Test: Digestive Glands

• Liver cirrhosis is caused by an excess accumulation of fats in the liver. Beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down.
• When alcohol is consumed in excess a large amount of fat is accumulated in the liver leading to liver damage.
• Liver cirrhosis is characterized by hardening of liver tissues. In this, there is irreversible scarring of the liver called fibrosis. Thus the correct answer is option B.

A pancreatic islet from a mouse in a typical position, close to a blood vessel, insulin in red, nuclei in blue. The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells, discovered in 1869 by German pathological anatomist Paul Langerhans.

Ptyalin is a protein found in saliva, that breaks down the insoluble starch found in foods into smaller, soluble sugar fragments. This is another name for the amylase found in saliva, known as salivary amylase. This particular type of amylase is found only in humans.

• The stomach is highly acidic and these conditions are very unfavorable for ptyalin, which prefers a pH of about 6.9 for activity. 
• Ptyalin is a protein found in saliva, that breaks down the insoluble starch found in foods into smaller, soluble sugar fragments.
• This is another name for the amylase found in saliva, known as salivary amylase. This particular type of amylase is found only in humans.

Pancreas is mixed gland.It secretes hormone from its endocrine part and pancreatic juice and enzymes from its exocrine part so both are secreted by different cells

The liver anatomy of the rabbit has some relevant differences compared to a human liver. Rabbit liver is subdivided into four main lobes. These are the caudate lobe and three cranial lobes, comprising the right, medial left and lateral left lobes, each of them supplied by branches of the portal venous system.

Liver is the largest gland in human body. It is also the largest (internal)organ in our body and can weigh up to 1.5 kg for a human adult. That is, about 1/50th of the body weight is because of liver.

Gastrin hormone is secreted by the G-cells in the mucosal lining of the stomach. Gastrin is responsible for stimulating the secretion of HCl in the stomach.
A. The liver performs the metabolism of carbohydrates by making glycogen from excess glucose and releasing glycogen at the time of glucose deficiency in the body.
B. Gastrin is secreted by the G-cells in the stomach.
C. Liver forms bile which contains bilirubin, cholesterol, bicarbonate ions, and bile salts that aid in the digestion of fats.
D. The liver plays a role in the digestion of fats by releasing bile in the duodenum.
Hence, the correct answer is 'Secretion of hormone called gastrin'

Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. They make up 65–80% of the cells in the islets. Beta cells (B cells) produce insulin and are the most abundant of the islet cells.

The saliva contains substances, including lysozyme and others, that work to destroy bacteria. Lysozyme also destroys the bits of food that the bacteria use for food. A large amount of protective antibodies (which are substances that recognise infective particles) are found in the saliva.

All three except glucose are present in the mouth. Glucose is an end product of carbs that forms in the intestine.

Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. Many waste products, including bilirubin, are eliminated from the body by secretion into bile and elimination in feces.

The water from undigested food is either absorbed in the large intestine or is passed out of the body. 
By the time food and digestive juices reach the large intestine, most digestion and nutrient absorption has already taken place. 
The large intestine’s major jobs are to absorb excess water and to prepare forecaster removal via the rectum.

A pair of internal nares, in the form of two small opening are present on the roof of the buccal cavity lying outer to vomerine teeth. Air passes from the external nares into the mouth through these openings. They can be closed using a sphincter muscle when the frog is submerged under water to prevent water from entering the mouth and therefore the lungs.

Glycogen is a glucose polymer that is stored for energy use by animal cells. Animals store glucose in the form of glycogen. They store it in their muscles and liver.

• Intestinal glands are formed by surface epithelium of the small intestine.
• These are of two types: crypts of lieberkuhn and brunner's glands.
• The crypts of Lieberkuhn are simple, tubular structures which occur throughout the small intestine between the villi. They secrete digestive enzymes and mucus. The mucus is secreted by goblet cells whereas water and electrolytes are secreted by enterocytes present on intestinal crypts. So mainly they secrete succus entericus.

Parotid salivary glands are present in the angle between two jaws. The parotid gland is a salivary gland, responsible for making saliva. There are two parotid glands, one on each side of the face. They are located in front of the ears and extend to the lower borders of the jawbones. The glands secrete the saliva which travels into the mouth to aid in chewing and digesting food. 

Human beings have three pairs of major salivary glands that open into the mouth through well-developed ducts. The parotid salivary glands, the largest of the three, are located between the ear and ascending branch of the lower jaw. 

Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer-Browicz cells, are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids. They form part of the mononuclear phagocyte system

• The degradation of intracellular protein and other cytoplasmic macromolecules in liver is an ongoing process that regulates cytoplasmic mass and provides amino acids for energy and other metabolic uses early in starvation.
• Cellular proteins are conveniently divided into two general classes according to readily discernable differences in average rates of turnover.
• A short-lived class, having a half-life of approximately 10 min, comprises about 0.6% of total protein. Its degradation is not physiologically controlled, and the mechanism is probably non-lysosomal in nature.

• Human alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract associates wit salivary glands, liver, pancreas, small intestine etc.
• The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that produce a wide variety of hormones. They are found above the kidneys and consist of a number of different layers that directly influence the structure and function of the glands. It is not associated with alimentary canal. Thus, option B is correct.