Test: Biological Classification 1 - From Past 28 Years Questions

RH Whittaker's classification is nor based on presence or absence of a well - defined nucleus. He gave five kingdom classification and used five criteria for delimiting kingdoms.

These are
both come under body organisation
(i) Complexity of cell structure
(ii) Complexity of body structure
(iii) Mode of nutrition
(iv) Ecological life cycle including mode of reproduction
(v)Phylogenetic relationship.

He divided organisms into five kingdoms as follows:
Kingdom  - Monera
Kingdom - Protista
Kingdom - Fungi
Kingdom - Plantae
Kingdom - Animalia

(b) Several mushrooms such as Amanita muscaria, Psilocybe mexicana and Panaeolus spp. secrete  hallucinogenic substances like psilocybin and psilocin. These substances may destroy brain cells and perception power of human beings. 

(a) Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cell wall structure. They lack peptidoglyan in cell wall and possess a monolayer of branched fatty acids attached to glycerol by ether bonds in their cell membranes. 

(b) TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) is a rodshaped virus. The rod has a core which contains helically coiled single stranded RNA . There is a protective covering of protein called capsid around the infective part. Capsid consists of small subunits called capsomeres and has antigenic property. 

(a) All viruses are nucleoprotein (Nucleic acid + Protein) in the structure. The nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) is genetic material. In a particular virus either DNA or RNA is genetic material never both are present in a virus.Single stranded RNA or ss RNA - Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Virus envelope is known as capsid. The capsid is composed of protein subunits called capsomere.

(b) Motile bacteria have thin filamentous extensions from their cell wall called flagella. 

(1) Alternaria belongs to class Deuteromycetes, showing absence of sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction takes place by conidia produced on conidiophores

(d) Anabaena is a cyanobacteria which lack a true nucleus because of absence of nuclear membrane.

 In a prokaryotic cell, nuclear envelope is not found. It means genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed by any envelope and lies in direct contact with the cytoplasm.

(d) Class- deuteromycetes contains imperfect fungi which play role in decomposition of organic wastes.

Fimbriae are small bristle-like fibres sprouting out of the cell. In some bacteria, they are known to help is attachment to rocks in streams and also to the host tissues.

(c) The kingdom Monera possesses unicellular organisms (e.g - bacteria) having no nuclear membrane.

Brown algae is also known as phaeophyceae. It is a group of marine multi cellular algae, hits a critical role in marine environments. Its brown color is due to the presence of pigment fucoxanthin. It also consist of pigment chlorophyll a and c.

Archegonia is the female reproductive part of flask-shaped structure. It contains of neck and swollen base, where neck consist of one or more layers of cells ans swollen part contains of egg. It is found in Bryophtes (eg: ferns and mosses), gymnosperms (eg: cycads and conifers), and Pteridophyta (eg: azolla).

Gymnosperms doesn't have double fertilization, the endosperm is haploid and are formed by the repeated division of haploid megaspores and later develops into female gametophyte with haploid chromosomes.

Mucor belongs to the Kingdom Fungi and division zygomycota. Zygomycota have sexual spores called zygo- spores and most of them lack flagella.

So, the correct answer is option A.

 (d) In chrysophytes, the cell walls form two thin overplapping shells holding together. The body of Diatoms appears like soap box due to overlapping shells. 

(b) Morel and truffles are used as food and they are members of Ascomycetes fungi. 

(d) Lichens cannot grow in the place where sulpher dioxide, pollutant is available in the environment. 

(d) Viroids, the smallest known pathogens, are naked, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules that do not encode protein yet replicate autonomously when introduced into host plants. Viroids only infect plants; some cause economically important diseases of crop plants, while others appear to be benign. 

(a) A cell wall is a rigid structural layer, which provides protection and structural support to the cells. The composition of cell walls varies from species to genera. In the case of fungi, the cell wall is composed of strong covalent linkages of chitin, glucans and glycoproteins. Alternatively, in case of land plants, the cell wall is composed of cellulose and hemicellulose and Archean cell walls have peptidoglycans

(c) Eubacteria are the True bacteria.

(b) All unicellular eukaryotic organism like diatoms, desmids (chrysophytes), euglenoids, dinoflagellates and slime mould are included in Protista. 

Kingdom Protista -

• Unicellular eukaryotic.
• Mostly aquatic.
• Well define nucleus present
• Various membrane bound organelles present
• Flagella and cilia, if present have (9+2) pattern of micro tubular stands.
• Reproduction is asexual and sexual.
• Autotrophic, parasitic and heterotrophic.