The biggest gain from the Union Government's welcome decision to notify the final award of the Cauvery Water Dispute Tribunal is that it may be the first and most significant step towards a permanent solution to the persistent conflict over sharing the inter-State river's waters. A positive feature is that implementation ofthe final award will involve the formation of a Cauvery Management Board to regulate the supply of water and a Water Regulation Committee, which will post representatives in each of the eight reservoirs in the basin states, to ensure that the decisions are carried out. Giving finality to the award through the notification may help take the issue away from politics and place it in the hands of a technical, expert body. The February 2007 award has been questioned by way of clarification petitions before the Tribunal itself as well as suits in the Supreme Court by both parties and sceptics may wonder how useful the gazette notification may be now. The parties are still free to pursue their clarification petitions and appeals, but in the larger interest of a long term solution and to end seasonal acrimony, they would do well to give the award a chance. The fact that notifying the award has been a long pending demand ofTamil Nadu should not make one believe that the action redounds to one party's benefit to the detriment of the other. It was the Supreme Court that made the suggestion that the final decision be notified and counsel for all the basin states have agreed that it should be done. It may be argued that gazetting the award will not resolve the present standoff over judicial and administrative directives to Karnataka to release water to save standing crops in Tamil Nadu. The Cauvery Monitoring Committee, while asking Karnataka to ensure 12 thousand million cubic feet of water to Tamil Nadu in December, has itself admitted that its decision is unlikely to satisfy either party, given that both states have less water in their reservoirs than in previous years. Yet, is has opted for a pragmatic solution under which both states will be in deficit of approximately 47 tmcft. It is the same spirit of pragmatism that both states must now approach the larger problem of sharing water as per a judicially determined solution in both normal and distress years. The two should not let posterity say of them that long after equitable distribution has entrenched itself as the most acceptable doctrine in riverine jurisprudence, they did not allow a judicially determines system for sharing to work. Q. Which of the following options cannot be inferred as a negation with respect to the award of the tribunal?

The non resolution of the current dispute over the request to release the water to save the standing crops in Tamil Nadu.

A solution that will not be satisfactory to either party in the dispute.

The award of the tribunal was not done because of a demand from one of the parties in the dispute

The water reserves of each state are low and the decision is not likely to dwell on how the reserves can be replenished from other sources.

The 2 month long offer of amnesty and regularisation for emigrant workers that the UAE launched on December 4 constitutes a legitimate clean-up effort. It will let those who have overstayed their visa or lack proper documentation, to either leave without penalty or regularise their stay by paying fines. The fact that more than 45000 Indians are expected to seek amnesty in this round points to the scale of this problem. The UAE had offered similar amnesty schemes in 2007, 2002 and 1996, which led to a total of 842,000 people either legalising their stay or leaving without being penalised. On its part, India ought to handle the situation with sensitivity and understanding. One of the demands this time is for the waiver of, or reduction in, the fee for the issue of Emergency Exit Certificates. Following hints from India that this might indeed be done, the response to the amnesty process has so far been slow. The Central and State governments should take steps to encourage people to come forward and legitimise their status. The authorities should decide on the fee liability, and whether free air passage could be provided to the returnees, many of them low paid workers. Minister for Overseas Indian Affairs has favoured this in deserving cases. On a broader plane, the situation highlights the need for well regulated and orderly processes for those who seek to emigrate in search of livelihood. It is well known that dodgy practices resorted to by recruiting agents, who work hand in glove with unregulated visa-providers, often hold out before prospective emigrants false promises in terms of the nature of work and the quantum of pay. Sponsors and employers who illegally retain passports to keep migrants in thrall and those who deny fair wages and reasonable working conditions, continue to have a field day as opportunities shrink. The Emigration Act should be tightened to ensure harsher punishment for malpractices. The Indian consular corps need to provide a more accessible and enabling environment to emigrants in distress. Bilateral agreements that have been periodically announced have not entirely succeeded in ensuring the welfare and protection of Indian workers, especially those at the lower end of the wage band. Also taking into account the economic dividend that accrues to the economy thanks to significant remittances from the Gulf countries, India should take a long term view and work to safeguard the welfare of the diaspora. Q. Which of the following cannot be taken as a logical explanation for the emigrant problem in the UAE?

lack of proper regulation for emigration

illegal detention of passports by employers

The 2 month long offer of amnesty and regularisation for emigrant workers that the UAE launched on December 4 constitutes a legitimate clean-up effort. It will let those who have overstayed their visa or lack proper documentation, to either leave without penalty or regularise their stay by paying fines. The fact that more than 45000 Indians are expected to seek amnesty in this round points to the scale of this problem. The UAE had offered similar amnesty schemes in 2007, 2002 and 1996, which led to a total of 842,000 people either legalising their stay or leaving without being penalised. On its part, India ought to handle the situation with sensitivity and understanding. One of the demands this time is for the waiver of, or reduction in, the fee for the issue of Emergency Exit Certificates. Following hints from India that this might indeed be done, the response to the amnesty process has so far been slow. The Central and State governments should take steps to encourage people to come forward and legitimise their status. The authorities should decide on the fee liability, and whether free air passage could be provided to the returnees, many of them low paid workers. Minister for Overseas Indian Affairs has favoured this in deserving cases. On a broader plane, the situation highlights the need for well regulated and orderly processes for those who seek to emigrate in search of livelihood. It is well known that dodgy practices resorted to by recruiting agents, who work hand in glove with unregulated visa-providers, often hold out before prospective emigrants false promises in terms of the nature of work and the quantum of pay. Sponsors and employers who illegally retain passports to keep migrants in thrall and those who deny fair wages and reasonable working conditions, continue to have a field day as opportunities shrink. The Emigration Act should be tightened to ensure harsher punishment for malpractices. The Indian consular corps need to provide a more accessible and enabling environment to emigrants in distress. Bilateral agreements that have been periodically announced have not entirely succeeded in ensuring the welfare and protection of Indian workers, especially those at the lower end of the wage band. Also taking into account the economic dividend that accrues to the economy thanks to significant remittances from the Gulf countries, India should take a long term view and work to safeguard the welfare of the diaspora. Q. Which of the following options aptly perceives the role that the Indian government can play for emigrants to the UAE?

The government should take a long term perspective into every situation that arises

The government should preserve the interests ofthe diaspora and protect its own economic interests

The government should take into account the welfare of workers who return while protecting its own bilateral interests

The government should review its Emigration Act and seek to protect the interests of its people.

Krishna Narayan has been transferred recently to handle a new task. There were initial problems with the productivity of the new team. But, with his skill of interpersonal engagements, Krishna Narayan has brought about observable increase in the performance of the team. He is successfully making all members aware of their roles and standards. What should Krishna Narayan do to keep increasing the productivity?

Should now leave the team free to handle its own work.

Should now emphasize the importance of deadlines and tasks.

Should do everything to make the group feel important and involved.

Should carry humane interaction while making them identify their roles.

Mrs. Pathak is a successful and able worker. She carries hope and positive energy. But she has an opponent in Mr. Naynar who cannot see eye-to-eye with her in the office. Mr. Ramgoswamy (Mrs. Pathak's Boss) is very fond of Mrs. Pathak because of her past record of successes and sense of optimism. Mrs. Pathak came up with a proposal having complete confidence in its success. But, as usual Mr. Naynar opposed it. What should Mr. Ramgoswamy do?

Should ask Mrs. Pathak to go ahead and warn Mr. Naynar not to oppose as a matter of fact for personal reasons.

Give a patient hearing to Mr. Naynar and decide what you think is best.

Should encourage Mr. Naynar to feel free to criticise.

Should ask Mrs. Pathak to consider the view of Mr. Naynar, and come up with appropriate answers to Mr. Naynar's criticism.

The following item are based on the passage in English to test the comprehension of English language and therefore these item do not have Hindi version. Read the passage and answerthe item that follow. English Passage - 2 The helix is a complex shape found in many natural settings. It is commonly illustrated by the shape of DNA molecules. The roots of some plants also burrow as helices, like corkscrews winding downward in search of richer soil. But during an experiment at Harvard University, mechanical engineers were surprised when a pair of rubber ribbons expected to form a helix did not, buckling into a shape rarely observed in nature. Every helix winds in a left or right direction. The engineers observed what they called a hemi helix: a helix that changes its direction midway. The region along which it changes its direction is called a perversion. Charles Darwin observed plant tendrils forming hemi helices in 1888. Thanks to the Harvard team, we know why they form: "as a result of elastic instabilities", according to Katia Bertoldi, a professor of applied mechanics at the university and a participant in the study. "The geometry and pre-stretch parameters assign different competition power to these two categories," explained Dr. Bertoldi in an email. Specifically, they found that which shape forms depends on the strips' aspect ratio: the ratio of its length to width. With fixed stretching force for a given polymer, hemi helices were preferred for lower aspect ratios, when the buckling load increased. For ratios around or under 1, the number of perversions increased quickly. For ratios over 3, helices were preferred. Thus, by tweaking the make-up of certain elastic ribbons, Dr. Bertoldi's work shows we can deterministically manufacture complex 3D shapes from flat structures. This is already a ubiquitous enterprise — e.g. beating sheet metal into the chassis of a car. "The potential applications involve 3D electromagnetic wave-guides, and mechanical, thermal and chemical sensors," Prof. Bertoldi added. Q. The shape of hemi helices in nature was first observed by

The Harvard team of mechanical engineers

The following item are based on the passage in English to test the comprehension of English language and therefore these item do not have Hindi version. Read the passage and answerthe item that follow. English Passage - 3 Organic food market in India is expanding at a staggering rate of 400 per cent every year according to a report published by Confederation of Indian Industry (Cll) but the farmers are unable to realise the full potential of the crops grown with natural fertilizer. It is because they are marginalised by the government which extended maximum support to corporate entities, said G.V. Ramanjaneyulu, Director of Secunderabad-based Centre for Sustainable Agriculture (CSA). Addressing a seminar on organic farming at Andhra Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI) here on Saturday, Mr. Ramanjaneyulu said empirical data gathered from about nine lakh farmers across the country proved that the difference in yields of organic and conventional systems of agriculture was just about five per cent. The cost of production came down by 10 to 15 per cent and returns were higher by at least 10 per cent. Farmers were able to achieve better yields but they struggled in marketing the organic products due to the lack of government support. Post-harvest and supply chain issues bothered the farmers and the government rarely came to their rescue. Mr. Ramanjaneyulu stressed the need for a major shift in fertilizer usage from NPK to organic manures and chemical-based pesticides which have high concentrations of heavy metals, to eco-friendly substances. The rising costs and inability of farmers to sustain the present levels of production were issues of concern around the world and the only long-term solution was organic farming. A global action plan and concerted action were essential to deal with the imminent crises in agriculture sector in which technology plays a limited role, the CSA Director observed. ACCI Chairman M. Murali Krishna and former ZP chairman Kadiyala Raghava Rao were present. Q. The reason given to shift to the use of organic manures from pesticides is-

The cost efficiency of organic manures

The heavy concentration of metals in the pesticides

The long term the health of the soil

Read the following passage and answer the item that follow. A pharmaceutical company tested a new painkiller on 1,000 lab rats that were fed large doses of the painkiller for a two-month period. By the end of the experiment, 39 of the rats had died. The company concluded that the painkiller was sufficiently safe to test on humans.Q.Which of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the pharmaceutical company's conclusion?

Fifteen of the 39 dead rats were later found to have died of a rare form of liver cancer that is generally seen in only 1 out of 600,000 lab rats.

The director of the experiment, although a respected scientist, is not a medical doctor, and therefore will not be able to continue as director of the experiment once it switches from animal to human trials.

Although the painkiller in question has been shown to block certain forms of pain, its duration of efficacy is less than that of other painkillers currently on the market.

Human trials of another drug produced by this pharmaceutical company were called off after 30 out of 10,000 rats died of heart failure during the animal testing phase of the experiment.

Government deregulation of the long-distance telephone business has resulted in increased competition among telephone carriers, thus resulting in lower prices for consumers. This process, however, will ultimately result in lower-quality service for consumers, because as the telephone carriers drop their prices to compete with one another for customers, they will be forced to cut corners on nonessential items like customer service.Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the argument that government deregulation of the telephone business will result in lower-quality customer service?

Technological advances have decreased the cost of providing long-distance telephone service to less than one-half of its cost prior to deregulation.

In a customer survey regarding the electric utility business, another industry that recently went through deregulation, surveyors found that customer dissatisfaction with service was 30 percent higher than prior to deregulation.

Customers have listed poor customer service as their number one reason for switching from one longdistance telephone service provider to another.

Some companies have decreased the cost of customer service by installing automated telephone response systems that eliminate the need for expensive live employees.

Read the following passage and answer the items that follow the passage. Your answers to these items should be based on this passage only. Passage Recent findings show that changing climate patterns will affect the picturesque region in several ways. The most obvious one- assessed by analysing temperature data over the last 35 years from 11 meteorological stations in seven states across the region- is an increase in the occurrence of ‘warm nights'. This trend is likely to worsen, according to computer based climate models that were used to predict future climate trends. According to recent research exercises conducted at the Centre forAtmospheric Sciences at IIT Delhi., there has even been a rise of about two degrees, huge by climate change standards, in the average might time temperature between 1971 and 2005. The annual mean temperature over northeast India also displays a markedly upward trend. An increase in the frequency and intensity of' warm nights' does not just mean discomfort for local communities used to temperatures that range from cool to cold after sunset over the course of the year. Such warming has far more serious ramifications. As Dash puts it. "We have not assessed the impact ofwarm events on biodiversity. But we can say that the ecosystem, including the glaciers in the region, could be affected by the temperature rise." Communities in the North eastern states are realising what the fallout of such change means, but in different ways. "The fact that the temperature is increasing is being felt for the past 2 decades. But the trends vary in different regions. I think the impact is slightly more intense in the Northeast region than other parts of India. Even though there are several scientific studies based on different computer models, their predictions are different from each other. The community though, has a consensus on certain trends that they are experiencing," says Partha Das osAranyak, an environmental NGO in Guwahati. Three trends are clear; an overall warming across all seasons; heat waves in summer; and shrinking winters. In Meghalaya, for one, such climate is gradually being registered. B.K. Tiwari of the Northeastern Hill University conducted a study on people's perception of climate change in the region a few years ago. "But the responses were not conclusive. There was a consensus only on 1 aspect; most people agreed that extreme weather events like floods have become more frequent. But these perceptions have no scientific backing. They are just people's assessments. So I think relying on the IMD data of at least 30 years is a more practical method of understanding climate change." He says Consider the following statements 1. Changing climate patterns will strip the Northeastern states of their picturesque beauty. 2. The average right time temperature will continue to grow at a rate of 10 per cent per decade. Q. From the information in the passage, which of the following can best be inferred?

People are unaware of many changes that are taking place on the climate change front.

The trends in climate change require scientific data to be understood more clearly.

The presence of mosquitoes in high altitude regions indicates that climate change is a reality in the Northeast

The frequency and intensity of warm nights has brought a change in the cultural pattern in the northeast.

You have been instrumental in getting a project of getting potable water in a village successful. The villagers are grateful and the community leader expresses their appreciation by meeting you at the office with a box of sweets and an envelope of cash. How would you respond?

You will accept it as refusing it will disappoint the simple villagers, but put the cash in the welfare fund of the office workers

You will accept the sweets but refuse the cash

You will accept the sweets and share them with your department colleagues, but politely refuse the cash saying you were merely doing your work and needed no further payment for that

You would firmly send the man about his business after scolding him for trying to offer a tribe

The norm of anonymity means that the civil servants must work from behind the curtain, without praise or blame. In the word of Mohit Bhattacharya, "Anonymity meant that the civil servant would merely advice the politician from behind and would be protected from being exposed to the din and fury of politics. The norm of anonymity requires that the minister has to answer for the actions of the civil servants working under him in the parliament and thus, protect them from the criticism of the parliamentarians. This implies that the minister assumes total responsibility for the commissions and omissions of the civil servants working under him. The minister runs his department / ministry and is politically responsible for its activities. He is mainly concerned with policy and consults his secretary on policy decisions. It is the Minister who decide which course of action to adopt. He alone would be answerable in the parliament for good and bad results of the policy, not the secretary. Therefore, the norm of anonymity is the counterpart of the principle of ministerial responsibility. In other words, the principle of anonymity goes hand in hand with the principle of ministerial responsibility. What does collective responsibility mean as per the passage above?

The Minister is not answerable for illegal deeds of the civil servants.

Civil servant is responsible and accountable for his legal and illegal deeds to the parliament.

Civil servant along with minister is responsible directly to the parliament for all executive acts.

The executive is responsible to the parliament for all its actions and policies.

OPSC OAS Prelims Paper 2 Mock Test - 9 Free MCQ Practice Test with Solutions

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