Test: Animal Kingdom - 3

All protozoal species are assigned to the kingdom Protista in the Whittaker classification. The protozoa are then placed into various groups primarily on the basis of how they move. The groups are called phyla (singular, phylum) by some microbiologists, and classes by others. Hence, the correct option is Option C.

Dum-dum fever : Also called kala-azar, a chronic, potentially fatal parasitic disease of the viscera (the internal organs) due to infection by an agent called Leishmania donovani. The disease is also known as Indian leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, leishmania infection, black sickness, and black fever.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, a relatively mild skin disease commonly known as oriental sore, is caused by Leishmania tropica in the Old World and Leishmania mexicana in the New World. It is the most common of the leishmaniases and represents 50%–75% of all new cases. Unlike the amastigote of L. donovani, those of L.

African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is an insect-borne parasitic disease of humans and other animals. It is caused by protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei. There are two types that infect humans, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (TbG) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (TbR).

Trypanosomiasis is transmitted to man and animals by a blood sucking insect, the tsetse fly. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus Glossina.
While tsetse flies resemble house flies, having a similar size ranging from 8 to 17 mm, two anatomical characteristics make them easily distinguishable while resting. Tsetse flies fold their wings completely so that one wing rests directly on top of the other over their abdomen and they have a long proboscis which extends directly forward and is attached by a distinct bulb to the bottom of their head.
 

Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis) is an infection of the intestine (gut) caused by an amoeba called Entamoeba histolytica that, among other things, can cause severe diarrhoea with blood.

Silica metabolism. Diatom cells are contained within a unique silica cell wall known as a frustule made up of two valves called thecae, that typically overlap one another. The exact mechanism of transferring silica absorbed by the diatom to the cell wall is unknown.
 

There are three stages in the life cycle of the Amoeba, trophozoite, pre-cystic and the cystic stage. Tetranucleate cysts are eliminated in the faeces of the infected person. Infection with Entamoeba histolytica is acquired by indirect fecal-oral route or by sexual intercourse. The water or food which is contaminated with faeces is responsible for the entry of the cyst in the healthy individual. This cyst is the infective stage in the humans.

The amebic abscesses of the liver is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of amebiasis. Extraintestinal manifestations include amebic liver abscess and other more rare manifestations such as pulmonary, cardiac and brain involvement and they are all caused by Entamoeba histolytica.
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Glycogen is the analogue of starch, a glucose polymer that functions as energy storage in plants. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol/cytoplasm in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle.

Amoeba, called Proteus animalcule. Noctiluca scintillans, commonly called the 'Sea Sparkles' Paramecium, called slipper animalcules.

A trichocyst is an organelle found in certain ciliates and dinoflagellates. A trichocyst can be found in tetrahymena and along cila pathways of several metabolic systems.

A single paramecium has three nuclei. A large, macronucleus is essential for its survival, while one or two smaller micronuclei are necessary for sexual reproduction. Occasionally, two organisms will exchange nuclear material through conjugation, a form of sexual reproduction.

Cytopyge is a fixed point for waste discharge in the body of a protozoan, especially a ciliate. Oral groove helps in the collects food until it is swept into the cell mouth. The paramecium has an external oral groove lined with cilia and leading to a mouth pore and gullet.

Depending on the species, water is fed into the contractile vacuoles via canals, or by smaller water-carrying vacuoles. When in Uriniferous tubules the contractile vacuole collapses, this excess water leaves the paramecium body through a pore in the pellicle.

Cilia serve as the locomotory and feeding part of this unicellular organism. The sensitivity of paramecium to chemicals and other foreign bodies is still under research. Speaking about paramecium reproduction method, it has the ability to produce offspring by means of sexual and asexual reproduction.

In protozoans a pellicle is present in the ectoplasm which is composed of proteinaceous strips supported by dorsal and ventral microtubules. In many protozoans these protein strips can slide past one another, causing wriggling motion. This wriggling motion is called as metaboly or metabolic movement

Parazoa is the sub-kingdom in which multi-cellular organisms have less specialized cells than in the Metazoa.
Metazoa includes multicellular animals, having cells differentiated into tissues and organs and usually a digestive cavity.
Enterozoa includes animals, such as tapeworm or hookworm, that is parasitic in the intestine.
Bryozoa is the phylum which contains aquatic invertebrate. They ingest the food with the help of lophophore and they do not have a well-developed digestive cavity.
So, the correct answer is option B.

Noctiluca belongs to order Dinoflagellata of class Mastigophora. They are large, peach shaped, colorless and have vacuolated cytoplasm. They are phosphorescent and reproduce by binary fission and spore formation.

Cytoproct is the anal opening in a unicellular organism.
The cytoproct is essentially an exocytotic vesicle that appears periodically when solid particles are ready to be expelled. 
Hence, The cell anus in some protozoans is known as Cytoproct.
So, the correct answer is 'Cytoproct'.

Paramecia feed on microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts. To gather food, the Paramecium makes movements with cilia to sweep prey organisms, along with some water, through the oral groove, and inside the mouth opening. The food passes through the cell mouth into the gullet.

New systematics coined by Sir Julian Huxley in 1940 takes into consideration plant identification and grouping collected through multiple branches of science. He also invented the term cline in 1938 to refer to species, whose members fall into a series of sub-species with continuous change in characters over a geographical area.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
Members of the phylum Sporozoa have simple body organisation due to their parasitic mode of life; all of them being endoparasitic and pathogenic.

The vector (tsetse fly) Trypanosomiasis is transmitted to man and animals by a blood sucking insect, the tsetse fly. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus Glossina.

Euglena (a protist) is the connecting link between plants and animals.
It has chloroplasts from which it can synthesise it's food by photosynthesis.( Autotrophic)
On the other hand it has flagella for locomotion from which it can grasp it's food. (Heterotrophic).

1. Rhizopoda are a group of protozoan amoeboid organisms and possess locomotory organs in the form of cilia.
2. Suctoria are ciliates, which become sessile in their developed stage.
3. Mastigophora is a phylum of unicellular heterotrophic protozoans of the kingdom Protista.
4. Sporozoa is a large group of parasitic non-photosynthetic protists, that wholly lack flagellated stages and hence do not possess any locomotory organs.

Moneran, any of the prokaryotes constituting the two domains Bacteria and Archaea. The monerans are distinct from eukaryotic organisms because of the structure and chemistry of their cells. As prokaryotes, they lack the definite nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (specialized cellular parts) of eukaryotic cells.

Animals were divided into Anaima and Enaima by Aristotle on the basis of presence or absence of RBCs. Aristotle classified animals on the basis of presence of RBC: The animals in which rbc r present were named ENAIMA and those in which it was absent were named ANAIMA.

Proterospongia is a genus of a single-celled aquatic organism, which forms colonies. It belongs to the Choanoflagellate class of the protist kingdom. It is the connecting link between Protozoa and Porifera. Proterospongia colony resembles sponges closely.

Actinophrys, and other heliozoa, are called sun animalcules. Amoeba is called Proteus animalcule. Noctiluca scintillans is commonly called the 'Sea Sparkles' Paramoecium, called slipper animalcules.

Euglena is a genus of single cell flagellate eukaryotics. It is the best known and most widely studied member of the class Euglenoidea, a diverse group containing some 54 genera and at least 800 species. Species of Euglena are found in freshwater and salt water.

Mixotroph is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon, instead of having a single trophic mode on the continuum from complete autotrophy at one end to heterotrophy at the other. 
The groups with many mixotrophic or heterotrophic taxa include cryptophytes, chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, and euglenoid flagellates and protozoans.
Hence, Mixotrophic nutrition occurs in Giardia and Euglena.
So, the correct answer is 'Both C and D'.

They are called foraminiferans. Elphidium sp. (=Polystomella sp.) is a genus of free-living marine foraminiferan. They have multi-chambered perforated shells which are spirally arranged. They extend long thread-like pseudopodia through those pores. For your information, pseudopodia (singular-pseudopodium) are the organs of locomotion for many protozoans.

Mastigamoeba is an amoeboid genus. Mastigamoeba is the connecting link between the Sarcodina or Rhizopoda and Mastigophora or Flagellata class.

The Protozoa are unicellular animals and like cells, must be in liquid to be active. Many can survive drying by sealing themselves in protecting and coverings but they are dormant in such stages. This means that active Protozoa are found in water. They can be found in the oceans, in freshwater or even really wet-land environments.

Labyinthomorpha is a small phylum of free-living organisms that produce networks of slime in which spindle-shaped cells, about 10μm long, live and through which they move. They reproduce both asexually and sexually. Most species are marine, forming colonies on the surfaces of algae and seagrasses.

Trypanosoma is a zooflagellate protozoan parasite belonging  to the class mastigophora. African Trypanosomiasis also called sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma brucei, these parasite are hosted by African mammals including humans. 
So, the correct answer is 'Mastigophora'

Protozoa is a group of unicellular eukaryotes that are either free- living in the environment or parasitic on plants or animals. They make up the kingdom Protista.
Monera is a group of multicellular animals.
Therefore, the main difference between Protozoa and Metazoa is the organization of the body.

'Trichocyst' is a structure in the cortex of certain ciliate and flagellate protozoans. It consists of a cavity and long, thin threads that can be ejected in response to certain stimuli. So, they act as defensive organs.

Binary fission is the primary method of reproduction of prokaryotic organisms. In protists, binary fission is often differentiated into types as transverse or longitudinal, depending on the axis of separation. Longitudinal binary fission occurs in flagellates, such as Euglena.

Contractile vacuole, regulatory organelle, usually spherical, found in freshwater protozoa and lower metazoans, such as sponges and hydras, that collects excess fluid from the protoplasm and periodically empties it into the surrounding medium. It may also excrete nitrogenous wastes.

Binomial nomenclature for the scientific naming of organisms was developed by Carolus Linnaeus. This system provides distinct and proper scientific names to the variety of organisms. Each name has two parts, i.e., the first part comprises of its generic name, while the second part is the specific epithet. This naming system which uses two word format is universally accepted and used, as it is more convenient to understand and follow. 
For example, Mangifera indica Linn., here 'Mangifera' is genus while 'indica' is specific epithet, whereas Linn. represents that this species was first described by Linnaeus.

Noctiluca is a free-living, non-parasitic, marine-dwelling species of Dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence when disturbed.
Ceratium is a genus of the phylum Dinoflagellata. Certain species of them are bioluminescent.

Chagas disease is an infection caused by a protozoan parasite (Trypanosoma cruzi) that can result in acute inflammatory skin changes (chagomas) and may eventually cause infection and inflammation of many other body tissues, especially those of the heart and intestinal tract.