MPTET Varg 2 Science Mock Test - 5 - MPTET MCQ

• "भ्रमरगीत” का तथा “जायसी ग्रन्थावली" का सम्पादन:- "आचार्य रामचन्द्र शुक्ल" ने किया।

Key Points

• आचार्य रामचन्द्र शुक्ल हिन्दी के महान विद्वान और इतिहास कार है।
• आचार्य रामचन्द्र शुक्ल ने लिखा “हिन्दी साहित्य का इतिहास" भी लिखा जो नागरी सभा द्वारा प्रकाशित 'हिन्दी शब्द सागर” की भूमिका के रूप में लिखा गया था।
• यह भूमिका 'हिन्दी साहित्य का विकास' नाम से छपी थी।  

Additional Information 

• भ्रमर गीत - सूरदास जी की रचना है।
• जायसी की रचना :- पद्मावत है।
  • उक्त रचनाएँ सैकड़ो सालो पुरानी है जिनको खोज करके आचार्य रामचन्द्र जी ने सम्पादित किया।

The correct answer is 'did they'.

Key Points 

• ​Question tag means a short phrase such as ‘isn’t it?’ or ‘did you?’ at the end of a sentence that changes it into a question and is often used to ask somebody to agree with you.
  • For example: She said half price, didn't she?
• If the main clause is positive, the question tag is usually negative, and if the main clause is negative, the question tag is positive. 
• The sentence and the question tag must be in the same tense.
• For the negative question tag, use the contracted form of 'helping verb' and 'not'
• By referring to the above explanation, it can be concluded that did they should be the appropriate option to be chosen for filling the blank.

Hence, the correct answer is option 3. 

The correct answer is "he thought the boy made the mistake deliberately”

Key Points

•  Option ‘3’ is correct, This answer is mentioned in the first line of the passage, when the teacher was questioning the boy, he had a devious smile on his face, which made the teacher think that the mistake was done intentionally.
  •  ‘…..as it seemed to the teacher, a wicked smile on his lips…’  In this context, option ‘3’ is the correct answer.
  • Wicked means if you describe someone or something as wicked, you mean that they are naughty or morally bad.
• Options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect because there isn't enough evidence in the passage to justify them as the correct answers.

Hence, the correct answer is "The teacher felt blood rushing to his head because he thought the boy made the mistake deliberately."

The correct answer is "Fidelity".

Key Points 

• Deception means ​'making somebody believe or being made to believe something that is not true (धोखा देने की क्रिया)'.
  • ​Example: Dilip admitted conspiring to obtain property by deception.
• Marked option 'Fidelity' means ​'faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief, demonstrated by continuing loyalty and support (किसी व्यक्ति, कारण या विश्वास के प्रति वफादारी, निरंतर वफादारी और समर्थन द्वारा प्रदर्शित)'.
  • ​Example: Customer trust and fidelity are not acquired once and for all.
• The word 'Fidelity' best expresses the opposite meaning as the given word 'Deception'.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 2.

Additional Information 

• Chicanery means dishonest but attractive talk or behavior that is used to deceive people (बेईमान लेकिन आकर्षक बात या व्यवहार जो लोगों को धोखा देने के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है).
• Hoax means a trick to make people believe something that is not true, especially something unpleasant (कुछ असत्‍य को सत्‍य दर्शाने के लिए किया गया छल प्रायः बुरा, झाँसा देना).
• Pretence means an action that makes people believe something that is not true (प्रदर्शन, ढोंग, दिखावा).

∴ All states together has total 221 wild life sanctuaries.

The logic followed here is:

(1st number)² ÷ 2 = 2nd number

As 64 ∶ 2048 

64 → 64² → 4096 ⇒  → 2048

Similarly, 84 ∶ ?

84→ 842 → 7056 ⇒  → 3528

Therefore, 84 is related to 3528.

Hence, "Option (3)" is the correct answer.

Preparing the family tree diagram using the following symbol:

The family tree diagram as per the given information:

Here, the person in the picture is Amit's nephew.

Hence, the correct answer is "Nephew".

Individual Difference refers to variations or deviations among individuals in regard to single or multiple characteristics. Individuals can differ in their abilities, aptitudes, interests, achievements and aspirations etc. Individual difference refers to the difference which distinguishes an individual from another on the basis of psychological characteristics. Individual differences could be seen in all domains of development such as physical, emotional, mental, etc. Individual Difference can be:

• Physical Difference
• Culture Difference
• Intelligence Difference
• Emotional Difference
• Personality Difference

Key Points

• The teaching should be designed, performed and evaluated according to individual differences. Every student has a different IQ, ability to learn the concepts. The knowledge of individual differences will help teachers to adjust the curriculum, teaching method that will assist every student of the class. A variety of learning situations and learning styles will be helpful for students to learn in multiple and broader ways which is easier for them to adjust. Students are personally involved so they are more objective and free from any sort of institutional, cultural and gender bias. They can contribute fresh perspective. 

Hence, it can be concluded that individual difference allows the student to discuss broader perspective in the class.

Evaluation is “a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data in order to determine whether, and to what degree, objectives have been, or are being, achieved.

Key Points The main objective (aim) of evaluation is -

• Diagnosis and treatment of learning deficits.
• It involves a valuing, determination, description, and classification of some aspects of student behavior.
• To determine the relative effectiveness of the program in terms of students’ behavioral output.
• To make reliable decisions about educational planning. 
• This is done by evaluating and making judgments about the results.​

​Hence,  we conclude that the main objective (aim) of evaluation is the Diagnosis and treatment of learning deficits. 

Additional Information Other objectives of Evaluation are - 

• To help teachers to determine the effectiveness of their teaching techniques and learning materials.
• To help motivate students to learn more as they discover their progress or lack of progress in given tasks.
• To encourage students to develop a sense of discipline and systematic study habits.
• To provide educational administrators with adequate information about teachers’ effectiveness and school need.
• To acquaint parents or guardians with their children’s performance.
• To identify problems that might hinder or prevent the achievement of set goals.

The correct answer is Cancer.

Concept: 

Infectious diseases:

• Infectious disease are diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites.
• Infectious diseases are transmitted by infectious agents.
• Infectious disease is spread by humans, plants, and insects. 
• Agents that spread pathogens or pass them on are known as vectors or disease intermediaries.

Explanation:

• Cancer is not an infectious disease. 
• Cancer cannot be passed from one person to another by breathing the same air, sharing a toothbrush, touching.
• Cancer is a disorder in which cell growth is uncontrolled.
• Changes in genes that control how our cells function, particularly how they grow and divide, cause cancer.
• Accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting normal control can result in gene mutations. 
• Cancer is sometimes caused by the genes we inherit from our parents.
• Cancer's Causes
  • Carcinogens such as tobacco, chemicals, alcohol, and ultraviolet radiation from the sun are among the leading causes of cancer.

Additional Information

• Cholera:
  • Cholera is a severe diarrheal infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
  • People who consume cholera-contaminated food or water may become ill.
  • The infection is frequently mild or without symptoms, but it can also be severe and life-threatening.
  • The disease's deadly effects are caused by a toxin produced by bacteria in the small intestine.
• TB (Tuberculosis):
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria.
  • It was transmitted from person to person via microscopic droplets released into the air.
  • Usually bacteria attack the lungs, but tuberculosis bacteria can attack any part of the body, including the brain, kidney, and spine.
• Conjunctivitis: 
  • Conjunctivitis or pink eye is a viral disease that is caused by allergies or bacterial or viral infection.
  • It is the Inflammation or infection of the eyeball's outer membrane and the inner eyelid.
  • Conjunctivitis is highly contagious and is spread through contact with infected people's eye secretions

Concept:

• Blood is a connective tissue, that has an iron-containing pigment called Haemoglobin.
• The haemoglobin gives a red colour to the blood and is responsible for the transport of O₂ molecules throughout the body.
• One heme group can carry 4 O₂ molecules at a time. Heme group remains in the ferrous state (fe²⁺) in normal conditions.
• When haemoglobin combines oxygen from the lungs it forms oxyhaemoglobin.
• Oxyhaemoglobin transports oxygen to the cells of the body.
• Oxygen gets attached to Haemoglobin because it shows an affinity towards it, but other gases such as carbon mono-oxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂) also shows an affinity towards it.

Explanation:

• When the outside environment is rich in CO, and it is being inhaled, it starts to displace oxygen bind on Haemoglobin.
• The displacement occurs because CO shows several hundred times stronger affinities towards haemoglobin than oxygen, and it forms carboxyhaemoglobin.
• This leads to the scarcity of oxygen in the body, and sufficient oxygen is not available for the mind and other organs.
• Concentrations as low as 20 or 30 parts per million (PPM) can be harmful if exposed for several hours.
•  Exposure at 2,000 PPM for one hour will cause unconsciousness.
• The increased concentration of carbon mono-oxide also leads to depletion of Ozone however, this is not the direct reason for why CO is harmful to humans

Additional Information

Carcinogens:

• These are the cancer-causing agents, they promote carcinogenesis.
• Carcinogens stimulate normal body cells to become cancerous cells, and due to uncontrolled growth of these cells tumours are formed.
• The three main types of carcinogens are:
•  chemical carcinogens, physical carcinogens, and oncogenic (cancer-causing) viruses.

The correct sequence is Sublimation; dissolution in water; filtration; evaporation.

Concept:

• Sublimation: It is a process of conversion of a solid directly into vapour, without going into the liquid phase. 
• Filtration: It is the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles.
• Evaporation: It is the conversion of liquid into vapour below its boiling point. 

Explanation:

• Camphor (ammonium chloride) on heating sublime that is directly converted into vapour. In contrast to this, chalk powder and common salt do not sublime.
• So, from a mixture, containing ammonium chloride (or camphor), common salt, and chalk powder, ammonium chloride (or camphor) can be easily separated by the process of sublimation. 
• On cooling the vapour of ammonium chloride (or camphor) changes into solid.
• Common salt is soluble in water but sand is not soluble in water.
• When a mixture of common salt and chalk powder in water is passed through filter paper, chalk remains on the filter paper but other components of the mixture i.e., common salt and water pass through filter paper.
• From a solution of common salt in water, common salt can be obtained by evaporation.

So, the correct sequence will be Sublimation; dissolution in water; filtration; evaporation.

The correct answer is Convection.

Key Points

• Convection is a mode of heat transfer by the actual motion of matter.
• Convection is a process in which hot, less dense materials rise upward and are replaced by colder, more dense materials.
• Convection is possible only in fluids.
• Convection can be either be natural or forced.
• Gravity plays a major role in natural convection.
• Material is forced to move by a pump or by some other physical means in forced convection.
• Forced-air heating systems in the home, the human circulatory system are the common examples of forced convection.

Additional Information

• The three distinct modes of heat transfer are:
  1. Conduction.
  2. Convection.
  3. Radiation.
• The process of heat transfer without any medium is called radiation.
• Conduction is the process of heat transfer between two adjacent parts of a body due to their temperature difference.
• Condensation is the process where water vapor becomes liquid.

Concept:

Acid rain - 

• When sulphur and nitrogen particles emitted from various means like manufacturing processes and vehicles, mixed with tiny droplets of rain cause precipitation of the acid and come to the earth's surface with the rain. 
• This type of rain is highly acidic in nature.
• It harms the environment, especially agriculture, animals, aquatic life and plants.
• It destroys the historical buildings and marbles.

Tropospheric pollution - The presence of gaseous or solid unwanted particles like oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, and particulate matter in the troposphere of the environment causing Tropospheric pollution.

Ozone depletion - 

• Ozone is a protecting layer present in the Stratosphere of the environment.
• It protects us from harmful UV rays coming from the sun.
• But due to some natural or human activities, it becomes thin day by day or gets depleted which is known as the depletion of othe zone layer.
• Deletion of ozone is a serious issue.
• The main reason for the depletion of ozone is CFCs.

Smog - 

• It is a type of air pollution.
• It is not healthy for human as well as plant lives.
• It causes environmental pollution.

Explanation:

• Tropospheric pollution: In the presence of pollutant or water vapours present in the environment, SO₂ converts into SO₃ which form the major pollutant of tropospheric pollution.

           2SO₂ + O₂ → 2SO₃

• In the spring season, sunlight breaks HOCl and Cl2 to give chlorine radicals. When these radicals come in contact with the ozone layer, they start destroying it. The chemical reaction for the following is -
• 
• A high level of sulphur causes acid rain which reacts with calcium carbonate present in marbles and CO₂ is released as a product of the reaction. This causes discolouring and disfiguring of marbles. A recent example is the discolouring of the Taj Mahal.

          CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄  →→ CaSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂

• A chain reaction occurs from the interaction of NO with sunlight in which NO is converted to NO2 which absorbs energy from sunlight and breaks into NO and O, which causes photochemical smog. Smog is very dangerous to the environment and causes environmental pollution. It is the main reason for low visibility.

So, match them accordingly we get, (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii).

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

Concept-

• Kingdom plants are divided into five groups- Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
• Thallophyta
  • The plant body is not differentiated from roots, stems, and leaves.
  • They are commonly called algae.
• Bryophyta
  • These are small terrestrial plants.
  • They show differentiation in the body design, with stem, leaf-like structures, and root-like structures.
• Pteridophyta
  • The plant body is differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves, apart from having a specialized tissue for conduction.
• Gymnosperms
  • Gymnosperms are plants with naked seeds.
• Angiosperms
  • Angiosperms are seed-bearing plants. Seeds develop inside tissues that get modified to form the fruit of the plant.

Explanation:

• Peat is a fossil fuel that is obtained from the swamp. The formation of peat takes place by the fossilization of Sphagnum
• Thus, Sphagnum is also called ''Peat moss''
• Sphagnum is a member of the class Bryopsida from the group bryophytes

Important Points 

• Sphagnum is known by several other names like:

1. Bog moss - It grows in acidic swamps
2. Carpet or turf moss - it spreads like a carpet on swamps, due to which the swamps cannot be seen easily.
3. Absorbent cotton - It can absorb very high amounts of water

Additional Information

The correct answer is Breakdown of organic compounds.

Key Points

• The carbon cycle describes the process in which carbon atoms continually travel from the atmosphere to the Earth and then back into the atmosphere.
• On Earth, most carbon is stored in rocks and sediments, while the rest is located in the ocean, atmosphere, and in living organisms.
• Carbon is released back into the atmosphere when organisms die, volcanoes erupt, fires blaze, fossil fuels are burned, and through a variety of other mechanisms.
• The role of bacteria is to sustain the earth's living conditions.
• Bacteria decompose plant and animal bodies, replenish the insufficient amount of Carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis.
• Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide or bicarbonate into organic compounds in soil plants, bacteria, and algae.
• Organic molecules generated by photosynthesizes migrate into food chains, where they are converted to carbon dioxide gas through cellular respiration.

Concept:

• Benzene and other aromatic compounds show characteristic electrophilic substitution reactions.
• In this reaction, a hydrogen atom of the aromatic ring is substituted by an electrophile.
• The substitution takes place by addition- elimination mechanism.

Mechanism:

• In the first step, the benzene ring donates pi electrons to the electrophile.
• One of the carbon atoms forms a bond with the electrophile.
• In the second step, the complex formed then loses a proton from the saturated carbon atom with the help of a base.
• The aromatic ring is finally regenerated in the last step.

Explanation:

Nitration of benzene:

• Nitric acid and sulfuric acid used in nitration generate nitronium NO2+ ion as electrophiles.
• Nitronium NO2+ is the nitrating agent.
• The electrophile then attacks the benzene ring forming a sigma complex.
• The σ complex is resonance stabilized.
• The complex then loses a proton to form nitrobenzene.
• The mechanism is shown as follows.

Hence, as a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid forms an electrophile, the reaction proceeds via electrophilic substitution and the nitrating agent is the nitronium ion NO2+​.

Key Points

• Centrioles are the feature of animal cells. They are absent in plant cells.
• Centrioles are the cell component that is visible during the cell division stages.
• Centrioles are the microtubule-producing organelles engaged in cell division.
• It is situated near the nucleus in the cytoplasm.
• The centrioles help in the formation of spindle fibres during cell division.
• The centriole is made up of nine evenly spaced peripheral fibrils of tubulin protein. Each of the peripheral fibrils is a triplet. The adjacent triplets are also linked.
• The central part of the proximal region of the centriole is also proteinaceous and called the hub, which is connected with tubules of the peripheral triplets by radial spokes made of protein. Thus, it shows a 9 + 0 arrangement 
• The centrioles form the basal body of cilia or flagella, and spindle fibres give rise to spindle apparatus during cell division in animal cells.

Additional Information 

• The Cell membrane is the selectively permeable living boundary of the cell. It is present in both plant & animal cells
• The Cell wall forms the outer covering for the cell membrane of Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, and Plants. It is not found in animal cells
• The Nucleus is a double membrane-bound dense protoplasmic body, which controls all the cellular metabolism and encloses the genetic information of the cell. It is present in all types of cells. 

The correct answer is Lymphocytes.

Explanation:

• B cells and T cells are the main types of lymphocytes.
• B cells work chiefly by secreting substances called antibodies into the body’s fluids. 
• Antibodies ambush antigens circulating the bloodstream. 
• They are powerless, however, to penetrate cells. The job of attacking target cells—either cells that have been infected by viruses or cells that have been distorted by cancer—is left to T cells or other immune cells.
• Each B cell is programmed to make one specific antibody. For example, one B cell will make an antibody that blocks a virus that causes the common cold, while another produces an antibody that attacks a bacterium that causes pneumonia.
• When a B cell encounters its triggering antigen, it gives rise to many large cells known as plasma cells. 
• Every plasma cell is essentially a factory for producing an antibody. 
• Each of the plasma cells descended from a given B cell manufactures millions of identical antibody molecules and pours them into the bloodstream. 
• An antigen matches an antibody much as a key matches a lock. Some match exactly; others fit more like a skeleton key. 
• But whenever antigen and antibody interlock, the antibody marks the antigen for destruction.

Key Points

• Fluoride or fluorine deficiency is the disorder that may cause increased dental carries is the breakdown of dental tissues.
• This breakdown is by the acidic products released by the bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates.

Methemoglobinemia:

• Methemoglobinemia is a blood condition where cells receive insufficient oxygen.
• There are two types of methemoglobinemia: acquired and congenital.
• Excess nitrates is harmful to infants and causes methemoglobinemia.
• It is also called Blue baby disease.​

Additional Information

• Pernicious anemia is one cause of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.
• Xeropthalmia is a disease that causes dry eyes and is caused due to deficiency of vitamin A.
• Osteomalacia is a disease where bones become brittle and soft.​

Therefore, the disease caused by excessive nitrates (Above 550 nm) in drinking water is Methemoglobimenia.

Concept-

• Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera.
• Blue-green algae come under Kingdom Monera.
• Blue-green algae are also known as cyanobacteria.
• Blue-green algae are photosynthetic autotrophs.

Explanation-

• Some of the Blue-green algae can perform Nitrogen fixation.
• Blue-green algae fix nitrogen through specialized cells called heterocysts.
• They convert atmosphere nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds like amino acids, nitrates. These nitrates increase the fertility of the soil.
• Hence blue-green algae improve the fertility of the soil by nitrogen fixation.

Examples of blue-green algae that fix nitrogen are Nostoc.

Important Points

• Cyanobacteria were the first organisms that produced oxygen on our earth.

Additional Information

• Brown algae, green algae, and red algae are the algae that come under Kingdom Plantae.
  • Member of Chlorophyceae is commonly known as 'green algae'.
  • Member of Phaeophyceae is commonly known as 'brown algae'.
  • Member of Rhodophyceae is commonly known as 'red algae'.

Ultrafiltration-

• Blood is filtered through this glomerulus and the filtrate gets accumulated in the Bowman capsule and then it is propelled towards the tubule, this process is known as Filtration.
• As initially Renal arteriole enters into the Bowman’s capsule of a nephron and forms a mesh-like network, in the same way, the network gets collected to expel unfiltered blood out of nephron through another blood vessel. This blood vessel itself surrounds the nephron.
• The exchange of various substances takes place between the above Two filtrates; one which is filtered by the glomerulus and accumulated in tubules and another one is unfiltered blood which is present in the blood vessels surrounding the nephron.

Reabsorption-

• Various substances which are required to the body are absorbed again from the blood by the nephron, it is known as “Reabsorption’. Reabsorption takes place in two-part

1. PCT - absorption of Glucose and amino acid
2. Loop of Henle -

• Descending Limb - absorption of water
• Ascending limb  - absorption of sodium

Secretion-

• The process in which the waste products (which are not required by our body) are secreted back into Nephron via blood is known as “Secretion’.
• Example - Urea, Uric Acid.
• This process takes place in DCT.

Excretion-

Science (from the Latin word scientia, meaning knowledge) is the activity and application of knowledge and understanding of the social and natural world around us followed by systematic approach based on evidence.

• Science includes study of the physical and biological world around us through several approaches like observation, experimenting, inference etc. while technology involves application of that scientific knowledge for practical purposes.

Key Points

Nature of science :

• Science is truly international enterprise.
• Science is a particular way of looking at nature.
• Scientific method is used to prove or validate scientific ideas.
• Science and technology are not the same but they have an impact on each other.
• Science is long lasting yet tentative and objective also. Science is not static, it can change hence tentative.
• Empirical evidence leads to scientific knowledge. Science is not just a collection of facts, it requires empirical evidence also.
• Science is a process of inquiry. Science is a process of asking questions and finding answers, then creating divergent generalization.
• Science promotes skepticism which is a matter of questioning, seeking, inquiring the doubt. While performing any scientific research and inquiry skepticism helps scientists to remain objective. 
• Science is an interdisciplinary subject of knowledge which means different fields of study. For example, if you read a science fiction novel, you are covering two disciplines here, literature and science.

Hence, it could be concluded that Science does not promote skepticism is false about nature of science.

Concept:

• Gregor Mendel studied the inheritance of traits in pea plants.
• He proposed a model where pairs of heritable elements, or genes, specified traits.
• Genes come in different versions or alleles. A dominant allele hides a recessive allele and determines the organism's appearance.
• When an organism makes gametes, each gamete receives just one gene copy, which is selected randomly.
• This is known as the law of segregation.

Explanation:

• According to the law of segregation, only one of the two gene copies present in an organism is distributed to each gamete (egg or sperm cell) that it makes, and the allocation of the gene copies is random.
• When an egg and a sperm join in fertilization, they form a new organism, whose genotype consists of the alleles contained in the gametes.
• Members of the gene pair segregate and pass to different gametes.
• This law applies to genes on homologous chromosomes.

Additional Information

• The principle of Segregation describes how pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells.
• The segregation of gene variants, called alleles, and their corresponding traits was first observed by Gregor Mendel in 1865.
• Mendel was studying genetics by performing mating crosses in pea plants.
• He crossed two heterozygous pea plants, which means that each plant had two different alleles at a particular genetic position.
• He discovered that the traits in the offspring of his crosses did not always match the traits in the parental plants.
• This meant that the pair of alleles encoding the traits in each parental plant had separated or segregated from one another during the formation of the reproductive cells.

The correct answer is Redshift.

Key Points

• 'Red shift' is an important concept for astronomers.
  • The term can be understood literally - the wavelength of light is stretched, so the light is seen as 'shifted' towards the red part of the spectrum.
  • Something similar happens with sound waves when the source of the sound moves relative to the observer.

Additional Information

• Refraction: 
  • When a ray of light passes from one medium to another it suffers a change in direction at the boundary of two media is called refraction.
  • The change in direction is because the speed of light travels at different speeds in different mediums. The Refractive Index of a medium defines that it is denser or rarer.
  • Examples of refraction of light:
    • Twinkling of stars in a clear sky.
    • Pool of water appears to be less deep than it actually is.
    • Rainbow formation in the sky.

Concept:

• The first theory of evolution was proposed by Lamarck.
• Lamarckism or Lamarckian inheritance is also known as "Neo-Lamarckism". 

Important Points

• Lamarck says that an organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime.
• This idea is also called the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
• Example in support of Lamarckism-
  • Long necks and high forelimb of Giraffe.
  • Snakes lost their legs.
  • Retractile claws of carnivorous animals.

​Explanation:

• The theory was explained with the example of giraffe.
• It was stated the giraffe ancestors stretched their necks to reach out to the leaves on higher branches of a tree.
• This ones with longer neck were more successful in getting food and produced offspring with longer necks.
• This theory formed the early basis of biological evolution and also influenced Darwin's theory.
• It was rejected later in the mid-twentieth century because of lack of experimental proof.

Additional Information

• Mutation theory was proposed by Hugo-de-Vries.
• The theory of Natural Selection was proposed by Darwin and Wallace.

The correct answer is the Biogeochemical Cycle.

Explanation:

• The movement of nutrient elements through various components (abiotic + biotic) of an ecosystem is called nutrient cycling or biogeochemical cycle.
• The total amount of nutrients like carbon, Phosphorus, calcium, etc., present in the soil at any time is called the standing state.
• Biogeochemical cycles are basically divided into two types:
• Gaseous cycles – Includes Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Water cycle.
• Sedimentary cycles – Includes Sulphur, Phosphorus cycle.
• ​Water cycle:
  • Water evaporates, cools, condenses, and falls back to earth as rain from the various bodies of water.
  • This biogeochemical cycle is responsible for maintaining the weather conditions.
• Carbon cycle: 
  • It is one of the biogeochemical cycles that exchanges carbon between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and pedosphere.
  • Carbon is returned to the atmosphere as CO₂ by animals and plants through respiration and the activities of decomposers.
• Oxygen cycle: 
  • This biogeochemical cycle occurs in the atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Oxygen is an abundant element on our Earth.
  • It is found in the atmosphere in the elemental form to the extent of 21%.
• Nitrogen cycle: 
  • It is the biogeochemical cycle that converts nitrogen into various forms and circulates it through the atmosphere and various ecosystems such as terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
• Sulphur cycle:
  • This biogeochemical cycle moves through rocks, bodies of water, and living systems. Weathering of rocks releases sulphur into the atmosphere, where it is converted into sulphates.
  • Microorganisms and plants absorb these sulphates and convert them to organic forms.
• Phosphorus cycle:
  • Phosphorus moves through the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere in this biogeochemical cycle. The weathering of rocks extracts phosphorus. Phosphorus is washed away in the soil and water bodies as a result of rain and erosion.

Additional Information

• Importance of Biogeochemical Cycles
  • These cycles demonstrate how the energy is utilised. These cycles transport the elements required for life to survive throughout the ecosystem. 
  • They are essential because they recycle and store elements, as well as regulate vital elements through physical facets. 
  • These cycles represent the interaction of living and non-living things in ecosystems and enable the continuous survival of ecosystems.

The Correct option is Poultry Farming

Explanation:

• Poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic fowl for egg production and chicken meat. Therefore, improved poultry breeds are developed and farmed to produce layers for eggs and broilers for meat.
• There are two varieties of poultry:

1. The indigenous or Indian poultry variety includes - Aseel, Chittagong, Kadaknath & Busra
2. Foreign or Exotic poultry variety includes - Leghorn, Red Cornish, Minorca etc.

Leghorn:

• It belongs to the Mediterranean Class of Poultry
• These are the most popular breed for poultry farming because they are excellent layers.​

Important Points

Poultry breeds: 

Additional Information

• Pisciculture: The rearing of fishes
• Apiculture: Rearing of bees
• Poultry: Rearing of hens 
• Sericulture: Rearing of the silkworm.
• Dairy farming: Raising of Cattle 

The correct answer is Steaming.

Key Points​

• Cooking with steam is referred to as steaming.
• Steaming is the cooking method by which Idli is cooked.
• Food can also be steamed in a wok, though this is frequently done with a food steamer, kitchen equipment designed expressly to cook food with steam.
• Using steam to cook a variety of items is seen to be a healthy cooking method.
• Because steaming requires less energy to produce and has superior thermodynamic heat transfer characteristics compared to boiling water, steaming can be just as quick, if not quicker, than boiling water cooking.

Additional Information

• Pressure cooking is the method of preparing food in a sealed pressure cooker while using high-pressure steam, water, or a water-based cooking liquid.
• In the cooking process known as poaching, food is heated while submerged in a liquid such as water, milk, stock, or wine.
• A combination of cooking techniques known as stewing involves submerging small, homogeneous chunks of meat completely in liquid and simmering them slowly.

The correct answer is Jupiter.
Key Points

• Jupiter one orbit around the sun takes nearly 11.86 years.
• Planet Revolution Period
  • Mercury 87.97 days
  • Venus 224.7 days
  • Earth 365.26 days
  • Mars 1.88 years
  • Jupiter 11.86 years
  • Saturn 29.46 years
  • Uranus 84.01 years
  • Neptune 164.79 years
• Hence, Among the following Jupiter planet takes maximum time for one revolution around the sun.

Additional Information 

• The orbital motion of one thing around another object is referred to as "revolution."
• When we are talking to explain the concept of revolution in the terms of the solar system, we can say that the planets "revolve" around the Sun.
• Here the Sun acts as a stationary object around which the planets move or revolve. 
• A planet's period of revolution is the amount of time the planet takes to complete one revolution around the Sun.
• The period of revolution lengthens as the planet's distance from the sun grows.
• So, the shortest period of revolution is of planet Mercury because it is closest to the Sun. 
• The Longest period of revolution is of planet Neptune which is farthest from the Sun.