Test: Digestive Glands

• Liver cirrhosis is caused by an excess accumulation of fats in the liver. Beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down.
• When alcohol is consumed in excess a large amount of fat is accumulated in the liver leading to liver damage.
• Liver cirrhosis is characterized by the hardening of liver tissues.
  Thus the correct answer is option B.

• Islets of Langerhans are islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout the pancreas.
• They contain some hormone-producing cells and the hormones produced by these cells are secreted directly into the bloodstream.

• Ptyalin is a protein found in saliva, that breaks down the insoluble starch found in foods into smaller, soluble sugar fragments.
• This is another name for the amylase found in saliva, known as salivary amylase. This particular type of amylase is found only in humans.

• The stomach is highly acidic, which is unfavourable for ptyalin, which needs a pH of around 6.9 to function well.
• Ptyalin is a salivary protein that helps break down insoluble starch in foods into smaller, soluble sugar molecules. This is another name for the amylase found in saliva, known as salivary amylase. This form of amylase can only be found in humans.

• The  glands which can function as both exocrine and endocrine are known as heterocrine glands and pancreas is a heterocrine.
• The exocrine portion of the pancreas that secretes pancreatic juice is the Acinar cells.
• The endocrine part of the pancreas is an aggregation of cells known as islets of Langerhans. Beta cells from the islets of Langerhans secrete insulin hormone and glucagon hormone in the pancreas are secreted by, alpha cells in islets of Langerhans.
• Delta cells of islets of langerhans produce growth inhibiting hormone somatostatin which stops tissue growth,metabolic activities and inhibits secretion of pancreatic and digestive tract hormones.
• F cells secretes pancreatic polypeptide which inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancreas.

Thus, the correct answer is option B.

The digestive glands include the salivary glands, the liver, and the pancreas.

1. Saliva is formed primarily by three pairs of salivary glands, parotids (cheek), submaxillary / submandibular (lower jaw) and sublinguals (lower tongue).
   They are situated just outside the buccal cavity and secrete salivary juice into the buccal cavity.
2. The liver is the body's largest gland. It lies just below the diaphragm in the abdominal cavity. The bile secreted by the hepatic cells enters the hepatic ducts and is stored in a thin muscle sac known as the gallbladder. The gallbladder duct together with the liver hepatic duct forms the common bile duct.
3. The pancreas is an elongated organ which is located between the duodenum limbs. The exocrine region secretes enzyme-containing alkaline pancreatic juice, and the endocrine region secretes insulin, and glucagon.

Thus, the correct answer is option D i.e., Pancreas, salivary gland and liver.

The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is also the largest internal organ in our body and can weigh up to 1.5 kg for a human adult.

• Gastrin hormone is secreted by the G-cells in the mucosal lining of the stomach. Gastrin is responsible for stimulating the secretion of HCl in the stomach.
• The liver performs the metabolism of carbohydrates by making glycogen from excess glucose and releasing glycogen at the time of glucose deficiency in the body.
• Liver forms bile which contains bilirubin and biliverdin, cholesterol, bicarbonate ions, and bile salts that aid in the digestion of fats.
• The liver plays a role in the digestion of fats by releasing bile in the duodenum.

Hence, the correct answer is 'Secretion of hormone called gastrin'.

Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in islets of Langerhans in pancreas. They produce insulin and are the most abundant of the islet cells.

• Lysozyme is an enzyme which degrades the bacterial cell wall by hydrolyzing the peptidoglycan present in bacterial cell wall.
• Lysozyme is present in human saliva, tears and other body secretions. It kills bacteria which enter the body by degrading the cell wall of bacteria.
• This is why it works very well as a cell lysis agent. It defends the mouth cavity against pathogens in saliva, and the amount of lysozyme present increases at times of high inflammation. Lysozyme also possesses fungicidal effects, preventing pathogenic yeast or fungi from entering mucosal regions.

All three except glucose are present in the mouth.

Saliva does not contain glucose, but it includes the amylase enzyme, which breaks down the starch in the food we eat into smaller fragments in the mouth cavity, beginning the digestion process. 

Glucose is an end product of carbohydrates that forms in the intestine.

• The bile secreted by the hepatic cells passes through the hepatic ducts and is stored and concentrated in a thin muscular sac called the gall bladder.
• The bile released into the duodenum contains bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids but no enzymes.
• Bile helps in the emulsification of fats, i.e., breaking down the fats into very small micelles. Bile also activates lipases. Fats are broken down by lipases with the help of bile into di-and monoglycerides.

So option C is the correct answer.

• The water from undigested food is either absorbed in the large intestine or is passed out of the body. 
• By the time food and digestive juices reach the large intestine, most digestion and nutrient absorption has already taken place. 
• The large intestine’s major jobs are to absorb excess water and to prepare forecaster removal via the rectum.
• The main function of the liver is to filter the blood coming from the digestive tract before passing it to the other body parts.
• Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose. It takes place in the liver. The glycogen thus formed is stored in the liver.
• Liver also has carrier molecules and enzymes that produces urea from the ammonia, a toxic base.
• The destruction of dead and worn-out red blood cells takes place in the liver and spleen.
• When the red blood cells are destroyed in the liver, bilirubin is formed.

Thus, the correct answer is 'Absorption of food and excess water from the undigested food.'

Gall bladder stores the liver's digestive juice. It is present under the liver. Gall bladder delivers bile into the small intestine.

Glycogen is a glucose polymer that is stored for energy use by animal cells. Animals store glucose in the form of glycogen. It is stored in their muscles and liver.

The main hormones secreted by the endocrine gland in the pancreas are insulin by  beta cells and glucagon by alpha cells, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood.

• The parotid glands are the largest salivary glands. They are located just in front of the ears.
• The saliva produced in these glands is secreted into the mouth from a duct near your upper second molar. Each parotid gland has two parts, or lobes: the superficial lobe and the deep lobe.
  

Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer-Browicz cells, are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids. These phagocyte break down the haemoglobin of worn-out and dead red blood cells. They form part of the mononuclear phagocyte system.

• The liver consists of 2 main lobes. Both are made up of 8 segments that consist of 1,000 lobules (small lobes).
• These lobules are connected to small ducts (tubes) that connect with larger ducts to form the common hepatic duct.
• The common hepatic duct transports the bile made by the liver cells to the gallbladder and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) via the common bile duct.

• Human alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract associates with salivary glands, liver, pancreas, small intestine etc.
• The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that produce a wide variety of hormones. They are found above the kidneys and consist of a number of different layers that directly influence the structure and function of the glands. It is not associated with alimentary canal.

Thus, option B is correct.