Test: Digestive Glands

• Liver cirrhosis is caused by an excess accumulation of fats in the liver. Beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down.
• When alcohol is consumed in excess a large amount of fat is accumulated in the liver leading to liver damage.
• Liver cirrhosis is characterized by the hardening of liver tissues.
  Thus the correct answer is option B.

• Islets of Langerhans are islands of endocrine cells scattered throughout the pancreas.
• They contain some hormone-producing cells and the hormone produced by these cells are secreted directly into the bloodstream.

• Ptyalin is a protein found in saliva, that breaks down the insoluble starch found in foods into smaller, soluble sugar fragments.
• This is another name for the amylase found in saliva, known as salivary amylase. This particular type of amylase is found only in humans.

• The stomach is highly acidic and these conditions are very unfavourable for ptyalin, which prefers a pH of about 6.9 for activity. 
• Ptyalin is a protein found in saliva, that breaks down the insoluble starch found in foods into smaller, soluble sugar fragments.
• This is another name for the amylase found in saliva, known as salivary amylase. This particular type of amylase is found only in humans.

• The pancreas has dual nature exocrine and endocrine, endocrine secretes hormone and exocrine secretes digestive enzymes.
• Acinar cells are the exocrine part of the pancreas which secretes pancreatic juice.
• Whereas beta cells of Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete insulin hormone and glucagon hormone is secreted by the alpha cell of Islets of Langerhans.
  Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Glands contributing digestive juices include the salivary glands, the gastric glands in the stomach lining, the pancreas, and the liver and its adjuncts- the gallbladder and bile ducts.

The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is also the largest internal organ in our body and can weigh up to 1.5 kg for a human adult.

• Gastrin hormone is secreted by the G-cells in the mucosal lining of the stomach. Gastrin is responsible for stimulating the secretion of HCl in the stomach.
• The liver performs the metabolism of carbohydrates by making glycogen from excess glucose and releasing glycogen at the time of glucose deficiency in the body.
• Liver forms bile which contains bilirubin, cholesterol, bicarbonate ions, and bile salts that aid in the digestion of fats.
• The liver plays a role in the digestion of fats by releasing bile in the duodenum.
  Hence, the correct answer is 'Secretion of hormone called gastrin'.

Beta cells (β cells) are a type of cell found in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. They produce insulin and are the most abundant of the islet cells.

• The saliva contains substances, including lysozyme and others, that work to destroy bacteria. Lysozyme also destroys the bits of food that the bacteria use for food.
• A large number of protective antibodies (which are substances that recognise infective particles) are found in the saliva.

All three except glucose are present in the mouth. Glucose is an end product of carbohydrates that forms in the intestine.

• The bile secreted by the hepatic cells passes through the hepatic ducts and is stored and concentrated in a thin muscular sac called the gall bladder.
• The bile released into the duodenum contains bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids but no enzymes.
• Bile helps in the emulsification of fats, i.e., breaking down of the fats into very small micelles. Bile also activates lipases. Fats are broken down by lipases with the help of bile into di-and monoglycerides.
  So option C is the correct answer.

• The water from undigested food is either absorbed in the large intestine or is passed out of the body. 
• By the time food and digestive juices reach the large intestine, most digestion and nutrient absorption has already taken place. 
• The large intestine’s major jobs are to absorb excess water and to prepare forecaster removal via the rectum.

Gall bladder stores the livers digestive juice. It is present under the liver. Gall bladder delivers bile into the small intestine.

Glycogen is a glucose polymer that is stored for energy use by animal cells. Animals store glucose in the form of glycogen. They store it in their muscles and liver.

The main hormones secreted by the endocrine gland in the pancreas are insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood

• The parotid glands are the largest salivary glands. They are located just in front of the ears.
• The saliva produced in these glands is secreted into the mouth from a duct near your upper second molar. Each parotid gland has two parts, or lobes: the superficial lobe and the deep lobe.
  

Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer-Browicz cells, are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids. They form part of the mononuclear phagocyte system.

• The liver is a multilobulated gland. It is formed of two main and two small lobes.
• The two main lobes are the larger right and smaller left lobe. While two small lobes are quadrate and caudate lobe.

• Human alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract associates with salivary glands, liver, pancreas, small intestine etc.
• The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that produce a wide variety of hormones. They are found above the kidneys and consist of a number of different layers that directly influence the structure and function of the glands. It is not associated with alimentary canal.
  Thus, option B is correct.