PS TET Paper 2: Child Development and Pedagogy Test - 4 (Science and Mathematics) - PS TET MCQ

Erikson's (1959) theory of psychosocial development has eight distinct stages. Like Freud, Erikson assumed that a crisis occurs at each stage of development. For Erikson (1963), these crisis are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e. social).
Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority
It is the 4th stage out of eight. It is at this stage that the child's peer group will gain greater significance and will become a major source of the child's self esteem. The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society, and begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments.

Assessment refers to the process of obtaining information about a learner’s learning and achievement in a course, with a view to bringing improvement in his learning. Assessment is considered a part of the teaching-learning process and is often categorized as assessment of learning, assessment for learning, and assessment as learning.

Development refers to qualitative changes in an individual such as a change in personality or other mental and emotional aspects.

• The term individual development is the process of maturation of a child up to a stage where he\she can independently make their own decisions about their life.
• Individual development caters to the overall development of the child in terms of its physical, mental, emotional, and psychological growth.

​As we live in a society, we come across persons who are followers of different cultures which allows us the opportunity to understand and expose our minds to the different customs and cultures of the society.
When individual experiences and interacts with different persons he is influenced by them and this influence plays an important role in the psychological development of a person.
It not only affects psychological development, but it also affects the other factors of development as the kind of society we grow up in, makes an impact on our lifestyle.
Such as if a person grows up in a family of sportspersons he is also going to be affected and influenced to participate in sports which will impact his physical and mental development.
Thus, it is concluded that there is cultural diversity in the process of development is correct for the process of development of an individual.

Enquiry-based learning starts by posing questions, problems or scenarios—rather than simply presenting established facts or portraying a smooth path to knowledge. The process is often assisted by a facilitator.

Intelligence involves a number of abilities together. It is the ability to understand the incoming information and make sense of it. It is the ability to acquire new skills and use the existing knowledge to complete a task or deal with a situation. 

The term development” is generally used to refer to the dynamic process by which an individual grows and changes throughout its lifespan. It is often thought of as the process of qualitative change taking place from conception to death. In this way, development is a broad term and deals with all areas including physical, motor, cognitive, physiological, social, emotional, and personality. It should be noted that developments in all these areas are interrelated. 

• Cephalo - Caudal Sequence: The direction of development is from head to limbs i.e, in a longitudinal axis called ‘cephalocaudal.
• Proximo distal Sequence: The spinal cord develops before the outer parts of the body. The child's arms develop before the hands and the hands and feet develop before the fingers and toes.  The development direction is from the center to the periphery called ‘proximodistal’.
• Locomotion Sequence: Various kinds of motions such as walking, running, jumping, swimming, etc. by the body are known as locomotion. Movement is one of the characteristic features of all living organisms. Locomotion helps us to move from one place to another.
• Bilateral Sequence: The human body plan is bilateral with symmetrical sense organs, a fast responding brain, half the body weight in muscles, a powerful heart, miles of arteries and veins, and a brain that coordinates it all.

So, we can conclude that the Proximo distal Sequence is appropriate when development proceeds from the center to the peripheral areas of the body.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. Children with ADHD may be hyperactive and unable control their impulses. Or they may have trouble paying attention. These behaviors interfere with school and home life.
Reducing the time allotted to complete an assignment to make it coincide with time of attention, and increasing this time in a phased manner will be best suited to deal with attention deficit hyperactivity.

Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable aim and may be viewed as the opposite of success. There are many cognitive, physical, intellectual, scholastical, emotional, and cultural causes for the failure of students.

According to Kohlberg the pre-conventional level of moral development of a child shows no internalization of moral values. In this level, the moral reasoning of the child is controlled by external rewards and punishment.
Pre-conventional Level:

• Obedience and Punishment: Based on avoiding punishment, a focus on the consequences of actions, rather than intentions; intrinsic deference to authority
• Individualism and Exchange: The “right” behaviours are those that are in the best interest of oneself, tit for tat mentality.

Insight, in learning theory, immediate and clear learning or understanding that takes place without overt trial-and-error testing. Insight occurs in human learning when people recognise relationships or make novel associations between objects or actions that can help them solve new problems.

Lev Vygotsky states that the child’s mental strength grows when assisted by a more advanced and competent individual.

Stagnation stands for the retention of a child in a class for a period of more than one year. Gradually when a student takes more than one year to pass a class it is considered a case of stagnation.

• Stagnation is one of the most acute problems of tribal education. Absenteeism leads to stagnation and both naturally lead to wastage.
• Formerly stagnation used to occur due to lower achievement in the examinations. It means those who fail to secure minimum marks in the class tests will not be sent for the terminal examination and such candidates will have to remain in the same standard for one more year.
• But this practice is now stopped, whether a student secures minimum marks in the class tests or not he/she is eligible to sit for terminal examinations. At present minimum attendance is prescribed for students for promotion.

So, it could be concluded that retention of a child in a same class for more than one year is the meaning of stagnation in education.

Classification of students in different groups on the basis of their IQ tends to decrease their self-esteem and has no effect on their academic performance.

Diversity means variety. For all practical purposes, it means a variety of groups and cultures. We have such a variety in abundance in India. We have here a variety of races, of religions, languages, castes, and of cultures. For the same reason, India is known for its sociocultural diversity.

According to the theories of motivation, a teacher can enhance learning by setting realistic expectation from students. This is because a teacher’s expectation have a strong effect on the performance of his/her students. The expectation of a teacher from his/her students works as a motivational force for them which in turns results of better performance.

Student-centred learning, also known as learner-centred education, broadly encompasses methods of teaching that shift the focus of instruction from the teacher to the student. Question-answer method is based on teacher's own discretion and does not put learner first.

Constructivism is centered on the idea that human knowledge and learning are actively constructed by the teacher, not passively received from the environment. It is based on the theory of constructivism which holds that learning always builds upon the knowledge that a student already has.

Hearing impaired learners, sign language is the most appropriate.
A hearing-impaired person is the one who has difficulty in hearing. For such people, sign languages are used to show them what one is saying. The first person credited with the creation of a formal sign language for the hearing impaired was Pedro Ponce de León, a 16th-century Spanish Benedictine monk.

• A language that employs signs made with the hands and other movements, including facial expressions and postures of the body is called sign language.
• But people with disabilities including Autism, Apraxia of speech, Cerebral Palsy, and Down Syndrome may also find sign language beneficial for communicating.
• Sign language may be as coarsely expressed as mere grimaces, shrugs, or pointings; or it may employ a delicately nuanced combination of coded manual signals reinforced by facial expression and perhaps augmented by words spelt out in a manual alphabet.

The theory of Maslow's hierarchy of needs basically talks about how all humans have different levels of needs for survival and they work to make money to fulfill those needs. Thus, the news of 'a woman selling her child to obtain food' may be understood best on the basis of theory of hierarchical needs.

A child always sympathizes with other children, is an emotional habit. Sympathy is an emotional response characterized by feelings of compassion, concern, or sorrow for someone else's situation or emotions. It involves understanding and sharing the emotions of others, which is a key aspect of empathy.

Classroom Discussions play a vital role in shaping or constructing the overall personality of a child. The discussions help the child to not only presents his or her point of view but to get an idea of other's perception as well and this helps in shaping the all-round thinking of a child.
Gender Bias:

• It refers to the belief that someone prioritizes one gender more than another. 
• It is a form of unconscious bias, or implicit bias, which occurs when one individual attributes certain attitudes and stereotypes to another person or group of people.
• It is a preference or prejudice toward one gender over the other for example preferring boys over girls during an activity. Bias can be conscious or unconscious and may manifest in many ways, both subtle and obvious.

Examples of Gender Bias in Teaching and at school:

• Stereotypical expressions of male and female characters in textbook content.
• Assigning work differentially to boys and girls.
• Girls being given lesser opportunities to participate in school and classroom events.

Gender Constancy: The concept of gender constancy refers to a cognitive stage of development of children at which they come to understand that their gender (meaning their biological sex) is fixed and cannot change over time.
Gender Relevance: It is an important consideration in development. It is a way of looking at how social norms and power structures impact on the lives and opportunities available to different groups of men and women.
Gender Identity: It is a personal conception of oneself as male or female. This concept is intimately related to the concept of gender role, which is defined as the outward manifestations of personality that reflect gender identity.
So, during a classroom discussion if a teacher pays more attention to boys than girls then it will be regarded as an example of Gender Bias.

Right to Education Act (RTE) is an act of the Parliament of India enacted on 4th August, 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.
After the implementation of RTE Act 2009, the classrooms are age-wise more homogeneous.

Assessment is done to determine the outcomes (what students have learned), process (the way they learned), and their approach to the learning before, during, or after the program or course.

• During instruction, the assessment can be used to determine what students are learning so that if there is a need, the teacher can adjust their teacher.
• It is a process-oriented approach that is used to identify the areas for improvement in the learning process.

Egocentrism can be defined as the child being the center of the world and everything revolves around him. Egocentrism in early childhood refers to the tendency of young children to think that everyone sees things in the same way as the child.

In a culturally and linguistically diverse classroom, before deciding whether a student comes under special education category, a teacher should evaluate student on his/her mother language to establish disability.

Learning disability refers to a neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc are the most common learning disability.
Learning disability:

• Learning disability is intrinsic and due to central nervous system dysfunction.
• It is a variable state which can be addressed by appropriate comprehensible input.
• It can't be attributed to cultural deprivation as it can present in children of any culture.

Curiosity and Creative ideas are considered a sign of being gifted. Fighting is a confrontation in which two or more people compete for dominance and respect to satisfy their own egos. Thus, it cannot be regarded as a sign of being gifted. Curiosity is a valuable agent in education when it is rightly valued and employed. Curiosity is highly important because it is a starting point of interest. Creative ideas are concerned with a holistic approach to education, focusing upon the learner becoming part of a professional community, involving the dimensions of knowledge, performance and identity formation.

Scanning is reading a text quickly in order to find specific information, e.g. figures or names. This technique is employed to locate terms and references in an index or thesaurus.

Intelligence involves a number of abilities together. It is the ability to understand the incoming information and make sense of it. It is the ability to acquire new skills and use the existing knowledge to complete a task or deal with a situation. 

Gender:

• Gender is what we make of boys and girls.
• It is about the opportunities we give them to develop.
• It has got to do with their upbringing, socialization, culture and the role models we present for them.
• Gender is what a society and culture make of boys and girls.

Sex:

• Sex of a person indicates a boy or girl, a male or female, a man or woman.
• This distinction is based on the natural differences that exist in the body of males and females.
• These differences are biological and do not generally change.

However, if we talk about it in the Indian context, For three decades gender has been accepted as a category in the formulation of policy and curricula frameworks in India. “Gender”, “Equality” and “Empowerment” of girls have also been used as keywords in educational documents for a long as it is evident from the policy review section. “Gender” has primarily been viewed:

• As concerning only girls and women (a biological category) where
• As an isolated category, not related to other issues
• In terms of provision of equal facilities

So, we conclude that all the above-mentioned statements are correct.