Test: Asexual Reproduction

• Hydra reproduces by asexual mode of reproduction. It reproduces by budding.
• Budding is a type of asexual reproduction which does not involve the fusion of gametes.
• A new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. The bud remains attached to the parent plant and separates after it gets mature. It leaves a scar at the point of separation.
• The newly developed organism is a clone to its parent cell. 

• The rhizome is a thickened, underground, dorsiventral stem that grows horizontally at a particular depth within the soil.
• It is brown in colour and shows cymose branching. It can be distinguished from the modified root by the presence of nodes, internodes, terminal buds, axillary buds and scale leaves.
• The rhizomes are perennial and propagate vegetatively. They store food materials and appear tuberous.

Example: Zingiber officinale (ginger), Curcuma longa (turmeric)

Fig: Vegetative Propagation in Ginger

• There is no natural death in single celled organisms like Amoeba and bacteria because parental body is distributed among the offspring. 
• In such organisms, reproduction occurs by cell division where a cell (parent) divides into two halves and each rapidly grows into an adult (offspring). 

Sporulation is the process of production of spores which germinates under favourable condition. During favourable condition the encysted amoeba divides by multiple fission and produces pseudopodiospores. This phenomenon is known as sporulation. In order to survive, the unfavourable condition amoeba develops a tough wall around it known as cyst. When the favourable condition approaches the cyst wall bursts out, and the spores are released in the surrounding medium to grow up into many amoebae.

Fig: Process of Sporulation

So, the correct answer is option A.

Vegetative propagation methods include:

• Rooting or Cuttings 
• Layering or Marcotting
• Grafting
• Micropropagation

Propagation is the natural mechanism by which plants regenerate.

• Lytic Cycle: One of the two cycles of viral reproduction (the other being the lysogenic cycle), which is usually considered as the main method of viral reproduction because it ends in the lysis of the infected cell releasing the progeny viruses that will in turn spread and infect other cells. so, this is not the vegetative propagation in plants.

Hence, the correct option is 'C' i.e. Lytic Cycle

• Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction of a plant.
• Only one plant is involved and the offspring is the result of one parent. The new plant is genetically identical to the parent.

Therefore, Option C is correct, i.e. Genetically similar.

1. In potato, banana, and ginger, the plantlets arise from nodes present in the modified stem. 

• Tubers of potato are the underground modification of stem which stores starch. It has buds on the nodes which helps in the growth of new plant as these buds are meristematic in nature. The buds are also known as eye. 
• Ginger is propagated by the rhizome. It is an underground stem modification. The terminal bud of rhizome may or may not grow into an aerial shoot. The stem is differentiated into nodes and internodes. Adventitious root occurs on the lower side. The plantlets arise from nodes present in the modified stem.
• Banana is propagated by inflorescence. The female flowers of the inflorescence present on the node of the true stem matures and develop into fruit without fertilization of gametes. This process is known as Parthenocarpy.

So, the statement is false.

2. Asexually developed plants are the clone of their own parents because of the fusion of gametes does not take place in vegetative propagation so there is no chance of recombination and variation. 

• The parent cell divides to form daughter cell by mitosis due to which the offspring are genetically identical to the parent. 

The statement is true.

3. A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion. 

The statement is true.

4. Water hyacinth is an aquatic weed which is popularly known as the terror of Bengal because it grows very rapidly and eliminates the growth of several species and even eliminates them.

• Due to its voluminous growth in water bodies, it increases the biological oxygen demand of the water and leads to the death of aquatic life which also cause a major decrease in the biodiversity due to alien species invasion.
• The statement is true.

So, the correct answer is option A.

• The vegetative propagation in mint (Mentha arvensis) occurs by Sucker.
• Sucker is a non-green underground specialized stem developing from the underground base of an erect shoot or crown.

Vegetative propagation in Mint:

• Bisexual animals or hermaphrodites are different from unisexual animals, in the fact that they possess both male and female sex organs in a single individual.
• Bisexual nature is seen mostly in angiosperm plants but some animals own both the sex organs and also their gametes associate with both male and female sexes. Examples of such animals are the earthworm, tapeworm, sponge, leech, etc.

So, the correct answer to the question is earthworm, sponge, and leech. Figure below showing Sponge, Earthworm & Leech.

Prokaryotes, which include bacteria and single-celled microorganisms called Archaea, usually pass their chromosomal DNA onto their offspring asexually. In other words, a bacterial cell reproduces by simply replicating its chromosome and dividing it into two daughter cells.