NVS PGT Chemistry Mock Test - 4 - NVS TGT/PGT MCQ

Explanation:

• Evolutionary biology: It is a field of science that deals with the study of evolutionary processes like natural selection, speciation & common descent that has led to the diversification of life on earth.
• Charles Darwin is known as the father of ''Evolutionary Biology''.
• Darwin proposed a theory of evolution called natural selection in the year 1859. According to it those populations which are a better fit (reproductively fit) in an environment will be selected by nature and will survive more.
• Charles Darwin wrote a book named ''The origin of species'' which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology.

Additional Information 

• Herbert Spencer- He Was best known for the introduction and application of evolutionary theory to philosophy, psychology, and social sciences
• The famous phrase 'Survival of the fittest' to mean Natural Selection was coined by Herbert Spencer. He originated this phrase after the publication of famous biologist Charles Darwin’s book ‘Origin of Species’ which talked about ‘Natural Selection’.
• Julian Huxley was an English biologist, philosopher, educator, and author who greatly influenced the modern development of embryology, systematics, and studies of behaviour and evolution.
• Stanley Miller along with H.C. Urey provided experimental evidence of ''chemical evolution''

Concept:

• Plants have different types of roots.
• Some store food, some breathe some hang from the branches.

Explanation:

• Roots are the underground structures that help in the absorption of water and minerals provide a proper anchorage to the plant parts, storage of reserve food material (Carrot, Radish), and synthesis of PGR (plant growth regulators).
• Sometimes roots get modified to perform different functions like storage of food, respiration, climbing, etc.
• These types of roots are called modified roots.
• Examples - prop root of the Banyan tree for providing support, Pneumatophores of Rhizophora, and Mangrove plants for respiration.

So, these statements are correct.

• To give support to the plant.
• To store food.
• To absorb water and minerals.

Thus, roots do not function to provide humus.

Key Points

In 1854, the first cotton mill was set up in Bombay and It grew as an important port for the export of raw cotton from India to England and China.

• This cotton crop became a huge demand and farmers started investing in it.
• Cotton turned the market upside down.
• A huge number of labours started working in mills.
• In Bombay, about 84 mills were established by Parsi and Gujarati businessmen by 1900.
• The construction and development of mills in cities started and the first mill in Ahmedabad was started in 1861.
• The growth of cotton mills demanded manpower.
• Poor peasants, artisans, and agricultural labourers started working in the mills.
• The textile industry of India faced problems such as difficulty competing with the cheap textiles imported from Britain.
• In most countries, the government-supported industrialization by applying and imposing heavy duties on imports which eliminated competition and protected infant industries.
• The first major spurt in the development of cotton factory production in India was during the First World War when textile imports from Britain were declined and Indian factories were called upon to produce cloth for military supplies.

The correct answer is ​Prohibition of employment of children in factories and mines.

Key Points

• RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION : (Asked in UPSC Prelims 2017)
  • Prohibition of Traffic in Human Beings and Forced Labour
    • Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings, begar (forced labour), and other similar forms of forced labour.
    • Any contravention of this provision shall be an offence punishable in accordance with the law.
    • This right is available to both citizens and non-citizens.
    • It protects the individual not only against the State but also against private persons.
    • The expression ‘traffic in human beings’ include
      • Selling and buying of men, women, and children like goods
      • Immoral traffic in women and children, including prostitution 
      • Devadasis
      • Slavery.
    • To punish these acts, the Parliament has made the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956.
    • The term ‘begar’ means compulsory work without remuneration.
    • It was a peculiar Indian system under which the local zamindars sometimes used to force their tenants to render services without any payment.
    • In addition to begar, Article 23 prohibits other ‘similar forms of forced labor’ like ‘bonded labor’.
      • The term ‘forced labor’ means compelling a person to work against his will.
  • Prohibition of Employment of Children in Factories 
    • Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mine, or other hazardous activities like construction work or railway.
      • But it does not prohibit their employment in any harmless or innocent work.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

Article 75 of the Indian Constitution mentions that a Prime Minister is one who is appointed by the President.

• There is no specific procedure for his election or appointment.
• Article 74(1) states that there shall be a Council of Ministers with a Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President. 
• President of India appoints a person as the Prime Minister who is either the leader of the party which holds a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha or is a person who is able to win the confidence of the Lok Sabha by gaining the support of other political parties.

• All other ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Thus, it is clear that while appointing the Prime Minister, the President selects the leader of the alliance or party that has the support of the majority in Lok Sabha.

Additional Information

• President can also appoint Prime Minister at his own discretion but only when no party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha. 

The logic that follows here is 

1) D is sitting to the immediate left of A.

2) C is sitting to the immediate right of B.

3) B is not sitting adjacent to A.

The final seating arrangement will be

Second to the right of D is 'E'.

Hence, the correct answer is E.

The total number of triangle is according to figure is 2 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 8 = 18 

The logic followed here is:

The place value of A is 1, D is 4, O is 15 and U is 21. 

In each of the given figure the alphabet and its place value are given except  U and 23 in figure D.

Hence, figure D is the odd one from the given figures.

Advantages of Email:
1. Speedy message sending process: Email allows for instantaneous communication, making it much faster than traditional mail. Messages can be sent and received within seconds, regardless of the distance between the sender and recipient.
2. Can be sent to multiple people at the same time: Email allows you to send messages to multiple recipients simultaneously. This makes it convenient for group communication, such as sending announcements, invitations, or updates to a large number of people.
3. Different types of media can be sent: Email supports the attachment of various types of media, including documents, images, videos, and audio files. This enables users to share and collaborate on different types of content easily.
4. Convenient organization and storage: Emails can be organized into folders and labeled for easy retrieval and reference. This helps in keeping track of important conversations, documents, and information. Additionally, emails can be stored for long periods of time, allowing for a permanent record of communication.
5. Global accessibility: Email can be accessed from anywhere in the world as long as there is an internet connection. This makes it a convenient mode of communication for individuals and businesses with global operations.
6. Cost-effective: Sending emails is generally more cost-effective than traditional mail. There are no postage or printing costs involved, and multiple copies can be sent without any additional expenses.
7. Environmentally friendly: Email eliminates the need for paper, reducing the consumption of natural resources and minimizing waste. This makes it a greener alternative to physical mail.
In conclusion, email offers numerous advantages, including speedy communication, the ability to reach multiple recipients, support for various media types, convenient organization and storage, global accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. It has become an essential tool for personal and professional communication in today's digital age.

Office Open XML (OOXML) format was introduced with Microsoft Office 2007 and became the default format of Microsoft Word ever since. Pertaining file extensions include: . docx – Word document.

Web search engines work with the help of two programs:
1. Spider:
- Also known as a web crawler or bot, a spider is a program that systematically navigates the web, visiting web pages and collecting data.
- It starts by visiting a specific web page and then follows the links on that page to discover and visit other pages.
- The spider collects information about each page it visits, such as the page title, URL, metadata, and the content of the page.
- It stores this information in a database or index for later retrieval.
2. Indexer:
- The indexer is another program that works in conjunction with the spider.
- Its main task is to analyze and organize the information collected by the spider.
- It processes the collected data and creates an index, which is a structured database that enables efficient searching and retrieval of information.
- The indexer extracts keywords and other relevant information from the web pages and associates them with the respective URLs.
- It also assigns weights or rankings to the indexed pages based on various factors like relevance, popularity, and quality.
Together, the spider and indexer form the backbone of a web search engine:
- The spider crawls the web, discovering and collecting information from web pages.
- The indexer processes and organizes this information, creating an index that enables fast and accurate searching.
- When a user enters a search query, the search engine utilizes the index to quickly retrieve relevant results and present them to the user.
In conclusion:
- Web search engines rely on the spider to discover and collect information from web pages, and the indexer to process and organize this information into an index.
- These two programs work together to enable efficient searching and retrieval of web content.

The academic performance of students can be improved if parents are encouraged to supervise the work of their wards. Parents should choose to become involved in homework. They should be involved, believe their involvement will make a positive difference in their children's learning, and perceive that their involvement is invited, expected, and valued by school personnel. The parents need to be engaged in a wide range of activities in this effort, from establishment of basic structures for homework performance to more complex efforts focused on teaching for understanding and helping students develop effective learning strategies.

Lesson planning should be based on both, the needs of the learners and the process for evaluation to be followed. The content should be presented in such a way that it fulfils the student's academic needs. The process of the evaluation must be decided beforehand, so that the teacher understands how much learning has taken place. Different kinds of evaluation processes could be used, depending upon the learning objectives.

Primary level students learn more by observing pictures and specimens. Thus, they are most effective in teaching primary level students. Pictures and specimens are important visual tools which facilitate learning.

DNA differs from RNA because DNA has deoxyribose sugar while RNA has ribose sugar. DNA has thymine as pyrimidine while, in RNA thymine is replaced by uracil.So, the correct answer is 'In the nature of sugar and pyrimidines'

m. equivalent of KOH = 8
m. equivalent of HCOOH = 16
Remaining m. eq. (HCOOH) = 8
Formed m. eq. (HCOOK) = 8
⇒ Acidic Buffer
pH = pKa = 4 – log2
= 3.7
pOH = 10.3

On protonated epoxide, nucleophilic attack occur at α-carbon Where more stable carbocation could be formed.

We know, from first law of thermodynamics,
enthalpy change{∆H} = ∆U{internal energy} + ∆ngRT
Where,
∆ng = no of mole of gaseous products - no of mole of gaseous reactant
So the reaction follows :
NH₂CN(s) +(3/2)O₂(g) → N₂(g)+CO₂(g)
∆ng = np - nr
= (1 + 1) - 3/2 = 1/2 mol
= 0.5 mol
Now, ∆H = ∆U + ∆n_gRT
= -742.7 KJ +(0.5mol × 8.314 J/mol/K × 298K)
= -742 KJ + 1238.786 J
= -742 KJ + 1.238786 KJ
= -741.46 KJ
Hence, enthalpy change for the reaction is 741.46 KJ for combustion of 1 mole of NH₂CN.

[Ni⁰(CO)₄]
[Cr³⁺(NH₃)₂][Ni⁴⁺F₆]₃
[Ni²⁺(NH₃)₂][B⁺³F₄]₂
K₄[Ni⁺²(CN)₆]

Number of P – O bonds = 12 
Number of pair of electron = 16 

)bond enthalpy > )bond enthalpy hence, is stable.

Bond enthalpy of six (P— P) bond = 6 x 215 = 1290 k j mol^-1

Bond enthalpy of six (N — N) bond = 6 x 160
= 960 kJ mol^-1
Thus, P₄ is more stable than N₄.

The correct answer is Option A.
Aromatic Primary amine will form the most stable diazonium salt because it releases water when it reacts with nitronium ions. If aliphatic primary amine reacts with nitrosonium ion it Also releases water but in this case water reacts with alkyl diazonium salt and it forms alcohol while benzene diazonium salt does not react with water at this temperature.

IUPAC is 2-butanamine.

Starch and cellulose occur naturally.

Substrate bind to specific site of enzyme known as active site to form a enzyme substrate complex.

National education policy 2020:

• The Union Cabinet has approved the new National Education Policy (NEP), 2020 with an aim to introduce several changes in the Indian education system.
• The main goal of the school education regulatory system is to improve educational outcomes so that children can learn to implement the acquired knowledge and skills in their practical life.

Key Points

Experiential learning:

• Experiential learning refers to the learning by gaining experience through active involvement. 
• In all stages, experiential learning will be adopted, including  arts-integrated and sports-integrated education, story-telling-based pedagogy, etc.
• Pedagogical approaches proposed in experimental learning under NEP-2020 includes:
  • Art-integrated education:
    •    It is a cross-curricular pedagogical approach that utilizes various aspects and forms of art and culture as the basis for learning of concepts across subjects.
    • It will be embedded in classroom transactions not only for creating joyful classrooms, but also for imbibing the Indian ethos through integration of Indian art and culture in the teaching and learning process at every level. 
  • Sports-integrated education:
    • It is another cross-curricular pedagogical approach that utilizes physical activities including indigenous sports, in pedagogical practices to help in developing skills such as collaboration, self-initiative, self-direction, self-discipline, teamwork, responsibility, citizenship, etc.
    • Sports-integrated learning will be undertaken in classroom transactions to help students adopt fitness as a lifelong attitude and to achieve the related life skills.
  • Story-telling-based pedagogy:
    • It refers to the art of narrating a story more interactively to people who are willing to listen. It is used as a strategy in teaching which broadens learner's reading choices.
      In a storytelling based pedagogy, the story chosen by the teacher to narrate is directly or indirectly related to the lesson to develop their fullest potential, both educationally and morally.

   ​Hence, it could be concluded that all of the above are the pedagogical approach proposed in experimental learning under NEP-2020.