MH SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 (Political Science) - MAHA TET MCQ

Aitchison Commission - 1886 
Gladstone Committee - 1894
Brownlow Committee - 1937 
Masterman Committee - 1950

(a) Both the Vice-Presidents are elected for a fixed term.
(b) They are the presiding officers of the upper house.
(d) They have a casting vote in case of a tie.

Integral Education was given by Sri Aurobindo. It was based on the belief that the education of a human being should begin at birth and continue throughout his life. Also, he strongly believed that education to be complete must have five principal aspects, the physical, the vital, the mental, the psychic, and the spiritual.

• An Integral Approach to education means that we include multiple perspectives. 
• It seeks to understand the subjective experience of others and to find value in them.
• It gives an effective tool to transform ourselves, serve others, and create a multidimensional curriculum.
• Integral education attempts to discover how the many partial truths of educational philosophies and methods inform and complement each other in a coherent way.
• His concept of true education is integral education, which concerns five principal 'activities of the human being: the physical, the vital, the mental, the psychic, and the spiritual.
• Such a scheme of education not only helps the evolution of an individual but also helps the evolution of the nation and finally humanity.
• Based on his philosophy of education, he advocated three cardinal principles of education, which govern the process of education. There are:
  • Nothing can be taught or improved from outside. According to the Mother, "Fundamentally the only thing you must do assiduously is to teach them to know themselves, and to choose their own destiny, the way they want to follow".
  • The mind has to be consulted in its growth. The aim of education is to help the growing soul draw out its best.
  • The educational process must emphasize "from near to the far, from that is to that which shall be". 

The correct answer is Functionalists. 

• A person who sees the relationship between the various strata in a stratified society as one of cooperation and interdependence would likely subscribe to the functionalist perspective in sociology.
• Functionalist theorists believe that social structures, including stratification, serve a purpose in maintaining social order and stability.
• They argue that each social stratum or class has a specific function to perform in society and that these functions are interdependent and require cooperation among members of different strata.
• Therefore, a functionalist would be more likely to see the relationship between different strata in a stratified society as one of cooperation and interdependence, as opposed to conflict or exploitation.

The correct answer is Karl Marx.

• Marx's theories on administration are dispersed among his many books. He has addressed the emergence of bureaucracy, its function in developed and developing nations, its flaws, its obliteration during the socialist revolution, and its replacement in the emerging non-exploitative society. 
• According to Marx, nation states and capitalism emerged in western Europe in the sixteenth century, which is when bureaucracy first appeared.
  • A tool for managing riches and exercising power was required as a result of the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of merchant capitalists and absolute monarchs. The bureaucracy served as this instrument.
  • Capitalists competed with one another with its assistance, while the king reduced the power of feudal lords. 
  • Trade in medieval society was regional, i.e., between neighbouring villages or inside the community. Trade with far-off locations became possible with the development of steamships. However, the merchant explorers who had to travel to such remote locations felt unsafe.
  • Only a state with extensive control over a region could guarantee their security. The nation state was born because of the need for international trade.
  • Around the seventeenth century, nation states first emerged. However, the king was unable to oversee such a vast territory without the assistance of a great number of officials. The bureaucracy is made up of these individuals. 
  • As a result, the bureaucracy is linked to nationalism and capitalism. This implies that bureaucracy would also be rendered obsolete if nation states and capitalism could be defeated.
• Bureaucracy ensures that workers of the government are kept in check. The government's bureaucracy also contributes to the preservation of capitalism's production relations throughout broader society.
  • Therefore, if employees in a private company go on strike, the capitalist can enlist the assistance of the police to keep them in check. The government supports and protects private business and commerce.

The correct answer is option A, i.e, France.

• Appointment of Ad-hoc judges in the Supreme court is driven by the judicial system of France.
• Article 127 provides for the appointment of an ad-hoc judge in the Supreme Court.
• Ad-hoc judges can be appointed in the Supreme Court by Chief Justice of India.
• It is the duty of the judge as appointed to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court in priority to other duties of his duties.
• When there is a lack of quorum of the permanent judges to hold or continue any session of the Supreme Court.

The correct answer is (A) is true but (R) is false.

• Colonialism entails exploiting people's lives and cultures to gain political and economic dominance over the colony.
  • When the Europeans discovered a maritime route across Africa's southern coast and America, naval power went to the growing nation-states of Portugal, Spain, France, and England. Gradually, colonization expanded to other regions of Asia as well.
  • Colonialism is a modern historical event.
  • The alien minority claims racial and cultural superiority over the native majority in this process of colonialism.
• Colonialism significantly negatively impacted the nation's social, political, regional, economic, and cultural characteristics.
  • However, colonial structures were dismantled after World War II in a procedure known as decolonization, which is essentially the undoing of Colonialism.
  • It might entail nonviolent revolutions or national liberation wars by pro-independence organizations for the colonized people's right to colonial self-determination. Sovereign states in the Americas, Asia, and Africa refer to it as the division of colonies for this reason.
  • The following are some of the post-World War II factors that contributed to decolonization:
    • Several nations were no longer able to assist in maintaining colonial administration after the Second World War due to a lack of financial resources.
    • As western literature and education opened up spaces for independent thought and reasoned debate about liberty, equality, freedom, and other topics, movements began to emerge in colonial states.
    • When the United Nations was founded, it put pressure on imperial powers like the United Kingdom and France to grant colonies their independence and recogrecon-states as the best form of political organization.
    • During the Cold War, the US and USSR put pressure on their allies in Europe to grant independence and liberate colonies. The constant exploitation of the colonial people and their resources stoked the flames of nationalism and patriotism.

The correct answer is Kautilya.

• One of the very first treatises on government, written more than two thousand years ago and commonly attributed to Kautilya.
  • ​He said that when famine threatens, a good king should "institute the building of forts or water-works with the grant of food, or share (his) provisions (with them), or entrust the country (to another king)". Hence, the correct answer is Kautilya.
• The chief methods of famine relief adopted by Indian rulers included-
  • Free distribution of raw grains,
  • Opening of free kitchens,
  • Opening of public grain stores to the people,
  • Remission of revenue,
  • Payment of advances,
  • Remission of other taxes,
  • Construction of public works, canals and embankments, the sinking of wells,
  • Encouragement of migration and
  • Increase in the pay of soldiers.  

Planning commission is not a Constitutional Body.

A State is not bound till it incorporates such an obligation into its municipal law.

Irresponsibility is not associated with Presidential Government.

Most-favoured-nation treatment means a favourable treatment extended to a particular State.

Afghanistan

• Afghanistan has one of the lowest growth rates of all South Asian countries, at less than 3%.
• Largely, this is due to pressing security risks and political tension after the suspension of the U.S.-Taliban peace negotiations.
• However, its agriculture sector continues to grow as favorable weather reverses the impacts of a drought in 2018, prompting economists to favor Afghanistan's GDP growth projections in the next few years.

Bangladesh

• In recent years, Bangladesh has emerged as a leading manufacturer of textile products and become a frontrunner in South Asia.
• In fact, in 2019, Bangladesh had a growth rate of 8%, compared to India's 5.3%.
• As the trade deficit decreased, the growth in remittances grew strongly by 9.6% in 2019 to reach a record $16.4 billion.
• The forecast of an increase in domestic demand, hike in public sector wages, and increased construction activity will bolster its economy in the near term, as well.

Maldives

• In the Maldives, GDP growth has been driven by strong tourism, especially from Europe, China, and India.
• In fact, European guests accounted for about half of arrivals and grew by 16.5% in 2019.
• Despite slow progress on public infrastructure projects and falling gross foreign reserves, the Maldives is continuing to forecast strong growth as long as political problems don't get in the way.

The correct answer is 2, 3 and 4 only.

• The Finance Commission is a Constitutionally mandated body that is at the center of fiscal federalism. 
• Article 280 of the Constitution of India provides for a Finance Commission as a quasi-judicial body.
• It is constituted by the President of India every fifth year or at such earlier time as he considers necessary. Hence, Statement 1 is not correct.

The correct answer is Normative Concerns.

• The advent of new public administration coincided with the height of the political turmoil and upheaval of the late 1960s and early 1970s, a period during which Western civilizations, particularly the USA, experienced several social difficulties such as unrest, instability, confusion, and the like.
• The traditional public administration opens in a new window, which is built on the principles of economy and efficiency but was unable to respond to the growing unrest and the complexities that resulted from the political unrest in a way that was effective.
• Eventually, a movement within the field emerged in quest of a new public administration—one that was aware of and capable of resolving societal issues that had not been addressed during the 1960s.
• A rising group of American academics had met at Minnowbrook in 1968 and had contested the tenets of traditional political science and public administration.
  • These young academics were of the opinion that public administration ought to be value-driven rather than efficiency-driven.
  • This sparked the New Public Administration trend, which places a greater focus on morals and ethics.
  • The phrase "new public administration" was first used in a way that reflected the spirit of the period, as well as a statement of dissatisfaction with the condition of the profession and a call to arms for a new, improved public administration.
• The primary focus of the new public administration was to strengthen the function and capability of the public administrative system to address social change's difficulties and guide it.
• It represented a backlash against the strongly felt positivist influence that emerged after World War II and reflected the radical reformism of the 1960s.
• Relevance, values, social equality, change, and customer focus are the five main themes that can be used to summarise the objectives of public administration.
• The fundamental normative issue in administrative studies was made evident by the new public administration movement.
• It rejected the value-neutral stance taken by behavioural political science and public administration with a managerial focus.

"An elevation of text and language as the fundamental phenomena of existence."

• This is one of the primary tenets of post-modernism.
• Post-modernism elevates text and language as the fundamental phenomena of existence, rather than material reality or objective truth.
• This is because post-modernism sees reality as constructed through language and discourse, and therefore language becomes the primary means of understanding and interpreting reality.

"The application of literary analysis to all phenomena."

• This is also one of the primary tenets of post-modernism.
• Post-modernism sees all phenomena as texts, and therefore subject to literary analysis.
• This includes not only literary texts, but also cultural artifacts, social structures, and even the natural world.
• Post-modernism approaches these phenomena through a critical lens, analyzing the language and discourse used to describe and construct them.

"A favour to meta-narratives."

• This statement is false.
• In fact, post-modernism is known for its rejection of meta-narratives or grand narratives that claim to explain the world in its entirety.
• Post-modernism sees these narratives as oppressive and limiting, because they impose a singular perspective on reality and exclude other voices and perspectives.

"A questioning of reality and representation."

• This is also one of the primary tenets of post-modernism.
• Post-modernism questions the idea of a stable, objective reality that exists independently of language and discourse.
• Instead, post-modernism sees reality as constructed through language and discourse, and therefore subject to interpretation and re-interpretation.
• Post-modernism also questions the ability of representation to accurately reflect reality, and instead sees representation as always already mediated by language and discourse.

In summary, the correct answer is 1, 2 and 4 are the primary tenets of post-modernism, while statement 3 is false.

In 1786, Lord Cornwallis was appointed as Governor-General and commander in chief in India. He is known for having instituted land , judiciary and administrative reforms and reorganized the British army and administration. He had a demand that powers of the Governor-General be enlarged to empower him, in special cases, to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility. The Act of 1786 was enacted to give him the power of working as Both Governor General & Commander in Chief. Thus via act of 1786, Cornwallis became the first effective ruler of British India under the authority of Board of Control and the Court of Directors.

The real executive under Cabinet Government is accountable to the Parliament
The head of the government, who is generally called as the Prime Minister, is the real head. Thus, all the real executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister. The parliamentary government is also called as the Cabinet government due to concentration of executive powers in the cabinet.

The 22 languages which are listed in the Eighth Schedule are Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.

The correct answer is both statements are true.

• Both statements are part of the political philosophy developed by John Rawls known as "justice as fairness."
• Rawls proposed a hypothetical thought experiment called the original position, which is a hypothetical social contract situation where individuals are placed behind a "veil of ignorance."
• This means that they are unaware of their own social position, wealth, talents, or personal characteristics.
• Statement 1 accurately reflects Rawls' perspective.
• He argues that in the original position, individuals would prioritize the interests of the worst-off members of society.
• This means that they would aim to create rules and institutions that would uplift the most disadvantaged individuals and improve their overall well-being.
• Rawls believes that this approach is fair because no one knows if they will end up in a disadvantaged position, so it is rational to design a society that provides the best possible conditions for the least advantaged.
• Statement 2 also aligns with Rawls' philosophy.
• Rawls argues that the purpose of decision-making behind the veil of ignorance is to ensure that everyone has reasonable opportunities and equal access to important resources.
• This includes not only material resources but also social, political, and educational opportunities.
• Rawls advocates for a society where the distribution of resources and opportunities is structured in a way that benefits the least advantaged members while still allowing for inequalities that benefit all members of society, particularly those who are less well-off.

Therefore we conclude that both statements are true.

The correct answer is Affirmative action.

Conservatism as an ideology put an emphasis on the value of traditional institutions and practices. It desires to conserve and resist the change. Conservatism supports traditions and believes in human imperfection.
Thus, the Correct answer is Option A.

It is well known that the Americans have been striving for 30 years to shake off this yoke, which has become intolerable, and that in spite of all they can do they continue to stink ever deeper in this swamp of corruption. It is precisely in America that we see best how there takes place this process of the state power making itself independent in relation to society, whose mere instrument it was originally intended to be. Here there exists no dynasty, no nobility, no standing army, beyond the few men keeping watch on the Indians, no bureaucracy with permanent posts or the right to pensions. and nevertheless we find here two great gangs of political speculators, who alternately take possession of the state power and exploit it by the most corrupt means and for the most corrupt ends -- and the nation is powerless against these two great cartels of politicians, who are ostensibly its servants, but in reality exploit and plunder it.

• Nancy Shoemaker holds the position of history professor at the University of Connecticut and described the twelve types of colonialism.
• Her latest publication, titled "Native American Whalemen and the World: Indigenous Encounters and the Contingency of Race," was released by the University of North Carolina Press in 2015.

The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow

The correct answer is A, B and D only. 

• The term Secular was added to the preamble by the 42nd amendment.
• Secularism was a part of the basic structure of the Constitution.

Arkal Govind Raj Rao vs. Ciba Geigy of India

• The legislation for the upliftment of the interests of labor, technically ‘Workmen’ and for the resolution of Industrial Disputes before the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 was the Trade Disputes Act, 1929.
• It was removed because of the loopholes it had and its failure to reach the objective desired subsequently leading it to be amended and the new Act Industrial Disputes Act came into the picture.
• The foundation of the jurisdiction under the Act is the determination of the fact whether an employee is a ‘Workman’ as per the meaning mentioned in the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.
• While deciding the case, the Supreme Court held that "the basic duties of the worker should be considered first and the additional duties will have no bearing on the nature of the character of the person".

Charter Act of 1833

• This Act was the final step towards centralization in British India.

Features of the Act:

• It made the Governor-General of Bengal the Governor-General of India and vested in him all civil and military powers. 
• Thus, the act created, for the first time, a Government of India having authority over the entire territorial area possessed by the British in India.
• Lord William Bentick was the first governor-general of India.
• It deprived the governor of Bombay and Madras of their legislative powers.
• The Governor-General of India was given exclusive legislative powers for the entire British India. 
• The laws made under the previous acts were called Regulations while laws made under this act were called Acts.
• It ended the activities of the East India Company as a commercial body, which became a purely administrative body. 
• It provided that the company’s territories in India were held by it ‘in trust for His Majesty, His heirs, and successors.
• The Charter Act of 1833 attempted to introduce a system of open competition for the selection of civil servants and stated that the Indians should not be debarred from holding any place, office, or employment under the Company.
• However, this provision was negated after opposition from the Court of Directors.

The correct answer is The inner-possession of an individual or group.

•  L.D. White says, A high morale is essentially joined, ”with a belief in the importance and value of the work that each individual performs.” Training will help the public servant to understand the purpose of his work and organization and to view its significance in the larger context of the well-being of society.
• Moral means to well-based standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of duties, principles, specific virtues, or benefits to society.

• The Justice Rajendar Sachar committee was set up by the Government of India to examine the social and economic status of the Muslim community. 
• The committee was constituted in 2005. 
• The Manmohan Singh administration appointed the Committee.