TISS-NET Mock Test - 3 (New Pattern) - CAT MCQ

Directions: Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.
An earthquake comes like a thief in the night, without warning. It was necessary therefore to invent instruments that neither slumbered nor slept. Some devices were quite simple. One, for instance, consisted of rods of various lengths and thicknesses which would stand up on end like ninepins. When a shock came, it shook the rigid table upon which these stood. If it were gentle, only the more unstable rods fell. If it were severe, they all fell. Thus, the rods by falling and by the direction in which they fell, recorded for the slumbering scientist, the strength of a shock that was too weak to waken him and know the direction from which it came.
But instruments far more delicate than that were needed if any really serious advance was to be made. The ideal to be aimed at was to devise an instrument that could record with a pen on paper the movements of the ground or of the table as the quake passed by. While I write, my pen moves but the paper keeps still. With practice, no doubt, I could, in time, learn to write by holding the pen still while the paper moved. That sounds a silly suggestion, but that was precisely the idea adopted in some of the early instruments (seismometers) for recording earthquake waves. But when table, pen holder and paper are all moving, how is it possible to write legibly? The key to a solution of that problem lay in an everyday observation. Why does a person standing in a bus or train tend to fall when a sudden start is made? It is because his feet move on, but his head stays still.
Q. The 'everyday observation' referred to in the passage relates to _____.

Directions: Read the given passage and answer the question that follows.
An earthquake comes like a thief in the night, without warning. It was necessary therefore to invent instruments that neither slumbered nor slept. Some devices were quite simple. One, for instance, consisted of rods of various lengths and thicknesses which would stand up on end like ninepins. When a shock came, it shook the rigid table upon which these stood. If it were gentle, only the more unstable rods fell. If it were severe, they all fell. Thus, the rods by falling and by the direction in which they fell, recorded for the slumbering scientist, the strength of a shock that was too weak to waken him and know the direction from which it came.
But instruments far more delicate than that were needed if any really serious advance was to be made. The ideal to be aimed at was to devise an instrument that could record with a pen on paper the movements of the ground or of the table as the quake passed by. While I write, my pen moves but the paper keeps still. With practice, no doubt, I could, in time, learn to write by holding the pen still while the paper moved. That sounds a silly suggestion, but that was precisely the idea adopted in some of the early instruments (seismometers) for recording earthquake waves. But when table, pen holder and paper are all moving, how is it possible to write legibly? The key to a solution of that problem lay in an everyday observation. Why does a person standing in a bus or train tend to fall when a sudden start is made? It is because his feet move on, but his head stays still.
Q. The early seismometers adopted the idea that in order to record the earthquake, it is

Identify the correct sentence from the given options:

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The particles of air are kept at a distance from each other by their mutual repulsion.
Every three particles, mutually and equally repelling each other, must form an equilateral triangle.
All the particles of air gravitate towards the earth, which gravitation compresses them, and shortens the sides of the triangles, otherwise their mutual repellency would force them to greater distances from each other.
Whatever particles of other matter (not endued with that repellency) are supported in air, must adhere to the particles of air, and be supported by them; for in the vacancies there is nothing they can rest on.
Air and water mutually attract each other. Hence water will dissolve in air, as salt in water.
The specific gravity of matter is not altered by dividing the matter, though the superficies be increased. Sixteen leaden bullets, of an ounce each, weigh as much in water as one of a pound, whose superficies is less.
Therefore the supporting of salt in water is not owing to its superficies being increased.
A lump of salt, though laid at rest at the bottom of a vessel of water, will dissolve therein, and its parts move every way, till equally diffused in the water; therefore there is a mutual attraction between water and salt. Every particle of water assumes as many of salt as can adhere to it; when more is added, it precipitates, and will not remain suspended.
Water, in the same manner, will dissolve in air, every particle of air assuming one or more particles of water. When too much is added, it precipitates in rain.
But there not being the same contiguity between the particles of air as of water, the solution of water in air is not carried on without a motion of the air, so as to cause a fresh accession of dry particles.
Part of a fluid, having more of what it dissolves, will communicate to other parts that have less. Thus very salt water, coming in contact with fresh, communicates its saltness till all is equal, and the sooner if there is a little motion of the water.
Even earth will dissolve, or mix with air. A stroke of a horse's hoof on the ground, in a hot dusty road, will raise a cloud of dust, that shall, if there be a light breeze, expand every way, till, perhaps, near as big as a common house. It is not by mechanical motion communicated to the particles of dust by the hoof, that they fly so far, nor by the wind, that they spread so wide: but the air near the ground, more heated by the hot dust struck into it, is rarefied and rises, and in rising mixes with the cooler air, and communicates of its dust to it, and it is at length so diffused as to become invisible. Quantities of dust are thus carried up in dry seasons: showers wash it from the air, and bring it down again. For water attracting it stronger, it quits the air, and adheres to the water.
Air, suffering continual changes in the degrees of its heat, from various causes and circumstances, and, consequently, changes in its specific gravity, must therefore be in continual motion.
A small quantity of fire mixed with water (or degree of heat therein) so weakens the cohesion of its particles, that those on the surface easily quit it, and adhere to the particles of air.
Q. Which of the following is true or can be inferred from the passage?

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The particles of air are kept at a distance from each other by their mutual repulsion.
Every three particles, mutually and equally repelling each other, must form an equilateral triangle.
All the particles of air gravitate towards the earth, which gravitation compresses them, and shortens the sides of the triangles, otherwise their mutual repellency would force them to greater distances from each other.
Whatever particles of other matter (not endued with that repellency) are supported in air, must adhere to the particles of air, and be supported by them; for in the vacancies there is nothing they can rest on.
Air and water mutually attract each other. Hence water will dissolve in air, as salt in water.
The specific gravity of matter is not altered by dividing the matter, though the superficies be increased. Sixteen leaden bullets, of an ounce each, weigh as much in water as one of a pound, whose superficies is less.
Therefore the supporting of salt in water is not owing to its superficies being increased.
A lump of salt, though laid at rest at the bottom of a vessel of water, will dissolve therein, and its parts move every way, till equally diffused in the water; therefore there is a mutual attraction between water and salt. Every particle of water assumes as many of salt as can adhere to it; when more is added, it precipitates, and will not remain suspended.
Water, in the same manner, will dissolve in air, every particle of air assuming one or more particles of water. When too much is added, it precipitates in rain.
But there not being the same contiguity between the particles of air as of water, the solution of water in air is not carried on without a motion of the air, so as to cause a fresh accession of dry particles.
Part of a fluid, having more of what it dissolves, will communicate to other parts that have less. Thus very salt water, coming in contact with fresh, communicates its saltness till all is equal, and the sooner if there is a little motion of the water.
Even earth will dissolve, or mix with air. A stroke of a horse's hoof on the ground, in a hot dusty road, will raise a cloud of dust, that shall, if there be a light breeze, expand every way, till, perhaps, near as big as a common house. It is not by mechanical motion communicated to the particles of dust by the hoof, that they fly so far, nor by the wind, that they spread so wide: but the air near the ground, more heated by the hot dust struck into it, is rarefied and rises, and in rising mixes with the cooler air, and communicates of its dust to it, and it is at length so diffused as to become invisible. Quantities of dust are thus carried up in dry seasons: showers wash it from the air, and bring it down again. For water attracting it stronger, it quits the air, and adheres to the water.
Air, suffering continual changes in the degrees of its heat, from various causes and circumstances, and, consequently, changes in its specific gravity, must therefore be in continual motion.
A small quantity of fire mixed with water (or degree of heat therein) so weakens the cohesion of its particles, that those on the surface easily quit it, and adhere to the particles of air.
Q. According to the passage, why do the particles of dust raised by the hoofs, fly far?

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The particles of air are kept at a distance from each other by their mutual repulsion.
Every three particles, mutually and equally repelling each other, must form an equilateral triangle.
All the particles of air gravitate towards the earth, which gravitation compresses them, and shortens the sides of the triangles, otherwise their mutual repellency would force them to greater distances from each other.
Whatever particles of other matter (not endued with that repellency) are supported in air, must adhere to the particles of air, and be supported by them; for in the vacancies there is nothing they can rest on.
Air and water mutually attract each other. Hence water will dissolve in air, as salt in water.
The specific gravity of matter is not altered by dividing the matter, though the superficies be increased. Sixteen leaden bullets, of an ounce each, weigh as much in water as one of a pound, whose superficies is less.
Therefore the supporting of salt in water is not owing to its superficies being increased.
A lump of salt, though laid at rest at the bottom of a vessel of water, will dissolve therein, and its parts move every way, till equally diffused in the water; therefore there is a mutual attraction between water and salt. Every particle of water assumes as many of salt as can adhere to it; when more is added, it precipitates, and will not remain suspended.
Water, in the same manner, will dissolve in air, every particle of air assuming one or more particles of water. When too much is added, it precipitates in rain.
But there not being the same contiguity between the particles of air as of water, the solution of water in air is not carried on without a motion of the air, so as to cause a fresh accession of dry particles.
Part of a fluid, having more of what it dissolves, will communicate to other parts that have less. Thus very salt water, coming in contact with fresh, communicates its saltness till all is equal, and the sooner if there is a little motion of the water.
Even earth will dissolve, or mix with air. A stroke of a horse's hoof on the ground, in a hot dusty road, will raise a cloud of dust, that shall, if there be a light breeze, expand every way, till, perhaps, near as big as a common house. It is not by mechanical motion communicated to the particles of dust by the hoof, that they fly so far, nor by the wind, that they spread so wide: but the air near the ground, more heated by the hot dust struck into it, is rarefied and rises, and in rising mixes with the cooler air, and communicates of its dust to it, and it is at length so diffused as to become invisible. Quantities of dust are thus carried up in dry seasons: showers wash it from the air, and bring it down again. For water attracting it stronger, it quits the air, and adheres to the water.
Air, suffering continual changes in the degrees of its heat, from various causes and circumstances, and, consequently, changes in its specific gravity, must therefore be in continual motion.
A small quantity of fire mixed with water (or degree of heat therein) so weakens the cohesion of its particles, that those on the surface easily quit it, and adhere to the particles of air.
Q. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. A fluid travels from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
B. A substance of higher density cannot dissolve in a substance of lower density
C. Dust particles have greater affinity for water molecules than they have for air molecules

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The particles of air are kept at a distance from each other by their mutual repulsion.
Every three particles, mutually and equally repelling each other, must form an equilateral triangle.
All the particles of air gravitate towards the earth, which gravitation compresses them, and shortens the sides of the triangles, otherwise their mutual repellency would force them to greater distances from each other.
Whatever particles of other matter (not endued with that repellency) are supported in air, must adhere to the particles of air, and be supported by them; for in the vacancies there is nothing they can rest on.
Air and water mutually attract each other. Hence water will dissolve in air, as salt in water.
The specific gravity of matter is not altered by dividing the matter, though the superficies be increased. Sixteen leaden bullets, of an ounce each, weigh as much in water as one of a pound, whose superficies is less.
Therefore the supporting of salt in water is not owing to its superficies being increased.
A lump of salt, though laid at rest at the bottom of a vessel of water, will dissolve therein, and its parts move every way, till equally diffused in the water; therefore there is a mutual attraction between water and salt. Every particle of water assumes as many of salt as can adhere to it; when more is added, it precipitates, and will not remain suspended.
Water, in the same manner, will dissolve in air, every particle of air assuming one or more particles of water. When too much is added, it precipitates in rain.
But there not being the same contiguity between the particles of air as of water, the solution of water in air is not carried on without a motion of the air, so as to cause a fresh accession of dry particles.
Part of a fluid, having more of what it dissolves, will communicate to other parts that have less. Thus very salt water, coming in contact with fresh, communicates its saltness till all is equal, and the sooner if there is a little motion of the water.
Even earth will dissolve, or mix with air. A stroke of a horse's hoof on the ground, in a hot dusty road, will raise a cloud of dust, that shall, if there be a light breeze, expand every way, till, perhaps, near as big as a common house. It is not by mechanical motion communicated to the particles of dust by the hoof, that they fly so far, nor by the wind, that they spread so wide: but the air near the ground, more heated by the hot dust struck into it, is rarefied and rises, and in rising mixes with the cooler air, and communicates of its dust to it, and it is at length so diffused as to become invisible. Quantities of dust are thus carried up in dry seasons: showers wash it from the air, and bring it down again. For water attracting it stronger, it quits the air, and adheres to the water.
Air, suffering continual changes in the degrees of its heat, from various causes and circumstances, and, consequently, changes in its specific gravity, must therefore be in continual motion.
A small quantity of fire mixed with water (or degree of heat therein) so weakens the cohesion of its particles, that those on the surface easily quit it, and adhere to the particles of air.
Q. Consider the following sentence from the passage: “But there not being the same contiguity between the particles of air as of water, the solution of water in air is not carried on without a motion of the air, so as to cause a fresh accession of dry particles”. What can be understood about the meaning of the word ‘contiguity’ from the context of the sentence?

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:
The particles of air are kept at a distance from each other by their mutual repulsion.
Every three particles, mutually and equally repelling each other, must form an equilateral triangle.
All the particles of air gravitate towards the earth, which gravitation compresses them, and shortens the sides of the triangles, otherwise their mutual repellency would force them to greater distances from each other.
Whatever particles of other matter (not endued with that repellency) are supported in air, must adhere to the particles of air, and be supported by them; for in the vacancies there is nothing they can rest on.
Air and water mutually attract each other. Hence water will dissolve in air, as salt in water.
The specific gravity of matter is not altered by dividing the matter, though the superficies be increased. Sixteen leaden bullets, of an ounce each, weigh as much in water as one of a pound, whose superficies is less.
Therefore the supporting of salt in water is not owing to its superficies being increased.
A lump of salt, though laid at rest at the bottom of a vessel of water, will dissolve therein, and its parts move every way, till equally diffused in the water; therefore there is a mutual attraction between water and salt. Every particle of water assumes as many of salt as can adhere to it; when more is added, it precipitates, and will not remain suspended.
Water, in the same manner, will dissolve in air, every particle of air assuming one or more particles of water. When too much is added, it precipitates in rain.
But there not being the same contiguity between the particles of air as of water, the solution of water in air is not carried on without a motion of the air, so as to cause a fresh accession of dry particles.
Part of a fluid, having more of what it dissolves, will communicate to other parts that have less. Thus very salt water, coming in contact with fresh, communicates its saltness till all is equal, and the sooner if there is a little motion of the water.
Even earth will dissolve, or mix with air. A stroke of a horse's hoof on the ground, in a hot dusty road, will raise a cloud of dust, that shall, if there be a light breeze, expand every way, till, perhaps, near as big as a common house. It is not by mechanical motion communicated to the particles of dust by the hoof, that they fly so far, nor by the wind, that they spread so wide: but the air near the ground, more heated by the hot dust struck into it, is rarefied and rises, and in rising mixes with the cooler air, and communicates of its dust to it, and it is at length so diffused as to become invisible. Quantities of dust are thus carried up in dry seasons: showers wash it from the air, and bring it down again. For water attracting it stronger, it quits the air, and adheres to the water.
Air, suffering continual changes in the degrees of its heat, from various causes and circumstances, and, consequently, changes in its specific gravity, must therefore be in continual motion.
A small quantity of fire mixed with water (or degree of heat therein) so weakens the cohesion of its particles, that those on the surface easily quit it, and adhere to the particles of air.
Q. What can be said about the profession of the author of the passage?

Directions: Select the word that is antonymous to the given word.
PLIABLE

Directions: Find the odd one out.

Out of the four alternatives, choose the one which best expresses the meaning of the given word.
RECALCITRANT

Directions: Read the sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part is the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (d). (Ignore the errors of punctuation, if any)
It is not an uncommon (a) misconception that rich (b) have nothing to worry about. (c) No error (d)

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
The 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India, which is officially known as The Constitution Act, 1976, was enacted during the National Emergency from 25 June 1975 - 21 March 1977 by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi.
The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in India's history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme court and High courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws, and almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation.
The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister’s Office. The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure. The 42nd Amendment also amended the Preamble and changed the description of India from "Sovereign Democratic Republic'' to a "sovereign socialistic secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-Constitution" or the "Constitution of Indira".
The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public. The Janata Party which had promised to "restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency", won the 1977 general elections. The Janata Government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent. However, the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objectives.
On 31 July 1980, in its judgement on Minerva Mills v/s Union of states, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional two provisions of the 42nd Amendment which prevent any constitutional amendment from being called in question in any Court on any ground and accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights of individuals respectively. This respectively amends mostly the whole constitution, hence is called a mini-constitution.
Q. Why was the 42nd amendment called the Constitution of Indira?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
The 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India, which is officially known as The Constitution Act, 1976, was enacted during the National Emergency from 25 June 1975 - 21 March 1977 by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi.
The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in India's history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme court and High courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws, and almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation.
The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister’s Office. The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure. The 42nd Amendment also amended the Preamble and changed the description of India from "Sovereign Democratic Republic'' to a "sovereign socialistic secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-Constitution" or the "Constitution of Indira".
The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public. The Janata Party which had promised to "restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency", won the 1977 general elections. The Janata Government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent. However, the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objectives.
On 31 July 1980, in its judgement on Minerva Mills v/s Union of states, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional two provisions of the 42nd Amendment which prevent any constitutional amendment from being called in question in any Court on any ground and accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights of individuals respectively. This respectively amends mostly the whole constitution, hence is called a mini-constitution.
Q. Why is the 42nd amendment regarded as the most controversial amendment?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
The 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India, which is officially known as The Constitution Act, 1976, was enacted during the National Emergency from 25 June 1975 - 21 March 1977 by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi.
The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in India's history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme court and High courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws, and almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation.
The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister’s Office. The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure. The 42nd Amendment also amended the Preamble and changed the description of India from "Sovereign Democratic Republic'' to a "sovereign socialistic secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-Constitution" or the "Constitution of Indira".
The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public. The Janata Party which had promised to "restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency", won the 1977 general elections. The Janata Government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent. However, the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objectives.
On 31 July 1980, in its judgement on Minerva Mills v/s Union of states, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional two provisions of the 42nd Amendment which prevent any constitutional amendment from being called in question in any Court on any ground and accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights of individuals respectively. This respectively amends mostly the whole constitution, hence is called a mini-constitution.
Q. What was the promise made by the Janata dal according to the passage?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
The 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India, which is officially known as The Constitution Act, 1976, was enacted during the National Emergency from 25 June 1975 - 21 March 1977 by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi.
The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in India's history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme court and High courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws, and almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation.
The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister’s Office. The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure. The 42nd Amendment also amended the Preamble and changed the description of India from "Sovereign Democratic Republic'' to a "sovereign socialistic secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-Constitution" or the "Constitution of Indira".
The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public. The Janata Party which had promised to "restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency", won the 1977 general elections. The Janata Government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent. However, the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objectives.
On 31 July 1980, in its judgement on Minerva Mills v/s Union of states, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional two provisions of the 42nd Amendment which prevent any constitutional amendment from being called in question in any Court on any ground and accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights of individuals respectively. This respectively amends mostly the whole constitution, hence is called a mini-constitution.
Q. What is the meaning of the word Sovereignty as used in the passage?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:
The 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India, which is officially known as The Constitution Act, 1976, was enacted during the National Emergency from 25 June 1975 - 21 March 1977 by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi.
The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in India's history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme court and High courts to pronounce upon the constitutional validity of laws, and almost all parts of the Constitution, including the Preamble and amending clause, were changed by the 42nd Amendment, and some new articles and sections were inserted. It laid down the Fundamental Duties of Indian citizens to the nation.
The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. It curtailed democratic rights in the country, and gave sweeping powers to the Prime Minister’s Office. The amendment gave Parliament unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution, without judicial review. It transferred more power from the state governments to the central government, eroding India's federal structure. The 42nd Amendment also amended the Preamble and changed the description of India from "Sovereign Democratic Republic'' to a "sovereign socialistic secular democratic republic", and also changed the words "unity of the nation" to "unity and integrity of the nation". Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. This amendment brought about the most widespread changes to the Constitution in its history, and is sometimes called a "mini-Constitution" or the "Constitution of Indira".
The Emergency era had been widely unpopular, and the 42nd Amendment was the most controversial issue. The clampdown on civil liberties and widespread abuse of human rights by police angered the public. The Janata Party which had promised to "restore the Constitution to the condition it was in before the Emergency", won the 1977 general elections. The Janata Government then brought about the 43rd and 44th Amendments in 1977 and 1978 respectively, to restore the pre-1976 position to some extent. However, the Janata Party was not able to fully achieve its objectives.
On 31 July 1980, in its judgement on Minerva Mills v/s Union of states, the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional two provisions of the 42nd Amendment which prevent any constitutional amendment from being called in question in any Court on any ground and accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights of individuals respectively. This respectively amends mostly the whole constitution, hence is called a mini-constitution.
Q. Which of the following amendments were made to restore the pre-1976 position of the constitution by the janata dal?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:
The recent assessment report published in the leading dailies on climate change dispels any lingering doubts. Various long-term changes in climate have been observed. Global warming would mean flooded rivers, submerged sea coasts and hence fewer islands, apart from disruption in agriculture. This may lead to ecological imbalance, may cause ocean salinity, affect wind patterns and cause calamities including drought. It is pertinent to note that heavy precipitation, heat waves, and intensity of tropical cyclones have been observed in the continents. The concurrent occurrence of last year's floods and droughts in several regions may actually become "normal." in foreseeable future and a large number of people are likely to be affected by this ecological imbalance. The report has cautioned the world leaders about the fallout and the disastrous repercussions if the warnings of the report are ignored.
Countries like India can and must be leaders in responding to this cataclysmic change, both nationally and internationally. Domestic emissions of black carbon/elemental carbon are an easy target. It is time to do more than subsidizing cooking gas: supporting its distribution to rural areas and cracking down on tampering with the cylinders. It should be noted that less than half of India's population is covered by domestic LPG gas. The best solution is moving on to and rationalizing the fossil fuel. We must crack down on fuel adulteration and provide incentives for engine tuning. Rural electrification promises must be fulfilled to reduce reliance on diesel generators. The government should encourage CNG buses and cabs.
India, along with China, is among the largest future centre of emissions resulting from expected higher economic activity. India has two choices: stubbornly claim its right to unfettered emissions in its economic transition, or acknowledge that things have changed and that development today might require new policy concerning energy emissions.
India being an underdeveloped country has always sought differentiated treatment in international agreements aimed to limit emissions. There are no reduction obligations currently and the country can earn credit under the Clean Development Mechanism. There are reasons to reconsider this stance and to strive for phased limits on emissions growth.
First, full exemption from emission controls in the changed scenario is not workable for a long time. The negotiations over emission controls are nothing but stubborn adherence to given positions, although the costs keep increasing steadily. The emission controls will certainly come at some point in the future. Most wars of attrition end when the party with the highest costs of continuing cedes ground and agrees to do something about the existing problem. India could introduce an emission control regime by taking a proactive stance now. It is also easier to plan for the future safety of the people than to do midcourse correction and replace investments already made.
Second, the energy intensity coupled with inefficiency is incompatible with rapid growth. It is needless to state that India has the domestic scientific/technical capacity to compete globally even in green technology. The urge for global reach would be enough to spur innovation and R&D, apart from the fact that emission controls would help create stronger domestic demand for green technology. India must not forget the warning that Death waits for no man. The demonstration value of emission controls would have a cascading effect internationally. One-fifth of the world's population lives in India. If the country commits to emission reductions, the pressure will come to bear on the others to follow suit. It can play the leadership role.
Q. Which of the following statements cannot be inferred about 'emission control' from the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:
The recent assessment report published in the leading dailies on climate change dispels any lingering doubts. Various long-term changes in climate have been observed. Global warming would mean flooded rivers, submerged sea coasts and hence fewer islands, apart from disruption in agriculture. This may lead to ecological imbalance, may cause ocean salinity, affect wind patterns and cause calamities including drought. It is pertinent to note that heavy precipitation, heat waves, and intensity of tropical cyclones have been observed in the continents. The concurrent occurrence of last year's floods and droughts in several regions may actually become "normal." in foreseeable future and a large number of people are likely to be affected by this ecological imbalance. The report has cautioned the world leaders about the fallout and the disastrous repercussions if the warnings of the report are ignored.
Countries like India can and must be leaders in responding to this cataclysmic change, both nationally and internationally. Domestic emissions of black carbon/elemental carbon are an easy target. It is time to do more than subsidizing cooking gas: supporting its distribution to rural areas and cracking down on tampering with the cylinders. It should be noted that less than half of India's population is covered by domestic LPG gas. The best solution is moving on to and rationalizing the fossil fuel. We must crack down on fuel adulteration and provide incentives for engine tuning. Rural electrification promises must be fulfilled to reduce reliance on diesel generators. The government should encourage CNG buses and cabs.
India, along with China, is among the largest future centre of emissions resulting from expected higher economic activity. India has two choices: stubbornly claim its right to unfettered emissions in its economic transition, or acknowledge that things have changed and that development today might require new policy concerning energy emissions.
India being an underdeveloped country has always sought differentiated treatment in international agreements aimed to limit emissions. There are no reduction obligations currently and the country can earn credit under the Clean Development Mechanism. There are reasons to reconsider this stance and to strive for phased limits on emissions growth.
First, full exemption from emission controls in the changed scenario is not workable for a long time. The negotiations over emission controls are nothing but stubborn adherence to given positions, although the costs keep increasing steadily. The emission controls will certainly come at some point in the future. Most wars of attrition end when the party with the highest costs of continuing cedes ground and agrees to do something about the existing problem. India could introduce an emission control regime by taking a proactive stance now. It is also easier to plan for the future safety of the people than to do midcourse correction and replace investments already made.
Second, the energy intensity coupled with inefficiency is incompatible with rapid growth. It is needless to state that India has the domestic scientific/technical capacity to compete globally even in green technology. The urge for global reach would be enough to spur innovation and R&D, apart from the fact that emission controls would help create stronger domestic demand for green technology. India must not forget the warning that Death waits for no man. The demonstration value of emission controls would have a cascading effect internationally. One-fifth of the world's population lives in India. If the country commits to emission reductions, the pressure will come to bear on the others to follow suit. It can play the leadership role.
Q. Which of the following questions cannot be answered from the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:
The recent assessment report published in the leading dailies on climate change dispels any lingering doubts. Various long-term changes in climate have been observed. Global warming would mean flooded rivers, submerged sea coasts and hence fewer islands, apart from disruption in agriculture. This may lead to ecological imbalance, may cause ocean salinity, affect wind patterns and cause calamities including drought. It is pertinent to note that heavy precipitation, heat waves, and intensity of tropical cyclones have been observed in the continents. The concurrent occurrence of last year's floods and droughts in several regions may actually become "normal." in foreseeable future and a large number of people are likely to be affected by this ecological imbalance. The report has cautioned the world leaders about the fallout and the disastrous repercussions if the warnings of the report are ignored.
Countries like India can and must be leaders in responding to this cataclysmic change, both nationally and internationally. Domestic emissions of black carbon/elemental carbon are an easy target. It is time to do more than subsidizing cooking gas: supporting its distribution to rural areas and cracking down on tampering with the cylinders. It should be noted that less than half of India's population is covered by domestic LPG gas. The best solution is moving on to and rationalizing the fossil fuel. We must crack down on fuel adulteration and provide incentives for engine tuning. Rural electrification promises must be fulfilled to reduce reliance on diesel generators. The government should encourage CNG buses and cabs.
India, along with China, is among the largest future centre of emissions resulting from expected higher economic activity. India has two choices: stubbornly claim its right to unfettered emissions in its economic transition, or acknowledge that things have changed and that development today might require new policy concerning energy emissions.
India being an underdeveloped country has always sought differentiated treatment in international agreements aimed to limit emissions. There are no reduction obligations currently and the country can earn credit under the Clean Development Mechanism. There are reasons to reconsider this stance and to strive for phased limits on emissions growth.
First, full exemption from emission controls in the changed scenario is not workable for a long time. The negotiations over emission controls are nothing but stubborn adherence to given positions, although the costs keep increasing steadily. The emission controls will certainly come at some point in the future. Most wars of attrition end when the party with the highest costs of continuing cedes ground and agrees to do something about the existing problem. India could introduce an emission control regime by taking a proactive stance now. It is also easier to plan for the future safety of the people than to do midcourse correction and replace investments already made.
Second, the energy intensity coupled with inefficiency is incompatible with rapid growth. It is needless to state that India has the domestic scientific/technical capacity to compete globally even in green technology. The urge for global reach would be enough to spur innovation and R&D, apart from the fact that emission controls would help create stronger domestic demand for green technology. India must not forget the warning that Death waits for no man. The demonstration value of emission controls would have a cascading effect internationally. One-fifth of the world's population lives in India. If the country commits to emission reductions, the pressure will come to bear on the others to follow suit. It can play the leadership role.
Q. The author of the passage is most likely to agree with the fact that

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:
The recent assessment report published in the leading dailies on climate change dispels any lingering doubts. Various long-term changes in climate have been observed. Global warming would mean flooded rivers, submerged sea coasts and hence fewer islands, apart from disruption in agriculture. This may lead to ecological imbalance, may cause ocean salinity, affect wind patterns and cause calamities including drought. It is pertinent to note that heavy precipitation, heat waves, and intensity of tropical cyclones have been observed in the continents. The concurrent occurrence of last year's floods and droughts in several regions may actually become "normal." in foreseeable future and a large number of people are likely to be affected by this ecological imbalance. The report has cautioned the world leaders about the fallout and the disastrous repercussions if the warnings of the report are ignored.
Countries like India can and must be leaders in responding to this cataclysmic change, both nationally and internationally. Domestic emissions of black carbon/elemental carbon are an easy target. It is time to do more than subsidizing cooking gas: supporting its distribution to rural areas and cracking down on tampering with the cylinders. It should be noted that less than half of India's population is covered by domestic LPG gas. The best solution is moving on to and rationalizing the fossil fuel. We must crack down on fuel adulteration and provide incentives for engine tuning. Rural electrification promises must be fulfilled to reduce reliance on diesel generators. The government should encourage CNG buses and cabs.
India, along with China, is among the largest future centre of emissions resulting from expected higher economic activity. India has two choices: stubbornly claim its right to unfettered emissions in its economic transition, or acknowledge that things have changed and that development today might require new policy concerning energy emissions.
India being an underdeveloped country has always sought differentiated treatment in international agreements aimed to limit emissions. There are no reduction obligations currently and the country can earn credit under the Clean Development Mechanism. There are reasons to reconsider this stance and to strive for phased limits on emissions growth.
First, full exemption from emission controls in the changed scenario is not workable for a long time. The negotiations over emission controls are nothing but stubborn adherence to given positions, although the costs keep increasing steadily. The emission controls will certainly come at some point in the future. Most wars of attrition end when the party with the highest costs of continuing cedes ground and agrees to do something about the existing problem. India could introduce an emission control regime by taking a proactive stance now. It is also easier to plan for the future safety of the people than to do midcourse correction and replace investments already made.
Second, the energy intensity coupled with inefficiency is incompatible with rapid growth. It is needless to state that India has the domestic scientific/technical capacity to compete globally even in green technology. The urge for global reach would be enough to spur innovation and R&D, apart from the fact that emission controls would help create stronger domestic demand for green technology. India must not forget the warning that Death waits for no man. The demonstration value of emission controls would have a cascading effect internationally. One-fifth of the world's population lives in India. If the country commits to emission reductions, the pressure will come to bear on the others to follow suit. It can play the leadership role.
Q. Which of the following most easily describes the development of the argument in the passage?

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:
The recent assessment report published in the leading dailies on climate change dispels any lingering doubts. Various long-term changes in climate have been observed. Global warming would mean flooded rivers, submerged sea coasts and hence fewer islands, apart from disruption in agriculture. This may lead to ecological imbalance, may cause ocean salinity, affect wind patterns and cause calamities including drought. It is pertinent to note that heavy precipitation, heat waves, and intensity of tropical cyclones have been observed in the continents. The concurrent occurrence of last year's floods and droughts in several regions may actually become "normal." in foreseeable future and a large number of people are likely to be affected by this ecological imbalance. The report has cautioned the world leaders about the fallout and the disastrous repercussions if the warnings of the report are ignored.
Countries like India can and must be leaders in responding to this cataclysmic change, both nationally and internationally. Domestic emissions of black carbon/elemental carbon are an easy target. It is time to do more than subsidizing cooking gas: supporting its distribution to rural areas and cracking down on tampering with the cylinders. It should be noted that less than half of India's population is covered by domestic LPG gas. The best solution is moving on to and rationalizing the fossil fuel. We must crack down on fuel adulteration and provide incentives for engine tuning. Rural electrification promises must be fulfilled to reduce reliance on diesel generators. The government should encourage CNG buses and cabs.
India, along with China, is among the largest future centre of emissions resulting from expected higher economic activity. India has two choices: stubbornly claim its right to unfettered emissions in its economic transition, or acknowledge that things have changed and that development today might require new policy concerning energy emissions.
India being an underdeveloped country has always sought differentiated treatment in international agreements aimed to limit emissions. There are no reduction obligations currently and the country can earn credit under the Clean Development Mechanism. There are reasons to reconsider this stance and to strive for phased limits on emissions growth.
First, full exemption from emission controls in the changed scenario is not workable for a long time. The negotiations over emission controls are nothing but stubborn adherence to given positions, although the costs keep increasing steadily. The emission controls will certainly come at some point in the future. Most wars of attrition end when the party with the highest costs of continuing cedes ground and agrees to do something about the existing problem. India could introduce an emission control regime by taking a proactive stance now. It is also easier to plan for the future safety of the people than to do midcourse correction and replace investments already made.
Second, the energy intensity coupled with inefficiency is incompatible with rapid growth. It is needless to state that India has the domestic scientific/technical capacity to compete globally even in green technology. The urge for global reach would be enough to spur innovation and R&D, apart from the fact that emission controls would help create stronger domestic demand for green technology. India must not forget the warning that Death waits for no man. The demonstration value of emission controls would have a cascading effect internationally. One-fifth of the world's population lives in India. If the country commits to emission reductions, the pressure will come to bear on the others to follow suit. It can play the leadership role.
Q. Which of the following suggestions would the author support in order to keep a check on the domestic emission of elemental carbon in India?
I. Subsidizing of cooking gas should be increased.
II. Crack down on tampering of cylinders.
III. Incentives and awareness regarding engine tuning.
IV. Use of CNG buses and cabs should be discouraged.

Select the segment in the sentence, which contains the grammatical error.
Junk foods is designed to convince your body that it is getting nutrition, but to not fill you up.

Find the most appropriate word to be fit in the blank.
Students should be ________ to learn the moral values of life.

Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct option.
We are hoping that the community will ______ in the waterfront clean-up efforts.

Directions: Pick the odd one out.

Four sentences are given below. These sentences, when rearranged in proper order, form a logical and meaningful paragraph. Rearrange the sentences and enter the correct order as the answer.
1. She is sitting now on my desk, and I glance at her with deference, mutely begging permission to begin.
2. I have long known that cats are the most contemptuous of creatures, and that Agrippina is the most contemptuous of cats.
3. But her back is turned to me, and expresses in every curve such fine and delicate disdain that I falter and lose courage at the very threshold of my task.
4. The spirit of Bouhaki, the proud Theban beast that sat erect, with gold earrings in his ears, at the feet of his master, King Hana.