Olympiad Test Level 1: Technological Developments and Inventions- 1 - Class 7 MCQ

Answer:
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2015 was awarded to the following scientists for their "mechanistic studies of DNA repair":
Tomas Lindahl
- Tomas Lindahl was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015.
- He was recognized for his work on DNA repair mechanisms.
- His research focused on understanding how cells repair damaged DNA and maintain its integrity.
- Lindahl discovered several DNA repair enzymes and pathways, including the base excision repair pathway.
Paul L. Modrich
- Paul L. Modrich was another recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015.
- His work also contributed to the understanding of DNA repair.
- Modrich studied the mismatch repair pathway, which corrects errors that occur during DNA replication.
- His research helped elucidate the molecular mechanisms of mismatch repair and its importance in maintaining genomic stability.
Aziz Sancar
- Aziz Sancar was the third scientist awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015.
- He made significant contributions to the field of DNA repair.
- Sancar focused on understanding the nucleotide excision repair pathway, which repairs DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation.
- His research provided insights into the mechanisms of DNA repair and its role in preventing mutations and cancer.
All of these
- In summary, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015 was awarded to Tomas Lindahl, Paul L. Modrich, and Aziz Sancar for their pioneering work on the mechanistic studies of DNA repair.
- Their research has advanced our understanding of how cells maintain the integrity of their genetic material and has important implications for human health and disease.

Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Copper nitrate. Copper nitrate is not used in photographic processing.
Here is a detailed explanation:
- Silver halide: Silver halide, such as silver bromide or silver chloride, is a key component in photographic film and paper. It is sensitive to light and forms the image when exposed to light during the photographic process.
- Ammonium thiosulphate: Ammonium thiosulphate, also known as hypo or fixer, is a chemical used in the fixing stage of photographic processing. It helps to remove any remaining light-sensitive silver halide from the film or paper, making the image permanent.
- Copper nitrate: Copper nitrate is not used in photographic processing. It is a chemical compound used in other applications such as catalysts, dyes, and electroplating.
- Both a and b: The option "both a and b" is incorrect because both silver halide and ammonium thiosulphate are used in photographic processing.
In summary, copper nitrate is not used in photographic processing, while silver halide and ammonium thiosulphate are essential chemicals in the process.

It was discovered by Marie Curie.

The first woman to go in space was Valentina Tereshkova.

Answer:
The four largest moons of Jupiter, namely Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, were first observed by the astronomer Galileo Galilei. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Galileo Galilei:
- Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer and physicist who made significant contributions to the field of astronomy.
- In 1610, Galileo Galilei observed Jupiter using a telescope he had made and discovered four of its largest moons.
- He named these moons after the Medici family, who were his patrons at the time.
- The four largest moons of Jupiter, also known as the Galilean moons, are Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
2. Observations and Discoveries:
- Galileo Galilei observed that these four moons were in constant motion around Jupiter, orbiting it just like the Earth's moon orbits around the Earth.
- Through his observations, Galileo Galilei provided evidence that not everything in the universe revolved around the Earth, challenging the geocentric view of the universe.
- The discovery of these moons provided support for the heliocentric model, which states that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun.
3. Significance of the Discoveries:
- The discovery of the four largest moons of Jupiter by Galileo Galilei had a profound impact on our understanding of the solar system.
- It provided evidence against the geocentric model and supported the heliocentric model proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus.
- These observations also demonstrated the existence of celestial bodies that did not revolve around the Earth, expanding our knowledge of the universe.
In conclusion, the four largest moons of Jupiter, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, were first observed by the astronomer Galileo Galilei. His discoveries revolutionized our understanding of the solar system and played a crucial role in the development of modern astronomy.

Australia developed 1st helium microscope.

Discovery of the Telescope by Galileo
Galileo Galilei, an Italian astronomer, physicist, and mathematician, is credited with the discovery of the telescope. Here is a detailed explanation of Galileo's role in the discovery:
1. Background:
- In the early 17th century, the concept of the telescope had already been proposed by astronomers like Hans Lippershey and Jacob Metius.
- However, Galileo was the first to build and use a telescope for astronomical observations.
2. Galileo's Telescope:
- Galileo developed his first telescope in 1609 by improving upon the design of existing telescopes.
- His telescope used a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece lens, allowing for magnification and improved clarity.
3. Astronomical Observations:
- With his telescope, Galileo made several groundbreaking astronomical observations that revolutionized our understanding of the universe.
- He observed the moon's surface, discovering that it had mountains and craters, contradicting the prevailing belief in a perfect celestial sphere.
- Galileo also observed the phases of Venus, which supported the heliocentric model proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus.
- Moreover, he discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter, now known as the Galilean moons, which provided evidence for objects orbiting a celestial body other than the Earth.
4. Galileo's Contributions:
- Galileo's observations and discoveries using the telescope helped to support the Copernican heliocentric model of the solar system.
- His work challenged the geocentric model and the prevailing Aristotelian worldview, leading to significant scientific advancements.
In conclusion, Galileo Galilei is the scientist who discovered the telescope. His groundbreaking observations using the telescope played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the cosmos and challenging the prevailing scientific beliefs of his time.

The name of the satellite launched by China's space lab Tiangong-2 is Banxing-2. Here is a detailed explanation:
Background:
China's space lab, Tiangong-2, was launched on September 15, 2016. It was an experimental space station used for various scientific research and technological demonstrations.
The Satellite:
The Banxing-2 satellite, also known as BX-2 or "Companion Satellite 2," was deployed from the Tiangong-2 space lab. It was a small satellite developed by China and had specific objectives during its mission.
Objectives of Banxing-2:
The Banxing-2 satellite had the following objectives:
1. Earth Observation: It was equipped with cameras to capture images of the Earth's surface. These images were used for scientific research, environmental monitoring, and disaster prevention purposes.
2. Technology Demonstration: Banxing-2 was used to test and demonstrate various technologies and systems related to space exploration. It aimed to gather data and validate the performance of these technologies in space.
3. Space Station Monitoring: The satellite was also tasked with monitoring and observing the Tiangong-2 space lab itself. It provided valuable data on the conditions and performance of the space station.
4. Educational Outreach: Banxing-2 carried a student-designed experiment to promote science education and encourage young students to take an interest in space exploration.
Conclusion:
The satellite launched by China's space lab Tiangong-2 was named Banxing-2. It had specific objectives related to Earth observation, technology demonstration, space station monitoring, and educational outreach.

Benjamin Franklin's Musical Invention: Guitar
- Benjamin Franklin, well-known as a prolific inventor, was not only interested in science and politics but also had a passion for music.
- He invented a musical instrument, and that instrument is the guitar.
- Franklin created his version of the guitar, which was designed with a unique shape and structure.
- His guitar had a hollow body and a flat top with six strings that could be plucked or strummed.
- Franklin's guitar design was influenced by other stringed instruments such as the lute and the viola da gamba.
- Although Franklin's guitar design didn't gain significant popularity and didn't have a lasting impact on the development of the instrument, it showcased his inventive spirit and curiosity.
Other Notable Inventions and Achievements by Benjamin Franklin:
- Franklin's most famous invention is the lightning rod, which is used to protect buildings from lightning strikes.
- He also invented the Franklin stove, a more efficient heating device that provided better warmth while using less fuel.
- Franklin conducted extensive experiments on electricity and is known for his famous kite experiment, which proved that lightning is an electrical phenomenon.
- He discovered the Gulf Stream, a powerful ocean current that greatly influenced navigation and trade routes.
- Franklin played a crucial role in establishing the first public library in the United States, the Library Company of Philadelphia.
- In addition to these inventions, Franklin also made notable contributions in the fields of printing, writing, and diplomacy.
Overall, Benjamin Franklin's inventive mind and diverse interests led him to make significant contributions in various fields, including music with his invention of the guitar.

The world's 1st scanning helium microscope (SHeM) is developed by Australia.
Explanation:
The development of the world's first scanning helium microscope (SHeM) was done by Australia. Here is a detailed explanation of the answer:
- Scanning Helium Microscope (SHeM): The scanning helium microscope (SHeM) is a type of microscope that uses a beam of helium atoms to image and analyze samples at the atomic scale. It offers high-resolution imaging without damaging the sample.
- Development: The development of the SHeM was carried out by a team of researchers and scientists in Australia. They worked on designing and constructing the microscope, as well as developing the necessary technologies and techniques to make it functional.
- Significance: The development of the SHeM is a significant achievement in the field of microscopy. It opens up new possibilities for imaging and analyzing materials at the atomic scale, which can have applications in various fields such as materials science, nanotechnology, and biology.
- Australia's Expertise: Australia has a strong and vibrant scientific community, with expertise in various areas of research and development. The development of the SHeM showcases Australia's capabilities in cutting-edge scientific innovations.
In conclusion, the world's first scanning helium microscope (SHeM) was developed by Australia. This achievement highlights the country's expertise in the field of microscopy and its commitment to advancing scientific knowledge and technology.