Psychology: CUET Mock Test - 5

The general skills form the core competencies essential for a psychologist to act in a more responsive and ethical manner. Before entering any professional arena, it, therefore, becomes pertinent for a psychologist to equip himself/herself with these indispensable competencies.

Empathy in counselling is about the counsellor seeing the client's world as they see it. Empathy is to respectfully perceive what the client is bringing from their frame of reference and to communicate that back in a way that makes the client feel they've been understood.

Psychologists study different factors which are a consequence of a person’s occupation, age , gender, place, caste etc.

Interpersonal skills include verbal and nonverbal communication, the ability to handle conflict, teamwork, empathy, listening, and a positive attitude.

Empathy in counselling is about the counsellor seeing the client's world as they see it. Empathy is to respectfully perceive what the client is bringing from their frame of reference and to communicate that back in a way that makes the client feel they've been understood.

Our psychosocial environment is the interaction of the various sources of stress in our lives and how we respond to them, both individually and as communities. On this page we describe the impacts of environmental stress on health.

Deprivation is the state of being deprived of that which is needed for "normal life". In psychology it might refer to: Animal maternal deprivation. Cultural deprivation. Environmental deprivation.

Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms, politics or being like-minded. Norms are implicit, specific rules, shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others.

Social facilitation is a social phenomena in which being in the presence of others improves individual task performance.

Modelling is a method used in certain cognitive-behavioural techniques of psychotherapy whereby the client learns by imitation alone, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist, and a general process in which persons serve as models for others, exhibiting the behaviour to be imitated by the others. This process is most commonly discussed with respect to children in developmental psychology.

A  crowd is defined as a group of people that have gathered for a common purpose or intent such as at a demonstration, a sports event, or during looting, or may simply be made up of many people going about their business in a busy area.

The trial would have been balanced if the mother too liked pets. In a trial system, The organism being subjected to operant conditioning may be given reinforcement in every acquisition trial or in some trials it is given and in others it is.

Affective component: this involves a person's feelings / emotions about the attitude object.For example: “I am scared of spiders”.

Systematic desensitisation is an evidence-based therapy approach that combines relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to help you slowly overcome a phobia.

Aaron Temkin Beck was an American psychiatrist who was a professor in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. He is regarded as the father of cognitive therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The primary focus of this treatment approach is to suggest changes in thinking that will lead to changes in behavior, thereby alleviating or improving symptoms.

You see a therapist because you are feeling depressed. Together, you and the therapist isolate some of the negative thoughts that you seem to repeat to yourself. You then counter those negative thoughts with rational positive thoughts. This is RET.

A stressor is an event or situation that causes stress. Just about anything can be a stressor as long as it is perceived as a danger. (Remember: Stress is a response to danger.

Dollard and Miller believed in the idea of stimulus generalization, or the grouping of similar stimuli together. As a result, behaviors that occur in one situation will be the same in similar situations. Humans categorize and generalize and this is what helps them get through their day.

Selye, who is known as the 'father of stress research', discovred the study of specific disease signs and symptoms, unlike others before him, and instead focused on universal patient reactions to illness.

Stress is "the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it," that is, the rate at which we live at anyone moment.

Primary appraisal involves determining whether the stressor poses a threat. Secondary appraisal involves the individual's evaluation of the resources or coping strategies at his or her disposal for addressing any perceived threats.

Exposure to earthquakes has been associated with psychological distress and in particular the development of post-traumatic stress disorder.

The Holmes and Rahe stress scale is a list of 43 stressful life events that can contribute to illness.

B-cells and T-cells are also called lymphocytes. There are primary and secondary organs involved in the complex development of lymphocytes but, in most cases, B- and T-lymphocytes are the generated in bone marrow and in the thymus.

Coping is defined as what people do to try to minimize stress and is commonly seen in health psychology as problem-focused, that is, directed at reducing the threats and losses of the illness, or emotion-focused, namely directed at reducing the negative emotional consequences.

Folkman and Lazarus and co-workers distinguish eight groups of coping strategies: confrontative coping, distancing, self-controlling, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, escape-avoidance, planful problem- solving, and positive reappraisal.

Frustration originates from feelings of uncertainty and insecurity which stems from a sense of inability to fulfill needs. If the needs of an individual are blocked, uneasiness and frustration are more likely to occur.

Mesomorphs have large bone structure, well-defined muscles, broad shoulders, narrow waists, and attractive, strong bodies. According to Sheldon, mesomorphs are adventurous, assertive, competitive, and fearless. They are curious and enjoy trying new things, but can also be obnoxious and aggressive.

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego.

Freud argued that “an ego thus educated has become 'reasonable'; it no longer lets itself be governed by the pleasure principle, but obeys the reality principle, which also, at bottom, seeks to obtain pleasure, but pleasure which is assured through taking account of reality, even though it is pleasure postponed.

Repression is a key concept of psychoanalysis, where it is understood as a defense mechanism that "ensures that what is unacceptable to the conscious mind, and would if recalled arouse anxiety, is prevented from entering into it."

In psychology, a projective test is a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test.

Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability.’

Gordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits. This early work was viewed as the beginning of the modern psychological study of personality. He also referred to traits within his work as dispositions.

The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality.

The ego is 'that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world.' The ego is the only part of the conscious personality. It's what the person is aware of when they think about themselves, and is what they usually try to project toward others.

Sigmund Freud's theory of dreams suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, wish fulfillment, and motivations. According to Freud, people are driven by 
repressed and unconscious longings, such as aggressive and sexual instincts.

In general, a fixation is an obsessive drive that may or may not be acted on involving an object, concept, or person. Initially introduced by Sigmund Freud, a fixation is a persistent focus of the id's pleasure-seeking energies at an early stage of psychosexual development.

According to Jung's teachings, the collective unconscious is common to all human beings. Jung also believed that the collective unconscious is responsible for a number of deep-seated beliefs and instincts, such as spirituality, sexual behavior, and life and death instincts.