Test: Digestive Glands

Liver cirrhosis is caused by an excess accumulation of fats in the liver. Beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down. When alcohol is consumed in excess a large amount of fat is accumulated in the liver leading to liver damage. Liver cirrhosis is characterized by hardening of liver tissues. In this, there is irreversible scarring of the liver called fibrosis. Thus the correct answer is option B.

A pancreatic islet from a mouse in a typical position, close to a blood vessel; insulin in red, nuclei in blue. The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans are the regions of the pancreasthat contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells, discovered in 1869 by German pathological anatomist Paul Langerhans.

Ptyalin is a protein found in saliva, that breaks down the insoluble starch found in foods into smaller, soluble sugar fragments. This is another name for the amylase found in saliva, known as salivary amylase. This particular type of amylase is found only in humans.

The stomach is highly acidic and these conditions are very unfavorable for ptyalin, which prefers a pH of about 6.9 for activity. Ptyalin is a protein found in saliva, that breaks down the insoluble starch found in foods into smaller, soluble sugar fragments. This is another name for the amylase found in saliva, known as salivary amylase. This particular type of amylase is found only in humans.

Pancreas is mixed gland.It secretes hormone from its endocrine part and pancreatic juice and enzymes from its exocrine part so both are secreted by different cells

Rabbit liver is divided into two right and left regions by deep cleft with right and left lobes. These lobes are further divided into the posterior and anterior region. It contains five lobes, as the right hepatic lobe, caudate and quadrate lobes are single, and the left hepatic one is separated in lateral and medial parts. 

Liver is the largest gland in human body. It is also the largest (internal)organ in our body and can weigh up to 1.5 kg for a human adult. That is, about 1/50th of the body weight is because of liver.

Liver is the largest gland and is associated with functions metabolism of carbohydrate, digestion of fat and formation of bile.

Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. They make up 65–80% of the cells in the islets. Beta cells (B cells) produce insulin and are the most abundant of the islet cells.

The saliva contains substances, including lysozyme and others, that work to destroy bacteria. Lysozyme also destroys the bits of food that the bacteria use for food. A large amount of protective antibodies (which are substances that recognise infective particles) are found in the saliva.

All three except glucose are present in the mouth. Glucose is an end product of carbs that forms in the intestine.

Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Many waste products, including bilirubin, are eliminated from the body by secretion into bile and elimination in feces.

The water from undigested food is either absorbed in the large intestine or is passed out of the body. 

By the time food and digestive juices reach the large intestine, most digestion and nutrient absorption has already taken place. 

The large intestine’s major jobs are to absorb excess water and to prepare forecaster removal via the rectum.

Internal nares are on the roof of a frog's mouth. Air passes from the external nares into the mouth through these openings. They can be closed using a sphincter muscle when the frog is submerged under water to prevent water from entering the mouth and therefore the lungs.

Glycogen is a glucose polymer that is stored for energy use by animal cells. Animals store glucose in the form of glycogen. They store it in their muscles and liver.

Intestinal glands are formed by surface epithelium of the small intestine. These are of two types: crypts of lieberkuhn and brunner's glands. The crypts of Lieberkuhn are simple, tubular structures which occur throughout the small intestine between the villi. They secrete digestive enzymes and mucus. The mucus is secreted by goblet cells whereas water and electrolytes are secreted by enterocytes present on intestinal crypts. So mainly they secrete SUCCUS ENTERICUS .

In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. Each parotid is wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and secretes serous saliva through the parotid duct into the mouth, to facilitate mastication and swallowing and to begin the digestion of starches.

Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer-Browicz cells, are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids. They form part of the mononuclear phagocyte system

During the digestion of proteins, hydrochloric acid and proteolytic enzymes in the stomach break down the intact protein molecule into amino acids, which are then absorbed through the intestinal wall. Further breakdown of amino acids to form free amino acid like α-keto acids occurs in the liver by a process known as transamination. It occurs in liver.

A gland not associated with the alimentary canal is adrenal (this is endocrine gland).