Test : Biology - 1 - NDA MCQ

The given question is a matching type question where we need to match items from List-I with their corresponding items from List-II. Let's analyze each item from both lists:
List-I:
A. Vitamin
B. Enzyme
C. Hormone
D. Protein
List-II:
1. Pepsin
2. Carotene
3. Keratin
4. Progesterone
Now, let's match the items from List-I with their corresponding items from List-II:
A. Vitamin - 2. Carotene
B. Enzyme - 1. Pepsin
C. Hormone - 4. Progesterone
D. Protein - 3. Keratin
Based on the matching, the correct answer would be option B: 2 1 4 3.

Proteins are composed of molecules called amino acids, and each amino acid contains four elements: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon.

Xerophthalmia caused by a severe vitamin A deficiency is described by pathologic dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea. The conjunctiva becomes dry, thick and wrinkled. If untreated, it can lead to corneal ulceration and ultimately to blindness as a result of corneal damage.

Cholera is an acute epidemic infectious disease. It is characterized by watery diarrhea, extreme loss of fluid and electrolytes, and severe dehydration. It is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera (V. cholera).

The islets of Langerhans are responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas. The inability of the islet cells to make insulin or the failure to produce amounts sufficient to control blood glucose level is the causes of diabetes mellitus. They are named for the German physician Paul Langerhans, who first described them in 1869. The normal human pancreas contains about 1,000,000 islets.

 Waterborne diseases are conditions caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted in water. A disease can be spread while bathing, washing or drinking water, or by eating food exposed to infected water.

The vitamin A in carrot comes in the form of beta-carotene, a healthy antioxidant. Eating plenty of carrots every day can improve your vision greatly.

Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin acts on renal collecting ducts via V2 receptors to increase water permeability which leads to decreased urine formation.T his increases blood volume, cardiac output, and arterial pressure.

Guavas are an excellent source of vitamin C, with one fruit providing 280 percent of the daily value for this nutrient. A guava will also provide you with 15 percent of the daily value for vitamin A and smaller amounts of niacin, vitamin B-6, thiamine, and riboflavin.

The white blood cell, also called leukocyte or white corpuscle, a cellular component of the blood that lacks hemoglobin, has a nucleus, is capable of motility, and defends the body against infection and disease by ingesting foreign materials and cellular debris, by destroying infectious agents and cancer cells, or by producing antibodies.

A goiter or goiter is a swelling in the neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland. The disease was later named after Irish doctor Robert James Graves, who described a case of goiter with exophthalmos in 1835

Vitamin D is essential for strong bones because it helps the body use calcium from the diet. Traditionally, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with rickets, a disease in which the bone tissue doesn't properly mineralize, leading to soft bones and skeletal deformities.

Nitrates in drinking water. A sort of "blue baby syndrome" can also be caused by methemoglobinemia. It is widely believed to be caused by nitrate contamination in groundwater resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin in babies leading to death.

Water-soluble vitamins:
Water-soluble vitamins are vitamins that dissolve in water and are not stored in the body. They are easily absorbed and excreted through urine. The water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins, which include niacin, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamine.
Analysis:
To determine which of the given vitamins are water-soluble, we need to check if they belong to the B-complex vitamins group.
1. Niacin: Niacin is a B-complex vitamin and is water-soluble.
2. Pyridoxine: Pyridoxine is also a B-complex vitamin and is water-soluble.
3. Riboflavin: Riboflavin is a B-complex vitamin and is water-soluble.
4. Thiamine: Thiamine is another B-complex vitamin and is water-soluble.
Conclusion:
Based on the analysis, all of the given vitamins (niacin, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamine) are water-soluble vitamins.
Answer:
Therefore, the correct answer is B: 1, 2, 3, and 4.

The major components of honey are Fructose: 38.2% Glucose: 31.3% Maltose: 7.1% Sucrose: 1.3% Water: 17.2% Higher sugars: 1.5% Ash: 0.2% Other/undetermined: 3.2%

Let's match the organelles in List-I with their common names in List-II:

1. Ribosome is commonly known as the Protein factory of cells because it synthesizes proteins.
   Match: A → 2

2. Lysosome is commonly referred to as the Suicidal bag of cells because it contains digestive enzymes that can break down cell components.
   Match: B → 1

3. Mitochondria is known as the Powerhouse of the cell because it produces energy in the form of ATP.
   Match: C → 4

4. Nucleus is called the Controller of cells because it contains the genetic material and regulates cell activities.
   Match: D → 3

Final Match:

• A → 2
• B → 1
• C → 4
• D → 3

So, the correct code is:

Answer: A → 2, B → 1, C → 4, D → 3

Key Points:
- The question is asking about the largest amount of physical and chemical molecules present in cells.
- The options given are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- We need to determine which of these options has the highest amount of molecules in cells.

To determine which of the given options has the largest amount of physical and chemical molecules present in cells, we need to understand the role of each of these molecules in cellular processes.
1. Carbohydrates:
- Carbohydrates are important energy sources in cells.
- They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
- While carbohydrates are essential for cellular metabolism, they are not the largest in terms of the number of molecules present in cells.
2. Proteins:
- Proteins are involved in various cellular functions, such as enzyme catalysis, cell signaling, and structural support.
- They are composed of amino acids linked together.
- Proteins are abundant in cells and play crucial roles, making them a strong candidate for having the largest amount of molecules.
3. Lipids:
- Lipids are essential components of cell membranes and serve as energy stores.
- They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
- While lipids are important for cellular structure and function, they are not as abundant as proteins in terms of the number of molecules present.
4. Nucleic acids:
- Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.
- They are composed of nucleotides.
- Nucleic acids are important for cellular processes, but they are not as abundant as proteins.
Conclusion:
Based on the understanding of cellular processes and the roles of different molecules, we can conclude that proteins have the largest amount of physical and chemical molecules present in cells. They play diverse and essential roles in cellular functions, making them highly abundant in cells.

Answer:
The richest source of vitamin A is pumpkin and carrots. Here is a detailed explanation of why they are the richest sources of vitamin A:
Pumpkin:
- Pumpkin is an excellent source of vitamin A, particularly in the form of beta-carotene, which is a precursor to vitamin A.
- Beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A in the body, and pumpkin is one of the highest vegetable sources of this nutrient.
- Just one cup of cooked pumpkin contains more than 200% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin A.
Carrots:
- Carrots are also rich in beta-carotene, making them a great source of vitamin A.
- Like pumpkin, carrots are converted into vitamin A in the body.
- Eating just one medium-sized carrot can provide about 200% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin A.
Other sources of vitamin A:
While pumpkin and carrots are the richest sources of vitamin A, there are also other foods that contain this nutrient, though in smaller amounts. Some examples include:
- Sweet potatoes: Sweet potatoes are another excellent source of beta-carotene and vitamin A.
- Spinach and kale: These leafy greens are not only high in vitamin A but also provide a variety of other nutrients.
- Liver: Organ meats, such as liver, are rich in vitamin A, but they should be consumed in moderation due to their high cholesterol content.
In conclusion, while there are various food sources of vitamin A, pumpkin and carrots are the richest sources, providing a significant amount of this essential nutrient. Including these foods in your diet can help ensure an adequate intake of vitamin A for overall health and well-being.

To determine which of the given organelles are semi-autonomous, let's first understand what a semi-autonomous organelle is.
A semi-autonomous organelle is an organelle that has its own DNA and is capable of replicating and dividing independently of the cell.
Now let's analyze each organelle given:
Mitochondria:
- Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles.
- They have their own DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
- They are responsible for energy production in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
- Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and can synthesize some of their own proteins.
Chloroplasts:
- Chloroplasts are also semi-autonomous organelles.
- They have their own DNA, known as chloroplast DNA (cpDNA).
- Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy-rich molecules.
- Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have their own ribosomes and can synthesize some of their own proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is not a semi-autonomous organelle.
- It is a network of membrane-bound tubes and sacs involved in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and calcium storage.
- The ER does not have its own DNA and is not capable of independent replication and division.
Based on the above analysis, we can conclude that options B: I and II is the correct answer. Only mitochondria and chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles.

Correct Answer :- a

Explanation : a) A chloroplast is an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis, which is the process by which energy from the Sun is converted into chemical energy for growth.

b) The largest cellular organelle in a cell (plant or animal cell) is a nucleus.

In a plant cell, vacuoles are the largest in size.

c) Eukaryotic chloroplasts, as well as the other plant plastids, also contain extrachromosomal DNA molecules. Most chloroplasts house all of their genetic material in a single ringed chromosome, however in some species there is evidence of multiple smaller ringed plasmids.