OTET Paper 2 Mock Test - 8 (Social Science) - OTET MCQ

Lev Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist and a social constructivist. He has propounded 'Socio-cultural Theory' which emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development.

• Lev Vygotsky emphasized that the acquisition of speech is the major activity in cognitive development. 
• Vygotsky embedded in this theory, the concept of 'private speech' which is a kind of speech directed to the self with no communicative function.
• Children use private speech to guide their actions by speaking to themselves.

Private Speech:

• It refers to the speech produced aloud by young children that seem to be addressed either to the self or others, which sometimes cannot be easily conceived by a listener.
• It has a significant role in the augmentation of the self and self-consciousness. It is the main aspect in the development of self and subjectivity.
• This phenomenon starts in the early years of life and proceeds to the end of adolescence and even later.

So, from the points, as mentioned above, it becomes clear that the above-mentioned kind of 'private speech' is a sign of Self-regulation.

The cognitive process among the options you provided is "thinking." Thinking refers to the mental process of generating thoughts, ideas, and concepts through perception, reasoning, and memory. It involves various cognitive activities such as problem-solving, decision-making, imagination, and planning. Playing and running, on the other hand, are physical activities, while retrograde actions do not describe a specific cognitive process.

Retreat is not considered as a factor of cognition.
Cognitive factors refer to characteristics of the person that affect performance and learning. These factors serve to modulate performance such that it may improve or decline. These factors involve cognitive functions like attention, memory, and reasoning.

• Most psychologists today believe that our cognitions, i.e. our perceptions, memories, interpretations are essential ingredients of emotions.
• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer have proposed a two-factor theory in which emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label.
• They presumed that our experience of emotion grows from our awareness of our present arousal. They also believed that emotions are physiologically similar.

Therefore, Anger, Hunger, and fear are factors of cognition.

In psychology, coping means to invest own conscious effort, to solve personal and interpersonal problems, in order to try to master, minimize or tolerate stress and conflict. Revolution does not belong to the category of coping strategies.

Language development, according to Chomsky (1968), is the result of the child's genetic capability for language unfolding over time. Chomsky's (1976) model of language development attributed an innate understanding of fundamental rules that are activated by the language the child hears and account for the child's rapid and consistent development.

In this question, Baby Bhavya starts looking for her toys that her mother had hidden because Bhavya is aware of her toys even when they are not in front of her, that is, she has developed object permanence, Hence it is in pre-operational stage or pre-operational stage.
Object permanence means that an object still exists, even if it is hidden. It requires the ability to create a mental representation of the object (i.e. a schema).

If a previously learned task impedes a new task, which is being learnt. This transfer of learning will be negative transfer.
Transfer of learning is the process of applying or carrying over the knowledge, skills, habits, attitudes or other responses from one learning situation, in which they were initially acquired, to a different learning situation. 
Negative Transfer-

• There are cases in which the previous learning interferes with subsequent learning.
• In such cases, the carryover of knowledge or experience in one task interferes with further learning.
• As a result of negative transfer, performance on one task may block performance on the subsequent task.
• For example, a child’s experience in learning the plural of ‘house’ may inhibit his/her learning the plural of the word ‘mouse’. He/She may spell the plural of the word ‘mouse’ as ‘mouses’, instead of ‘mice’.

In the context of socio-cultural, psychologists proposed that human learning is largely a social process. Lev Vygotsky, a psychologist also proposed a theory that learning is developed through social interaction and plays an important role in the development of a learner's cognitive ability.​

Urge for competence is likely to motivate students towards mastery learning. "Mastery" is a key characteristic of "competency-based learning" that allows learners to keep learning until they feel that they can demonstrate skills mastery.

• उपर्युक्त पद्यांश में अचानक तुरत फुरत घटनाएं होने का कारण 'सुनते हो' की आवाज आना है।
• उपर्युक्त कविता में कवि ने प्रकृति का मानवीकरण किया है तथा प्रकृति को किसान का रूप दिया है।
• जब किसान की पत्नी उसे आह्वान देती है तब प्रकृति में तुरत फुरत घटनाएं होने लगती है।

सूक्ष्म शिक्षण योग्यता पर कौशल अधिक ध्यान केंद्रित करता है।
सूक्ष्म शिक्षण दृष्टिकोण और नकली शिक्षण अभ्यास का उपयोग करके शिक्षण कौशल में अभ्यास शिक्षण प्रशिक्षण पर आधारित बातचीत विश्लेषण कुछ नवीन प्रौद्योगिकियां हैं जिनके माध्यम से प्रभावी प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रम का संचालन किया जा सकता है। वर्तमान प्रणाली ने इन तकनीकों में से प्रत्येक को भी इंगित किया है, भारतीय स्थिति में सूक्ष्म शिक्षण के उपयोग पर प्रमुख स्तर पर शिक्षण के आवश्यक कौशल को विकसित करने पर जोर दिया गया है।

बच्चों की मौखिक भाषा का सतत आकलन करने का सबसे बेहतर तरीका विभिन्न संदर्भों में बातचीत है।

• मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति से तात्पर्य मन के विचारों को स्वतंत्र रूप से बोल कर अभिव्यक्त करने से है। वक्ता द्वारा सूचनाओं का श्रोताओं तक प्रभावपूर्ण संप्रेषण मौखिक अभिव्यक्ति को सार्थक सिद्ध करता है।
• जब अपने विचारो को दुसरो के समक्ष रखने के लिए भाषा का बोलकर प्रयोग करता है तो उसे मौखिक अभिव्यक्त कहा जाता है।
• व्यक्तित्व के समायोजन के लिए मनोवैज्ञानिकों ने अभिव्यक्ति को मुख्य साधन माना है।

'एक पत्र छाँह भी माँग मत' इस पंक्ति का आशय है- किसी की पेशकश स्वीकार नहीं करना चाहिए।
पद्यांश के अनुसार-

• ​कवि का कहना है कि मनुष्य अपनी प्रकृति के अनुसार माँगने लगता है अथवा अपनी परिस्थितियों से घबराकर दूसरों की सहायता माँगने लगता है।
• इससे उसका आत्मविश्वास कम होने लगता है। इसलिए अपनी कठिनाइयों का सामना स्वयं ही करना चाहिए।
• यदि थोड़ा भी आश्रय मिल जाए तो उसकी अवहेलना न करके धन्य मानना चाहिए।

प्राथमिक स्तर पर लेखन में प्रयोग आने वाली अनुकरण विधि 'स्पष्ट लेख' नहीं है।
पठन के सामान ही लेखन क्रिया/कौशल है जिसमे शिक्षार्थियों लिखने के लिए तत्पर किया जाता है। लेखन कला/कौशल चारो भाषा कौशलों (सुनना, बोलना, पढ़ना, लिखना) में सबसे अंतिम चरण है। यह बच्चों द्वारा अपने भावों और मौलिक विचारों को अर्थपूर्ण तरीके से लिखित रूप देने तथा विभिन्न उद्देश्यों के लिए लिखने की क्षमता से संबंधित है।
प्राथमिक स्तर पर लेखन का विकास अनुकरण विधि से किया जाता है। 
अनुकरण की निम्न लिखित विधियाँ साधारणतः प्रयोग में लायी जाती हैं:

• अनुलेख- किसी आदर्श लिखावट का जैसा का तैसा अनुकरण, अनुलेख कहलाता है।
• प्रतिलेख- प्रतिलेख में छात्र स्वतंत्र रूप से किसी पुस्तक या पत्र-पत्रिका के किसी भाग का अनुकरण करके अपनी काॅपी में लिखता है।
• श्रुतिलेख- श्रुतिलेख सुना हुआ लेख है। इसमें अध्यापक बोलता जाता है और छात्र सुनकर बोली हुई सामग्री लिखता है।

केवल ताज़े पानी की नदियों में रहने वाली यह डॉलफिन अकेली अथवा बहुत छोटे-छोटे झुंडों में रहती है।
इसके झुंड में सदस्यों की संख्या प्रायः तीन से अधिक नहीं होती।
सामान्यतया बच्चेवाली मादा डॉलफिन, अपने बच्चे के साथ विचरण करती हुई दिख जाती है।

A noun clause is a dependent clause that acts as a noun. Noun clauses begin with words such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever and why. Noun clauses can act as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives or objects of a preposition. So, the correct answer will be option (2) because it starts with "How".

Multimedia resources can be explored as a learning resource if used judiciously.

• Learner–controlled material: It allows the learner to learn at its own pace. Active learning helps learners to comprehend the concepts in a better way.
• Interactivity: Interactivity keeps the learner active throughout the learning process and makes the learning more meaningful. It helps in better understanding and retention.
• Optimum use of resources: The multimedia resources should be used wisely at both side learner and teacher. These resources should be used for enhancing learning.
• Validated Programme: Since the IMM are validated by implementing on a large sample of learners, it assures quality and accuracy of the material. Expert validation discards the chances of errors.
• Multimedia Elements: All multimedia elements enable multi-sensory learning. It helps learners to visualize the learning experiences and makes learning concrete.
• Advanced technology: Advanced technologies allow us to provide varied and more relevant experiences. It allows game mode and simulation mode possible. Learners can themselves explore and experiment with the help of advanced technologies.

In Inductive lesson, a general rule is explained first and later the examples are illustrated.

Silent reading is most helpful in understanding the depth of meaning. By reading silently, understanding the words in their mind, they read further. It also increases the speed of reading and increases the ability to understand.

While checking the notebooks the teacher observed that a child has repeatedly made some errors in writing such as reverse images as b – d, m – w. The child is showing signs of learning disability.
Learning disability refers to a neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment.
Dyslexia is the most common learning disability which results in reverse or mirror images of the alphabet. It is a learning disability that makes learners:

• unable to read and interpret letters and words.
• confuse with the same shapes and sounds of the alphabet.
• bewilder in identifying and relating speech sounds with letters and words.

Alliteration is the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

The Grammar-Translation Method does not emphasize spoken English.
Teaching method: Different teaching methods are used by teachers as per the requirements of students. For choosing the one, the teacher may classify students based on their abilities (ability grouping) or he can choose it based on the compatibility of the topic.
Grammar-Translation Method: The grammar-translation method is not based on any theory of language teaching, but its roots can be traced to the way classical languages such as Latin and Greek were taught.

• The vocabulary is taught through bilingual word lists and there was a lot of stress on the memorization of words.
• In the Grammar - Translation Method, English is greatly emphasized but not spoken.
• Students are given lists of target language vocabulary words with their native language equivalents and are asked to memorize them.
• Grammatical accuracy is given great importance.
• Word to word translation in the mother tongue is considered an effective way of learning the target language.

NOTE: In Grammar - Translation Method, emphasizing spoken English is not considered an effective way of learning the target language

• After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• Chauri Chaura was a town in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, where on February 5, 1922, a group of protesters participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement clashed with police, resulting in the death of three policemen. In retaliation, the protesters set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen who were inside.
• Gandhi, who had been leading the Non-Cooperation Movement, was deeply disturbed by the violent turn of events and called off the movement, as he believed that it had lost its nonviolent character.

Social studies are concerned with human study in relation to the socio-cultural environment. Our environment means our surroundings include all the entities around us such as land, air, water, sunlight (natural environment) culture, society, school, college, family (social environment), etc.​

Mahalwari System

• In the North Western Provinces of the Bengal Presidency (most of this area is now in Uttar Pradesh), an Englishman called Holt Mackenzie devised the new system which came into effect in 1822.
• Under his directions, collectors went from village to village, inspecting the land, measuring the fields, and recording the customs and rights of different groups.
• The estimated revenue of each plot within a village was added up to calculate the revenue that each village (mahal) had to pay. This demand was to be revised periodically, not permanently fixed.
• The charge of collecting the revenue and paying it to the Company was given to the village headman, rather than the zamindar.
• This system came to be known as the mahalwari settlement.

Ryotwari System

• In the British territories in the south there was a similar move away from the idea of Permanent Settlement.
• The new system that was devised came to be known as the ryotwar (or ryotwari).
• It was tried on a small scale by Captain Alexander Read in some of the areas that were taken over by the Company after the wars with Tipu Sultan.
• Subsequently developed by Thomas Munro, this system was gradually extended all over south India.

Permanent settlement

• ​It was introduced in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis and covered around one fifth of British territory in India, including Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, parts of Northern Karnataka, Varanasi and some other areas.
• With the permanent settlement, the auctioning of land (Izaredar system in Bengal) came to at an end.

In 1782 Tipu Sultan became the ruler of Mysore.

• Mysore had grown in strength under the leadership of powerful rulers like Haidar Ali  and his famous son Tipu Sultan.
• Tipu Sultan became the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore on December 22, 1782, following the death of his father, Hyder Ali.
• Tipu Sultan is known for his military prowess and resistance against British colonial expansion in South India.
• He implemented various administrative and economic reforms in Mysore and modernized his army.
• However, his reign was marked by conflicts with the British East India Company, resulting in several Anglo-Mysore Wars.
• Tipu Sultan's reign came to an end when he was killed in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799. 
• After his death, Mysore was placed under British control, and the Wodeyar dynasty was restored with limited power under British suzerainty.

Hence we conclude that in 1782 Tipu Sultan become the ruler of Mysore.

'Diaries' come under written source.

Bloom concentrated on the study of the cognitive domain. The classification of objectives is known as Bloom's taxonomy of objectives or Taxonomy of educational objectives in 1956.

•  It is categorized into three categories: Cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.

The inference of particular instances by reference to a general law or principle is referred to as deduction. It is a method of reasoning by which concrete applications or consequences are deducted from general principles.

Panna is famous for its diamond mines located in a belt of about 80 km across the town.
Madhya Pradesh has the only diamond mine in the country.

• The National Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. is operating the only mechanized diamond mine at Majhgawan in the Panna district since 1958 is now producing 81000 carats of diamond annually. Besides this, about 400 carats is also being produced from the "shallow diamond mines" in Panna and part of Satna district.