot system, undergo modifications in the shoot apical meristem, and bear resemblance to leaves in their structure and function.

Androgenic Haploid Plants
Androgenic haploid plants are plants that are derived from the male reproductive cells (pollen grains) of a plant. This process is known as androgenesis. Let's break down the process step by step:
1. Pollen Grains:
- Androgenic haploid plants are produced from the pollen grains of a plant.
- Pollen grains are the male reproductive cells found in the anther of a flower.
2. Anther:
- The anther is the part of the flower where pollen grains are produced.
- It is typically located at the top of the stamen.
3. Androgenesis:
- Androgenesis is the process of inducing the development of a plant from the pollen grains.
- It involves the manipulation of the pollen grains to initiate their development into a complete plant.
4. In vitro Culture:
- Androgenic haploid plants are typically produced through in vitro culture techniques.
- This involves culturing the pollen grains in a controlled environment in a laboratory.
5. Tissue Culture:
- The pollen grains are placed on a suitable culture medium that contains the necessary nutrients and growth hormones.
- The culture medium provides the necessary conditions for the pollen grains to develop into plantlets.
6. Callus Formation:
- In some cases, the pollen grains may first form a callus, which is an undifferentiated mass of cells.
- The callus is then induced to differentiate into plantlets.
7. Regeneration:
- The plantlets that develop from the pollen grains are then transferred to a medium that promotes their further growth and development.
- This allows the plantlets to develop into complete androgenic haploid plants.
In conclusion, androgenic haploid plants are produced from the pollen grains of a plant through the process of androgenesis. This involves culturing the pollen grains in a suitable culture medium and providing the necessary conditions for their development into complete plants.

Apomixis was discovered by Winkler

Explanation:

• Apomixis: Apomixis is a type of reproduction in plants that involves the production of seeds without fertilization.


• Discovery: The discovery of apomixis is attributed to a German botanist named Georg Franz Wilhelm Winkler.


• Contributions: Winkler conducted extensive research on the reproductive processes in plants and made significant contributions to the understanding of apomixis.


• Identification: Winkler was able to identify and describe the different forms of apomixis, including apospory and diplospory.


• Recognition: His work on apomixis laid the foundation for further studies in plant reproduction and has been widely recognized and cited by subsequent researchers in the field.


• Legacy: Winkler's discovery of apomixis has had a lasting impact on the field of botany and continues to be an important area of study in plant genetics and reproductive biology.

Therefore, the correct answer is option B: Winkler.

Angiosperms Originated in the Mesozoic Era
Explanation:
- Mesozoic Era: The Mesozoic Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles, spanned from approximately 252 to 66 million years ago.
- Angiosperms: Angiosperms, commonly known as flowering plants, are a group of plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds.
- Angiosperms are the most diverse and dominant group of plants on Earth, comprising more than 90% of all plant species.
- The origin of angiosperms is believed to have occurred during the Mesozoic Era.
- During this time, the conditions on Earth were favorable for the evolution and diversification of angiosperms.
- The Mesozoic Era saw the rise of many new plant and animal groups, and angiosperms played a significant role in shaping the ecosystems during this period.
- Fossil evidence suggests that the earliest angiosperms appeared around 140 to 130 million years ago.
- Over time, angiosperms evolved various adaptations that allowed them to become highly successful in different habitats and to form complex relationships with other organisms.
In conclusion, angiosperms originated in the Mesozoic Era, specifically around 140 to 130 million years ago. They have since become the most diverse and dominant group of plants on Earth, playing a crucial role in shaping ecosystems and providing food and resources for numerous organisms.

Monocarpic plants:
Monocarpic plants are those that flower and produce seeds only once in their lifetime, and then die. They have a single reproductive event and usually have a long vegetative phase before flowering. Among the given options, the monocarpic plant is Bamboo.
Explanation:
Bamboo is a species of grass that belongs to the family Poaceae. It is a monocarpic plant, meaning it flowers and produces seeds only once in its lifetime. After flowering, the entire bamboo plant dies, including all its branches and leaves. This phenomenon is known as gregarious flowering, and it typically occurs at long intervals, sometimes spanning several decades.
Here are some key points about Bamboo as a monocarpic plant:
- Bamboo has a long vegetative phase where it grows and spreads through its underground rhizome network.
- Once the bamboo plant reaches a certain age and environmental conditions are favorable, it undergoes gregarious flowering.
- During the flowering event, bamboo produces an abundant amount of seeds, which are dispersed by wind or other means.
- After seed production, the bamboo plant dies, and new shoots emerge from the underground rhizomes to start the cycle again.
- The time between flowering events can vary depending on the species of bamboo, but it is generally several decades.
Therefore, among the given options, Bamboo is the monocarpic plant. Shisham, Mango, and Pinus are all perennial plants that can flower and produce seeds multiple times throughout their lifetime.

Anthophore is:
A: Receptacle between two carpels
B: Internode between Androecium and Gynoecium
C: Internode between calyx and corolla
D: None of these
Answer: C
Detailed
The anthophore is an important part of a flower and is commonly found in certain plant families. It is an internode, which means it is the region between two nodes in a stem. In the case of the anthophore, it is specifically the internode between the calyx and the corolla of a flower.
Here is a more detailed explanation of the options:
A: Receptacle between two carpels
- This refers to the region where the carpels (the female reproductive organs of a flower) are located. The anthophore is not associated with the carpels.
B: Internode between Androecium and Gynoecium
- The androecium refers to the male reproductive organs of a flower, while the gynoecium refers to the female reproductive organs. The anthophore is not located between these two regions.
C: Internode between calyx and corolla
- This is the correct option. The anthophore is an internode that is found between the calyx (the outermost whorl of a flower, typically green and protective) and the corolla (the second whorl of a flower, typically consisting of petals).
D: None of these
- This option is not correct, as option C is the correct answer.
In conclusion, the anthophore is the internode between the calyx and corolla of a flower.

Life Cycle of Angiosperm:
The most logical sequence with reference to the life cycle of angiosperm is option C:
1. Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower.
2. Fertilization: Fusion of the male gamete (pollen) with the female gamete (ovule) to form a zygote.
3. Seed Formation: The zygote develops into an embryo inside the ovule.
4. Germination: The mature seed undergoes germination and develops into a new plant.
5. Seed Dispersal: The matured seeds are dispersed to new locations, ensuring the survival and growth of offspring.
Explanation:
- Option A is incorrect because endosperm formation occurs after fertilization, not before.
- Option B is incorrect because cleavage and grafting are not part of the life cycle of angiosperms.
- Option D is incorrect because mitosis and differentiation occur during plant growth, not specifically in the life cycle of angiosperms.
Therefore, option C, which includes the correct sequence of events in the life cycle of angiosperms (pollination, fertilization, seed formation, germination), is the most logical choice.

The part of the plant that might have given rise to the diploid plant is the cells of the anther wall (option C).
Explanation:
- The anther is the part of the plant that produces pollen, which contains the male gametes.
- In normal plant reproduction, the anther produces haploid pollen grains through meiosis. These pollen grains contain a generative cell and a vegetative cell.
- During anther culture, the anther is placed in a culture medium that stimulates the growth and development of the cells.
- In some cases, the cells of the anther wall can undergo changes and give rise to diploid cells.
- These diploid cells can then develop into diploid plants through further growth and development.
- The vegetative cell of the pollen, exine of the pollen wall, and generative cell of the pollen do not have the ability to give rise to diploid plants.
- Therefore, the cells of the anther wall are the most likely part of the plant to give rise to diploid plants in this scenario.

Explanation:

Capsella is an angiosperm because it possesses certain characteristics that are unique to angiosperms. These characteristics include:

- Seed: Angiosperms produce seeds, which are the reproductive structures that contain the embryo and are surrounded by a protective seed coat. Capsella produces seeds, indicating that it is an angiosperm.
- Pollengrain: Angiosperms produce pollen grains, which are the male reproductive structures that contain the sperm cells. Capsella produces pollen grains, further confirming its classification as an angiosperm.
- Vascular tissue: Angiosperms have specialized vascular tissue called xylem and phloem, which transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. Capsella possesses vascular tissue, indicating its angiosperm status.
- Fruit: Angiosperms produce fruits, which are mature ovaries that contain seeds. Capsella produces fruits, confirming its classification as an angiosperm.
Overall, the presence of seeds, pollen grains, vascular tissue, and fruits in Capsella clearly classifies it as an angiosperm.

Answer:
Anther of Arceuthobium plant is monosporangiate, which means it contains only one sporangium. Here is a detailed explanation:
Definition of Anther:
- The anther is the male reproductive organ of a flower, located at the tip of the stamen.
- It is responsible for the production and release of pollen grains, which contain the male gametes.
Arceuthobium Plant:
- Arceuthobium is a genus of parasitic plants commonly known as dwarf mistletoes.
- They belong to the family Santalaceae and are found in various parts of the world.
- Arceuthobium plants are hemiparasitic, meaning they obtain water and nutrients from their host plants but can also perform photosynthesis.
Monosporangiate Anther:
- Monosporangiate anthers have only one sporangium, which is the structure responsible for the production and maturation of pollen grains.
- The sporangium contains microsporangia, which are cells that undergo meiosis to produce microspores.
- In the case of Arceuthobium plants, the anther contains a single sporangium, indicating that it is monosporangiate.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Monosporangiate.

The part of the reproductive structure that produces both enzymes and hormones is the Tapetum.
- The Tapetum is a layer of cells that surrounds the developing pollen grains in the anther of a flower.
- It is responsible for providing nourishment to the developing pollen grains by producing enzymes that break down nutrients in the surrounding tissues.
- These enzymes help in the release of nutrients such as sugars, proteins, and lipids from the tapetum cells into the developing pollen grains.
- In addition to producing enzymes, the tapetum also produces hormones such as auxins and gibberellins.
- These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the growth and development of the pollen grains.
- They help in promoting cell division, elongation, and differentiation in the developing pollen grains.
- The hormones produced by the tapetum also influence the timing of anther dehiscence, which is the process of the anther opening up and releasing the mature pollen grains.
Therefore, the tapetum is an essential part of the reproductive structure that produces both enzymes and hormones necessary for the development and maturation of pollen grains.

Ubisch bodies are produced in:
The correct answer is D: Tapetum.
Explanation:
Ubisch bodies are specialized organelles found in the tapetum, a layer of cells in the anther of a flower. The tapetum is responsible for providing nourishment and support to the developing pollen grains. Ubisch bodies play a role in the production of the exine layer of the pollen grain, which is the outermost layer of the pollen wall. The exine layer is important for protecting the pollen grain during its journey from the anther to the stigma of a flower. Ubisch bodies are involved in the synthesis and deposition of sporopollenin, a complex polymer that forms the exine layer. The tapetum cells produce and release sporopollenin into the anther locule, where it is then incorporated into the developing pollen grains. This process ensures the proper development and maturation of the pollen grains. Therefore, Ubisch bodies are produced in the tapetum of the flower.

The mature male gametophyte in angiosperm is represented by the germinating pollen grain.
Explanation:
- The male gametophyte in angiosperms is represented by the pollen grain.
- When the pollen grain reaches maturity, it undergoes germination to form the mature male gametophyte.
- The mature male gametophyte consists of two sperm cells enclosed within a tube cell.
- The germinating pollen grain contains the male reproductive cells that are responsible for fertilization.
- The pollen grain is produced within the anther, which is part of the flower's reproductive structure.
- The anther releases the mature pollen grains, which are then transferred to the stigma of the flower.
- From the stigma, the pollen grain germinates and grows a pollen tube that penetrates the ovule.
- The mature male gametophyte travels through the pollen tube to reach the embryo sac, where fertilization occurs.
- Once fertilization occurs, the male gametophyte releases the sperm cells, which fuse with the egg cell and the central cell to form the zygote and endosperm, respectively.
- Therefore, the germinating pollen grain represents the mature male gametophyte in angiosperms.

The structure of a pollen grain is designed to protect it from various environmental factors, including ultraviolet (UV) rays. Among the different structures present in a pollen grain, two main components provide protection against UV rays:
1. Sporopollenin:
- Sporopollenin is a tough and resistant polymer found in the outer layer of the pollen grain, known as the exine.
- It is highly resistant to degradation by UV radiation, making it an effective barrier against harmful UV rays.
- Sporopollenin also provides mechanical strength and protects the pollen grain from physical damage.
2. Pollenkitt:
- Pollenkitt is a sticky, oily substance present on the surface of the pollen grain.
- It acts as a protective coating and helps in retaining moisture while preventing dehydration.
- Pollenkitt can also absorb and filter UV radiation, reducing its harmful effects on the pollen grain.
Therefore, the correct answer is option D: 1 & 2 both. Both sporopollenin and pollenkitt work together to protect the pollen grain from UV rays, ensuring its viability and successful pollination.

Tapetum is:
The tapetum refers to a specific tissue found in plants, particularly in the anther of the flower. It plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of pollen grains. The tapetum is responsible for providing nutrients and other essential substances to the developing pollen grains, ensuring their proper growth and viability.
The characteristics and functions of tapetum:
- Parietalin origin: The tapetum is derived from the cells of the parietal layer, which is the innermost layer of the anther wall.
- Nutrient supply: The tapetum acts as a nutritive layer, supplying essential nutrients, such as sugars, amino acids, and lipids, to the developing pollen grains.
- Secretory function: The tapetum secretes enzymes and other substances that are involved in the synthesis of the pollen wall components, including the exine and intine layers.
- Degradation and release of contents: As the pollen grains mature, the tapetum undergoes programmed cell death and releases its contents, which are then absorbed by the developing pollen grains.
- Protection: The tapetum also provides a protective layer around the developing pollen grains, shielding them from external stress factors and ensuring their proper development.
Overall, the tapetum plays a vital role in the reproductive process of plants by supporting the development and maturation of pollen grains. Its functions include nutrient supply, secretion of essential substances, degradation, and protection.

Division taking place in sporogenous cell is:
The correct answer is D: Only mitosis.
Explanation:
Mitosis is the process of cell division that occurs in sporogenous cells. Here is a detailed explanation:
- Mitosis: Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells. It consists of several stages:
- Prophase: The chromosomes condense and become visible. The nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle fibers start to form.
- Metaphase: The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.
- Anaphase: The spindle fibers contract, pulling the sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase: The chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, and the nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes.
- Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, and two daughter cells are formed.
- Meiosis: Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in reproductive cells (gametes) and results in the formation of four genetically different daughter cells. It consists of two rounds of division, namely meiosis I and meiosis II.
- Amitosis: Amitosis is a type of cell division that occurs in some unicellular organisms, where the cell divides into two equal parts without undergoing any defined stages.
- Endomitosis: Endomitosis is a process in which a cell undergoes repeated rounds of DNA replication without cytokinesis, resulting in the formation of a single multinucleated cell.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: Only mitosis.

Introduction:
Capsella is a genus of flowering plants in the mustard family. It is commonly known as Shepherd's purse. Pollen grains are reproductive structures produced by plants for the purpose of fertilization. In Capsella, the pollen grains are shed at a specific stage of development.
Answer:
The correct answer is D: Two-celled stage.
Explanation:
Pollen grains in Capsella are shed at the two-celled stage. Here is a detailed explanation of the different stages of pollen development in Capsella:
1. Microspore mother cell: The process of pollen development begins with the formation of a microspore mother cell within the anther of the flower.
2. Meiosis: The microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis, a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. This results in the formation of four haploid microspores.
3. Pollen grain formation: Each microspore undergoes further development to form a pollen grain. This process involves the differentiation of the microspore into two cells - the generative cell and the vegetative cell.
4. Two-celled stage: At the two-celled stage, the generative cell divides to give rise to two sperm cells. These sperm cells are responsible for fertilization in the plant.
5. Shedding of pollen grains: Once the pollen grains reach the two-celled stage, they are shed from the anther and are released into the environment.
It is important to note that the exact timing of pollen shedding may vary depending on the specific species and environmental conditions. However, in Capsella, the pollen grains are typically shed at the two-celled stage.
Conclusion:
In Capsella, pollen grains are shed at the two-celled stage of development. This stage occurs after meiosis and the differentiation of the microspore into two cells - the generative cell and the vegetative cell. The shedding of pollen grains allows for their dispersal and subsequent fertilization in the plant.

Polyploid Tissue in Angiosperm Plant
Polyploidy refers to the condition where an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes. In angiosperms (flowering plants), polyploidy can occur in different tissues. One example of polyploid tissue in an angiosperm plant is the tapetum.
Tapetum
- The tapetum is a specialized layer of cells found within the anther of a flower.
- It plays a crucial role in the development of pollen grains.
- Tapetum cells undergo polyploidization, resulting in the presence of multiple sets of chromosomes.
- Polyploid tapetum cells provide the necessary nutrients and resources for the maturation of pollen grains.
- Polyploidy in the tapetum enhances the production of pollen and contributes to the reproductive success of the plant.
Other tissues in angiosperms, such as perisperm, embryo, and placenta, are typically diploid and do not exhibit polyploidy.
In conclusion, the polyploid tissue present in an angiosperm plant is the tapetum. The tapetum's polyploid cells support the development and maturation of pollen grains, contributing to the plant's reproductive success.

Microspore and its role
- A microspore is a type of reproductive cell found in plants.
- It plays a crucial role in the reproductive process of plants.
- Microspores are produced in structures called anthers, which are located in the flowers of angiosperms (flowering plants) or in the cones of gymnosperms (non-flowering plants).
- The anthers contain pollen sacs where microspores are formed.
- Each microspore is a single cell that is capable of developing into a male gametophyte.
- The male gametophyte, also known as the pollen grain, is responsible for producing sperm cells that will fertilize the female gametophyte during plant reproduction.
Answer: B. Male gametophyte
- The microspore is the first cell that develops into the male gametophyte.
- It undergoes mitosis and cellular differentiation to form the pollen grain.
- The pollen grain contains the male gametes (sperm cells) necessary for fertilization.
- Once the pollen grain reaches the female gametophyte, it releases the sperm cells, allowing fertilization to occur.
- Therefore, the correct answer is B: Male gametophyte.

Pollen grains of some plants cause:
- Allergy: Pollen grains from certain plants can cause allergic reactions in individuals who are sensitive or allergic to them. When these pollen grains are inhaled or come into contact with the skin or eyes, they can trigger symptoms such as sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, itchy or watery eyes, and skin rashes.
- Pneumonia: Pollen grains do not cause pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection that primarily affects the lungs and is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
- Typhoid: Pollen grains do not cause typhoid. Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, which is primarily transmitted through contaminated food or water.
- None of these: Pollen grains do not cause pneumonia or typhoid. They are primarily associated with allergies.
In conclusion: Pollen grains of some plants can cause allergic reactions, but they do not cause pneumonia or typhoid.

Anther composition in plants:
Anther is a part of the stamen in a flower, which is the male reproductive organ of a plant. It is responsible for producing and releasing pollen grains. The composition of anther can vary depending on the plant species, but it generally consists of:
1. Sporangia:
- An anther is composed of one or more sporangia, which are structures that contain and produce pollen grains.
- Each sporangium is surrounded by a wall called the endothecium, which protects the developing pollen grains.
2. Pollen sacs:
- The sporangia in an anther are grouped together to form pollen sacs or pollen chambers.
- In most plants, an anther consists of four pollen sacs arranged in a cross-like pattern, but this can vary in some species.
3. Connective tissue:
- The sporangia are connected to each other by a connective tissue, which provides support and helps in the release of pollen grains.
4. Filaments:
- The anther is attached to a filament, which is a thin stalk-like structure that holds the anther in place within the flower.
Summary:
In summary, an anther is generally composed of four sporangia, which are enclosed within pollen sacs. These sporangia are connected to each other by a connective tissue and are attached to a filament. The anther plays a crucial role in the reproduction of flowering plants by producing and releasing pollen grains.

Structure of a Fern Plant Equivalent to Anther of Capsella:
The structure of a fern plant that is equivalent to the anther of Capsella is the sorus.
Explanation:
- The anther is a part of the flower in angiosperms (flowering plants) that produces pollen grains.
- In ferns, the equivalent structure that produces spores is called the sorus.
- The sorus is a cluster of sporangia, which are structures that contain and produce spores.
- Spores are the reproductive cells of ferns, similar to pollen grains in angiosperms.
- The sporangia within the sorus undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores.
- These spores are released into the environment and can grow into new fern plants.
- Therefore, the sorus in ferns is functionally equivalent to the anther in Capsella.
Summary:
- The structure of a fern plant that is equivalent to the anther of Capsella is the sorus.
- The sorus is a cluster of sporangia that produces spores, which are the reproductive cells of ferns.

Explanation:
To answer the question, we need to understand the different terms and their definitions:
1. Spore mother cells: These are cells that undergo meiosis to produce spores.
2. Spores: These are reproductive structures that are capable of developing into new individuals.
3. Polysiphony: This term refers to the occurrence of more than one siphon or tube in certain algae.
4. Polyspermy: This term refers to the fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm.
5. Polyspory: This term refers to the occurrence of more than four spores from spore mother cells.
6. Polyembryony: This term refers to the development of more than one embryo from a single fertilized egg.
Based on the definitions above, we can determine that the correct answer is C: Polyspory. This term specifically describes the occurrence of more than four spores from spore mother cells.
Therefore, if there are more than four spores produced from spore mother cells, it is referred to as polyspory.

The male gametophyte of Capsella contains three cells or nuclei.
- The male gametophyte of plants is also known as the pollen grain.
- In Capsella, the male gametophyte undergoes a process called pollen mitosis, which results in the formation of three cells or nuclei.
- These three cells or nuclei are known as the generative cell, the tube cell, and the vegetative cell.
- The generative cell is responsible for the production of sperm cells.
- The tube cell is involved in the growth of the pollen tube, which helps in the transportation of sperm cells to the female reproductive organs.
- The vegetative cell provides nutrients and support to the other cells.
- The presence of these three cells or nuclei in the male gametophyte of Capsella ensures successful fertilization and reproduction.
Therefore, the correct answer is C: Three.

Male Gametes in Capsella
The male gametophyte of Capsella, also known as the pollen grain, produces male gametes. Let's explore the number and type of male gametes produced by the male gametophyte of Capsella.
Number of Male Gametes:
- Two male gametes are produced by the male gametophyte of Capsella.
Type of Male Gametes:
- The male gametes produced by the male gametophyte of Capsella are non-motile.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: two, non-motile.
It is important to note that male gametophytes of other plants may produce different types and numbers of male gametes. This information specifically applies to Capsella.

Explanation:
The type of fossil pollen grains present in an area can be helpful in the exploration of various resources such as coal, petroleum, and fossil pteridophytes. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Coal:
- Fossil pollen grains can be used to determine the paleoenvironment in which coal deposits were formed.
- By studying the composition and abundance of pollen grains, scientists can infer the types of plants that were present in the area during the coal formation.
- This information can be used to identify potential coal-bearing formations and locate coal deposits.
2. Petroleum:
- Fossil pollen grains can also be used in the exploration of petroleum reservoirs.
- Different types of plants produce different pollen grains, and these grains can be preserved in sedimentary rocks.
- By analyzing the composition and distribution of fossil pollen grains in sedimentary rocks, scientists can identify the presence of potential petroleum source rocks and reservoirs.
3. Fossil Pteridophytes:
- Pteridophytes are a group of plants that include ferns and their relatives.
- Fossil pollen grains of pteridophytes can provide valuable information about the paleobotanical history of an area.
- By studying the fossil pollen grains of pteridophytes, scientists can determine the past distribution and diversity of these plants, which can help in understanding the geological history of the area.
4. All of the above:
- The presence of fossil pollen grains can provide insights into the geological history and potential resources of an area.
- By studying and analyzing the fossil pollen grains, scientists can obtain information about the paleoenvironment, past vegetation, and potential resources like coal, petroleum, and fossil pteridophytes.
In conclusion, the type of fossil pollen grains present in an area can be helpful in the exploration of coal, petroleum, and fossil pteridophytes. The analysis of these pollen grains provides valuable information about the paleoenvironment, paleobotanical history, and potential resources of the area.

Ubisch bodies are associated with the development of Pollen grains.
Explanation:
Ubisch bodies are specialized structures found in the tapetum, a layer of cells that surrounds the developing pollen grains in the anther of a flower. These bodies play a crucial role in the development and maturation of pollen grains. Here is a detailed explanation:
- Ubisch bodies: These are organelles that are found in the tapetum cells of the anther. They are named after the botanist Friedrich Ubisch who first described them.
- Tapetum: The tapetum is a layer of cells that surrounds the developing pollen grains in the anther. It provides nutrients and other substances required for the development and maturation of pollen grains.
- Development of pollen grains: During the development of pollen grains, the tapetum undergoes a series of changes. The tapetum cells produce and release various substances, including proteins and lipids, which are essential for the development and maturation of pollen grains.
- Ubisch bodies and pollen development: Ubisch bodies are involved in the synthesis and secretion of these substances by the tapetum cells. They are responsible for the production and delivery of important nutrients and metabolites to the developing pollen grains.
- Role in pollen maturation: Ubisch bodies also play a role in the maturation of pollen grains. They are involved in the formation of the pollen coat, a protective layer that surrounds the pollen grain and helps in its dispersal.
In conclusion, Ubisch bodies are specialized structures found in the tapetum cells of the anther and are associated with the development and maturation of pollen grains. They play a crucial role in providing nutrients and other substances required for the development of pollen grains.

The small nucleus in a pollen grain is the generative nucleus.
The generative nucleus is one of the two nuclei found within a pollen grain, which is the male reproductive structure of flowering plants. This nucleus plays a crucial role in the process of plant reproduction. Here's a detailed explanation:
1. Pollen Grain:
- A pollen grain is a microscopic structure produced by the male reproductive organs of flowering plants, known as anthers.
- Each pollen grain contains two nuclei: the generative nucleus and the tube nucleus.
2. Generative Nucleus:
- The generative nucleus is the smaller of the two nuclei found within the pollen grain.
- It is responsible for the process of fertilization and the formation of the male gametes.
- The generative nucleus undergoes mitosis, resulting in the formation of two sperm cells.
3. Tube Nucleus:
- The tube nucleus is the larger of the two nuclei found within the pollen grain.
- It plays a crucial role in the growth and development of the pollen tube, which is responsible for delivering the sperm cells to the female reproductive structure of the plant.
4. Functions of the Generative Nucleus:
- The generative nucleus divides to produce two sperm cells.
- These sperm cells are involved in double fertilization, where one sperm fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, while the other sperm combines with two polar nuclei to form the endosperm, which provides nutrients to the developing embryo.
In conclusion, the small nucleus in a pollen grain is the generative nucleus. It is involved in fertilization and the formation of male gametes, playing a crucial role in plant reproduction.