Political Science Mock Test- 2 - Class 9 MCQ

Explanation:

• Supervision of High Court: Subordinate Courts operate under the supervision and orders of the High Court.


• Roles and Functions: These courts have limited jurisdiction compared to the High Court and primarily handle cases at a lower level.


• Appeals: Decisions made by Subordinate Courts can be appealed to the High Court for review.


• Hierarchy: Subordinate Courts are part of the judicial hierarchy and are established to assist the High Court in the administration of justice.


• Independence: While Subordinate Courts function under the guidance of the High Court, they still maintain a degree of independence in their decision-making processes.

The Bastille had many prisoners who were put in jail without any trial.The rich, poor everyone who opposed the policies of Louis XVI was imprisoned. So The Bastille stood for the despotic power of the king. 

For Lok Sabha elections, India is divided into 543 constituencies. The representative elected from each constituency is called a Member of Parliament or an MP. Each state is divided into a specific number of Assembly constituencies.

A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

He is appointed by the President. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that has a majority in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Minister. In case no single party/alliance gets a majority, the President appoints the person most likely to secure a majority support.

(i) The.country was born through a partition on the basis of religious differences.

(ii) The British had left the princely states to decide their future on their own.

(iii) At that time, the future of the country did not look very secure.

(iv) Makers of the Constitution had anxieties about the present as well as the future.

The makers of the Indian constitution had anxieties because making the constitution for a huge and diverse country like India was not an easy affair. The country was born through the partition on the basis of religious differences. At least ten lakh people were killed on both sides of the border in partition related violence. Another problem was that the British had left it to the rulers of the princely states to decide whether they wanted to merge with India or with Pakistan or to remain independent.

The correct option is Option A.

Ideally, the tenure of the Prime Minister is five years. However, he can resign before the completion of his term or he can be removed if a vote of no-confidence motion is passed against him.

A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments; in the separation of powers model, they are often contrasted with the executive and judicial branches of government.

Political executive is more powerful than the permanent executive because:

a. Ministers are directly elected by the people. 
b. They are answerable and accountable to the people.
c. Democracy is based on the will of the people, therefore it is the elected ministers who represents that will and takes the final decision.

The Estates-General convened in the Grands Salles des Menus-Plaisirs in Versailles on 5 May 1789 and opened with a three-hour speech by Necker. The Third Estate demanded that the credentials of deputies should be verified by all deputies, rather than each estate verifying the credentials of its own members; but negotiations with the other estates failed to achieve this. The commoners appealed to the clergy, who asked for more time. 

Answer:
In elections to a representative democracy, voters have the power to make several important choices. These choices include:
1. Choosing who will make laws:
- Voters have the ability to select the individuals who will represent them in legislative bodies, such as the parliament or congress.
- These elected representatives are responsible for creating and passing laws on behalf of the people.
2. Choosing who will form the government:
- Voters have the opportunity to select the political party or coalition of parties that will form the government.
- The party or coalition that receives the majority of votes or seats in the legislature typically forms the government.
3. Choosing the party whose policies will guide the government:
- Voters can choose the political party whose policies align with their own beliefs and priorities.
- The elected government usually implements policies and decisions based on the party's platform and agenda.
Therefore, the correct answer is D: All of the above. Voters in a representative democracy play a crucial role in determining the direction and governance of their country by making these choices during elections.

Not a condition of a democratic election:

• A: Everyone is allowed to vote


• B: There are political parties to contest elections


• C: The candidate not preferred by people gets elected


• D: Elections are held at regular intervals

Explanation:

A democratic election is a process where individuals have the opportunity to choose their representatives through voting. While there are several conditions that typically characterize a democratic election, one of the conditions listed is not applicable:

• C: The candidate not preferred by people gets elected: In a democratic election, the candidate who receives the majority of votes or the highest number of votes is elected. The principle of majority rule is a fundamental aspect of democratic elections, and it ensures that the candidate preferred by the people is elected.

Therefore, option C is not a condition of a democratic election because it contradicts the concept of majority rule and the will of the people.

What is meant by the term 'constituency'?
A constituency refers to a specific area or region from where voters elect a representative to the Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha. It is an essential concept in the democratic electoral system. Here are the key points to understand about constituencies:
1. Definition: A constituency is a geographically defined area that represents a specific group of voters who have the right to elect a representative to a legislative body.
2. Representation: Constituencies ensure that every region or area is represented in the legislative body. Each constituency has its own representative who acts as a voice for the concerns and interests of the people in that particular area.
3. Electoral Process: During elections, voters from a constituency cast their votes to elect a candidate who will represent their interests and concerns. The candidate who receives the highest number of votes becomes the elected representative for that constituency.
4. Delimitation: Constituencies are often delimited or redrawn periodically to ensure fair representation based on population changes. This process is carried out by an independent authority to maintain equal representation among constituencies.
5. Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha: In India, constituencies are primarily associated with the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) and Vidhan Sabha (the state legislative assembly). Each state is divided into different constituencies, and voters from each constituency elect their representatives to these bodies.
In conclusion, a constituency is a specific area from where voters elect their representatives to the Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha. It ensures fair representation and gives people the opportunity to choose their leaders based on their concerns and interests.

The Black Population's Demands in the New Constitution:
- Substantial social and economic rights: The black population wanted the new constitution to address and ensure their social and economic rights. This included equal access to education, healthcare, housing, employment, and opportunities for economic advancement.
- Equal political representation: The black population sought fair and equal representation in the political system. They wanted to have a voice in decision-making processes and to be included in all levels of government.
- End to racial discrimination: The black population demanded the elimination of racial discrimination in all aspects of society. They wanted equal treatment under the law and an end to discriminatory practices such as segregation and racial profiling.
- Land redistribution: Many black individuals and communities were dispossessed of their land during colonization and apartheid. The black population wanted the new constitution to address land reform and ensure equitable land redistribution to rectify historical injustices.
- Reconciliation and healing: The black population emphasized the need for reconciliation and healing in the aftermath of apartheid. They wanted the new constitution to promote unity, understanding, and forgiveness among all racial and ethnic groups in the country.
- Protection of human rights: The black population sought the protection of human rights for all individuals, regardless of race. They wanted the new constitution to enshrine basic human rights, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion, and to establish mechanisms to hold accountable those who violated these rights.
Overall, the black population's demands in the new constitution focused on achieving equality, justice, and empowerment for all individuals, particularly those who had been historically marginalized and oppressed. They sought to create a society that recognized and celebrated the diversity of its people while ensuring equal opportunities and rights for everyone.

What did the white minority want from the new Constitution?

• Protect its privileges and property: The white minority wanted the new Constitution to safeguard their existing privileges and property rights.


• A separate country for themselves: Some members of the white minority desired a separate country exclusively for themselves, where they could maintain control and dominance.


• Reservation in legislature: The white minority sought reservations in the legislature to ensure their representation and influence in the political decision-making process.


• Some special rights: The white minority also aimed to secure certain special rights that would preserve their social, economic, and political dominance over other racial groups.

Overall, the white minority's primary objective was to protect their privileges, property, and dominance in the new Constitution. They sought to maintain their position of power and control, either through reservations, special rights, or even the creation of a separate country.

What is meant by 'rights'?

Rights refer to the entitlements or claims that individuals have over other fellow beings, society, and the government. These rights are essential for the protection and well-being of individuals and are typically recognized and guaranteed by laws and constitutions.

Explanation:

When discussing the concept of rights, it is important to understand that they are not absolute and can vary depending on the legal and social framework of a particular country or society. However, in general, rights can be categorized into different types:

1. Human Rights: Human rights are the fundamental rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled, regardless of their nationality, race, religion, gender, or any other characteristic. These rights include the right to life, liberty, equality, and dignity.


2. Civil Rights: Civil rights are the rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, organizations, or other individuals. These rights include freedom of speech, assembly, religion, and the right to a fair trial.


3. Political Rights: Political rights refer to the rights that allow individuals to participate in the political processes of their country, such as the right to vote, the right to run for office, and the right to join political parties.


4. Social Rights: Social rights are the rights that ensure individuals' access to basic social services and benefits, such as education, healthcare, housing, and social security.


5. Economic Rights: Economic rights pertain to the rights related to economic activities and resources, including the right to work, the right to fair wages, and the right to own property.

It is important to note that rights come with responsibilities and limitations. The exercise of one's rights should not infringe upon the rights of others or harm the well-being of society as a whole. Therefore, the concept of rights entails a balance between individual freedoms and social harmony.

Conclusion:

Rights are the entitlements or claims that individuals have over other fellow beings, society, and the government. They are essential for the protection and well-being of individuals and can be categorized into various types, including human rights, civil rights, political rights, social rights, and economic rights. The exercise of rights should be done responsibly, without infringing upon the rights of others or harming society.

Democracy is a means for the people to choose their leaders and to hold their leaders accountable for their policies and their conduct in office.

Constitution : The fundamental legal document according to which the government of a country functions. This contains the basic laws or set of rules which define the main organs and their jurisdiction as well as the basic rights of the citizen.

The Nehru Committee Report of 10 August 1928 was a memorandum outlining a proposed new dominion status for the constitution for India. It was prepared by a committee of the All Parties Conference chaired by Motilal Nehru with his son Jawaharlal Nehru acting as secretary.

The drafting of the document called the constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent Assembly. Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946. Its first meeting was held in December 1946. Soon after, the country was divided into India and Pakistan.

Rajya Sabha is a permanent house so there is no dissolution of Rajya Sabha, though term of Rajya Sabha members has been fixed for 6 years. The Lok Sabha may dissolve at the end of its five year term or by an order of President.

The President of India is elected by an electoral college. This college comprises the elected representatives of the government that form the government after being elected in the state assembly and national elections. The citizens of the country directly elect these representatives. It is these elected representatives who then vote for the President, in theory representing the people who would ideally vote for the President. Nominated members of state assemblies and the two Houses are not allowed to participate in the presidential election as they have been nominated by the President herself. Issuing whips to garner votes for a particular candidate is also prohibited.

Previously, the Supreme Court had held that the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution was unfettered. The Supreme Court's position on constitutional amendments laid out in its judgements is that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its "basic structure".

The country gained official independence as Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980. The government held independence celebrations in Rufaro stadium in Salisbury, the capital.

The Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front has been the ruling party in Zimbabwe since independence in 1980. The party was led for many years under Robert Mugabe, first as Prime Minister with the Zimbabwe African National Union and then as President from 1987 after the merger with the Zimbabwe African People's Union and retaining the name ZANU–PF, until 2017 when he was removed as leader.

Every country that is a democracy gives rights to its citizens. In a democracy, every citizen has the right to vote and the right to be elected. For democratic elections to take place, it is necessary that citizens should have the right to express their opinion, form political parties and take part in other political activities. Besides, in democratic countries, special provisions are made for the protection of rights. Our Constitution also has a list of Fundamental Rights which are protected by the judiciary.

Explanation:
The correct answer is C: Double citizenship. Here is a detailed explanation of each option:
A: Parliamentary form of government:
- The Indian Constitution establishes a parliamentary form of government.
- The President of India is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government.
- The Parliament consists of two houses: the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and the Rajya Sabha (Upper House).
- The government is formed based on the majority party or coalition in the Lok Sabha.
B: Federal form of government:
- The Indian Constitution provides for a federal form of government.
- It establishes a dual polity, with powers divided between the central government and the state governments.
- There are three lists of subjects: Union List, State List, and Concurrent List, which allocate powers to each level of government.
- The Constitution also provides for the appointment of Governors in each state to represent the President.
C: Double citizenship:
- This is not a feature of the Indian Constitution.
- Indian citizens do not have dual citizenship.
- The Constitution recognizes a single citizenship for all Indian citizens, regardless of their place of birth or residence.
D: A written constitution:
- The Indian Constitution is a written constitution.
- It is one of the lengthiest and most comprehensive constitutions in the world.
- It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950.
- The Constitution is the supreme law of the land and provides the framework for the governance of India.
In conclusion, the correct option is C: Double citizenship as it is not a feature of the Indian Constitution.

The coloured people in South Africa are a mixed race of people usually half Khoisan and half European. These people were minority and Blacks in South Africa were majority. There was a conflict between these two groups and this led to establishment of democratic government in South Africa.

A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. Depending on the country's form of government and separation of powers, the head of state may be a ceremonial figurehead or concurrently the head of government. In the parliamentary system the head of state is the de jure leader of the nation, because the leader de facto is the prime minister (the head of government). In the semi-parliamentary system both heads of state and government are the leaders de facto of the nation (in practice the two divide the leadership of the nation among themselves).