Test: Education & Leadership (Guidance and Counselling) - Software Development MCQ

In educational settings, counselling refers to the process which gives importance to recognising the root of the learner's problems.

Counselling helps the teacher to better relate to the unacceptable behaviour of learners and to help them with the proper guidance.

Key Points

Characteristics of Counseling:

• Environment building
• Face to face interaction
• Counsellor's involvement
• Opportunity for free expression
• Emphasis on counsellee's self-acceptance

NOTE:

A personal interview refers to a formal conversation in which questions are asked from an individual in order to know whether he/she is suitable or not for the job.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'personal interview' is not a characteristic of counselling.

Additional InformationSteps of Counseling:

• Establishing a relationship with the counsellee
• Problem identification and exploration
• Planning for problem-solving
• Solution application and termination

​All of us, quite often, face environmental or personal obstacles in life which cause anxiety and lead to stress. Psychologists have given different names to stress such as frustration, conflict, pressure, etc.

• Anxiety refers to a chronic condition caused by the feeling of stress, worry, uneasiness, nervousness, etc. It includes some tensed and worried thoughts coming into a person's mind which is visible through his physical behavior.
• Frustration refers to the blocking of behavior directed towards a goal. If motives are frustrated or blocked, emotional feelings and behavior often result. People who cannot achieve their important goals, feel depressed, fearful, anxious, guilty, or angry. 
• The teacher is a pillar in the teaching-learning process. In the present context, a teacher is not merely a disseminator of knowledge, rather plays a variety of roles. They have to tackle many problems associated with students as children with numerous problems of behavior are found in every educational program.

Key Points

• Counselling is a process of enabling the individual to know himself and his present and possible future situations in order that he may make substantial contributions to society and to solve his own problems through a face-to-face relationship with the counselor.

• In the above-mentioned situation, the teacher should do the role of a counselor by providing counselling to the child the teacher can:
  • become more vigilant towards the child. 
  • recognize the root of the child's problem.
  • better relate to the child's unacceptable behavior.
  • assist the child with proper guidance in the right way.

Hence it could be concluded that in the above-mentioned situation, the teacher should do the role of a counselor. 

Hint

• Remaining options are inappropriate in the context as they could lead to low self-esteem and more anxiety & frustration in learners.

Counseling is a process of enabling the individual to know himself and his present and possible future situations in order that he may make substantial contributions to the society and to solve his own problems through a face to face relationship with the counselor.

• In educational settings, counselling refers to the process which gives importance to recognize the root of the learner's problems.
• Counseling helps the teacher to better relate to the unacceptable behavior of learners and to help them with the proper guidance.

Important Points

For effective counseling, the counselor should keep in mind the element of counseling which includes:

• Interview
  • The interview is one of the main techniques employed in assisting the individual to understand himself. It is the fundamental operation in the counseling process.
  • By interview, the actual causes can be listed, and then the counselor should take efforts to eliminate the effects of the factors that cause the problem and should work for a permanent solution.
• Confidence
  • An expert counselor can arouse confidence in the counsellee that they are close enough for his free expression of any of his feelings which he cannot talk openly with others.
  • The counselor builds up the confidence of the counsellee through positive strokes, warmth, acceptance, support, and encouragement, and makes him see the more positive side of himself. 
• Communication
  • Counselling provides a relationship and communications which help the client to develop understanding, explore options, and start the change.
  • Counselor is responsible to establish a helping relationship based on trust, freedom, positive regard and mutual respect, genuineness, accurate empathy, etc.

Hence, it could be concluded that professional growth is not an element of counselling.

Counselling refers to the process which gives importance to recognizing the root of the counsellee's problems to help them with proper guidance.

Key Points

• Community-based counselling involves groups of families having children with conduct disorders. It may also involve people who drop out of school and whose difficulties are likely to be more severe. 
• Home or community-based counselling may not benefit the child who has such problems in the school setting. 
• A common characteristic of Community-based counselling is that the professional develop close and personal bonds with his client.
• The counsellor needs to be professionally qualified and well-informed in his field and to understand how his work fits in with the work of others in the caring team; importantly, the counsellor should also be aware of how the physical,
  emotional, social and spiritual distress of his patients or clients influences him on a personal level as well as in discharging his professional responsibilities.

Additional Information

• The School-based counselling/School Counseling Program is comprehensive in scope, developmental in nature, proactive in design, and differentiated in order to address individual and societal needs.
• School-based counselling fosters an environment that encourages students to develop self-awareness, as well as understanding, tolerance and acceptance of others’ diverse qualities, backgrounds, beliefs and aptitudes.

Adolescence is the phase of life between childhood and adulthood. It is a unique stage of human development and an important time for laying the foundations of good health. Adolescents experience rapid physical, cognitive and psychosocial growth.

Key PointsThe given statement express meaning in a way that, Adolescents need to be recognized by the members of their family environment as active rights holders who have the capacity to become full and responsible citizens, given the proper guidance and direction. It can also be expressed as :

• To grow and develop in good health, adolescents need information, including age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education; opportunities to develop life skills; health services that are acceptable, equitable, appropriate and effective; and safe and supportive environments.
• They also need opportunities to meaningfully participate in the design and delivery of interventions to improve and maintain their health. Expanding such opportunities is key to responding to adolescents’ specific needs and rights. 
• Parents or other persons legally responsible for the child need to fulfil with care their right and responsibility to provide direction and guidance to their adolescent children in the exercise by the latter of their rights. In accordance with their age and maturity, and to provide a safe and supportive environment in which the adolescent can develop.

​Thus, it can be concluded that the given statement express meaning in the terms as, "Adolescents should be provided with accurate and age-appropriate information, guidance in skill-building and empowerment, positive role models, and tailored health services and counselling".

Guidance programme plays a major role in meeting the various needs of the students. It helps the students at different stages of education and is aimed at their all-round development. Guidance is considered as a programme because a counsellor needs to plan and organise guidance and counselling services to meet the above needs of students and to equip them to face the demands and challenges of life.

By programme development, we mean a systematic process that includes some sequential steps that one has to follow in introducing, establishing and implementing an intended programme, in our case guidance and counselling programme.   

Need for Guidance and Counselling Programme-

• Educational/Career Guidance Need
• Vocational Guidance Need
• Personal, Social and Emotional Guidance Need

Hence, in planning and delivering a developmental, comprehensive guidance and counselling program we focus on the personal and social development of the child and their academic and career. 

Counseling is a process of enabling the individual to know himself and his present and possible future situations in order that he may make substantial contributions to society and to solve his own problems through a face-to-face relationship with the counselor.

Key Points

There are different types of counseling approaches which include Collective/eclectic, Directive, and Non-directive counseling. Collective counseling is a combination of Directive and Non-directive counseling.

Collective counselling was propounded by 'F.C.Thorn'. It is a more flexible type of counselling approch which:

• uses techniques drawn from several different schools of thought.
• allows the therapist to adapt to each client’s individual diverse needs.
• combines different counselling methods to deal with counsellee's problems.
• collaborates behavioral and psychodynamic therapeutic techniques effectively.

Hence, it could be concluded that collective counselling was propounded by 'F.C. Thorn'.

Additional Information

Growth is the product of the Interaction of the organism and its environment. Heredity is considered as the sum total of Inborn Individual traits. The environment includes all those forces which act upon the individual.

• Heredity is defined as the totality of bio-logically transmitted factors that influence the structure of the body and the environment is the totality of conditions that serve to stimulate behaviour or act to bring about a modification of behaviour. Both heredity and environment are important in the life of an individual; both are the determinants of development. 

Key Points

Educational implications of the study of heredity and environment:-

• It helps the teacher to provide a better learning environment in the school.
• The knowledge of the relative role of heredity and environment is very important on the part of the teacher so that he can help his students In learning concepts better.
• The knowledge of both the factors will help the teacher in finding out the individual differences among his students in learning either Mathematics or English as well as in adjusting his teaching methods and techniques accordingly, like project method and communicative teaching techniques.
• The study of heredity and environment enables the teachers to understand the causal factors of individual differences.
• The teacher must plan to provide better education and a better environment. By providing a computer laboratory and adequate library facilities in each subject. He should study the child, his/her abilities, as well as his environment, and he/she must prepare a scheme for the development.
• The school should aim at providing enriched programs of curricular and co-curricular activities for the children like quizzes and literary competitions. They may have better educational, vocational, personal guidance, and counselling and personality development programs.

Thus, from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that the educational implication of the study of heredity and environment is the study of heredity and environment enables the teachers to understand the causal factors of individual differences.

Oral guidance is a process of instructing or supporting the students in the learning process through auditory instruction. Oral guidance is effective while explaining the concepts learned in the classroom and before performing physical experiments. 

Key Points

Use of oral guidance:

Teaching concepts:

• Concepts can be effectively explained through oral guidance as explaining a concept is basically to provide an insight into the working process of any phenomenon.
• For example, An automobile engineer can orally explain the working process of a car's engine, and the listener will also be able to understand the concept. 

Teaching facts:

• Facts are kinds of information that are known to be universally true which have been established and proven through the data. Facts can also be effectively explained through oral guidance.
• For example, A Teacher can orally explain the list of 10 most populated countries in the world based on the census data which is a proven fact. 

Teaching skills:

• Skills, however, cannot be effectively explained through this technique as it requires the learner to physically practice the skills to improve and achieve perfection.
• For example, In Cricket, a coach can verbally instruct the bowler to swing his arm in a particular action to pitch a full-length delivery but the bowler trying to learn has to practice the skills in order to achieve the desired results.

Hence, it could be concluded that Oral guidance is less effective in Teaching skills.

Important Points

Directive Counselling: In this counselling the counsellor plays an active role as it is regarded as a means of helping people how to learn to solve their own problems.

• This type of counselling is otherwise known as counsellor-centred counselling. Because in this counselling the counsellor does everything himself i.e. analysis, synthesis, diagnosis, prognosis, prescription and follow-up.
• During the interview attention is focused upon a particular problem and possibilities for its solution.
• During the interview the counsellor plays a more active role than the client or pupil.
• The pupil or client makes the decision, but the counsellor does all that he can to get the counselee or client makes a decision in keeping with his diagnosis.
• The counsellor tries to direct the thinking of the counsellee or client by informing, explaining, interpreting and advising him.

Additional Information

• Non Directive: In this type of counselling the counselee or client or pupil, not the counsellor is the pivot of the counselling process. He plays an active role and this type of counselling is a growing process.
• Eclectic: In this counselling the goal is the independence and integration of the client rather than the solution of the problem. In this counselling process the counsellee comes to the counsellor with a problem.

Frustration and mental conflicts are a deep chronic sense of insecurity, discouragement, and dissatisfaction arising from thwarted desires, or other unresolved problems.

Key Points There are various factors that are responsible for the development of Frustration and mental conflicts -

• Emotional factors - It includes the feelings and emotional well-being of an individual that leads to the development of frustration and conflicts.
• Social factors - The social environment, Peer relations, and other social relations that influence an individual's mental well-being.
• Biological and physical factors - These refer to the physical well-being or the health of an individual.

Hence we conclude that the factors responsible for frustration and mental conflicts are Biological and physical factors, Emotional factors, and Social factors.

Additional Information The Consequences of Frustration and Conflict

• Biological: it can cause Heart diseases, Respiratory problems, Digestive problems, Sleep disturbances, etc.
• Psychological: the mental state of the individual can get altered as dissatisfaction, disinterest, boredom, Anxiety, tension, depression
• Decrease in person’s efficiency at home and work and self-confidence and self-esteem

Mental illness is a broad term which includes almost all the disorders of behaviour which are caused by faulty perception, emotion, thinking and attitude. Such individuals have problems in making adjustments with others in the society

Key PointsCharacteristics of mental illness are - 

• Lack of concentration
• Poor coordination and movements
• Random behaviours
• Lack of attention 
• Memory loss
• Behavioural issues and problems
• Extreme weight gain or loss
• Difficulty in understanding and remembering etc.

Hence, the problem with swallowing of food is not a characteristic of mental illness.

Mental health problems are increasingly at a very high rate in individuals of all age-group, especially school-going children or college-going children, due to education pressure and personal problems.

• Suicide is also highly common in young children.

Key Points

• Adopting effective and appropriate teaching practices in school can reduce mental health problems
• Providing discipline education can also help in preventing mental health problems
• Reducing educational pressure is also a great initiative.
• Providing value education for the betterment of children is also useful.
• Helping children gain sex education also prevents mental health education.
• Understanding children and accepting them also prevent mental health problems

Thus, it can be concluded that option 4 is correct

Mental Hygiene: The science of maintaining mental health and preventing the development of mental illness. Mental hygiene provides an opportunity for the individual to realize and develop his potentialities to the maximum.

• Mental Health is the condition of being sound mentally and emotionally that is characterized by the absence of mental illness and by adequate adjustment especially as reflected in feeling comfortable about oneself, positive feelings about others, and the ability to meet the demands of daily life. 

Key Points

• The term mental hygiene is closely related to mental health. We use the term hygiene to refer to keeping oneself and one’s living and working areas neat and clean in order to prevent illness and disease.
• When we extend this concept to the domain of mind it stands for the art of developing, maintaining, and promoting necessary behavioral, emotional, and social skills to sustain good, effective, and efficient mental health.
• James Drever was a Scottish psychologist and academic. According to him, "Mental hygiene is the investigation of laws of mental health and the taking or advocacy of measures for its prevention."
• Mental hygiene is concerned with the promotion of positive health of individuals in a community by designing and implementing programs that aim at reducing the incidence and prevalence of various mental illnesses. 

Thus, it is concluded that Drever said that 'Mental hygiene means investigation of the laws of mental health and taking of measures for its prevention".

Mental health is a state of mental well-being that involves psychological, social, and emotional health and well-being. Mental health involves how an individual thinks, acts, or feels. 

• Mental health also helps the individual to cope with stressful situations.

Key Points

• A person with good mental health can assess himself or herself
• He/ she can identify any potential risk factors that need to be acknowledged
• He/ she can also identify strengths and weaknesses to utilize them properly and stay healthy
• A mentally healthy person easily accepts reality and lives it.
• Mentally healthy people have high self-confidence
• They understand their worth and live up to it.
• Mentally healthy people are socially active
• A mentally healthy person effectively deals with stressful situations and bounces back when needed

Thus, it can be concluded that all of the above are correct

Mental health is a state of well-being that involves emotional, psychological, and social health and well-being. Mental health affects how an individual thinks, acts, or feels.

• Mental health also helps individuals to deal with stressful situations effectively.

Key Points

• Promoting mental health in the workplace is a highly effective activity to promote mental health.
• Individuals spend the majority of their time in the workplace, hence, promoting mental health in the workplace will be beneficial.
• Community awareness programmes also help promote mental health in the community, schools, homes, etc. 
• Programmes are established for special populations such as people with anxiety, depression and stress. 
• It will also improve their performance in the workplace.
• Personal life will also be balanced and maintained effectively due to effective mental health.
• Promoting mental health in the workplace will intrinsically motivate individuals, which is beneficial for both individuals and companies.
• Maintaining healthy mental health will integrate the mind, body, and environment for effective outcomes.

Additional Information

• Community awareness programs are also an effective initiative in promoting mental health at the community level.

Thus, it can be concluded that promoting mental health in the workplace can be performed to promote mental health.

Mental health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and can make a contribution to his or her community.

Key PointsStrategies for keeping good mental health of students:

• Empathetic behavior of the teacher- The teacher should show acquiring attitude towards the learners and listen to them when they tell about their concerns and viewpoints.
• Motivating students for self-discipline- Teachers should help students develop self-discipline by encouraging them through self-monitoring their own behaviours.
• Organizing guidance program- Teachers can provide guidance on issues that are problematic for the children.

Hence, we conclude that giving excessive homework is not proper for keeping the good mental health of students.

Hint

• Giving excessive homework to children will create a burden on them. Overburdening children with homework results in high-stress levels, physical health issues, and a lack of balance in their life.

Mental development refers to development that enables a child to explore and process information to learn and understand the things around him.

Key Points

• Mental development is a significant aspect of the overall development of a child. It is concerned primarily with how a child starts to understand his\her environment and gain knowledge.
• This area caters to the development of the cognitive abilities of a child, his thought process, memorization, ability to comprehend information, and problem-solving.
• It requires activities that provide an opportunity to utilize the brain in solving problems. For example, activities like treasure hunts allow the child to decipher the codes to solve the puzzle and find the treasure.
• Mental health is a very critical state, especially for a child. Guardians and teachers need to provide an environment where the students can find comfort in terms of emotional security. Only this kind of environment can help in the development of mental abilities.
• It is important to socialize with the child in a positive manner to nurture his cognitive abilities in a developmental way. The child should be clouded with positive thoughts.

Thus, it is concluded that promoting the child's mental development means providing emotional security, socialization, nurturing, and giving affection to the child.

Hint

• Interaction, stimulation, and play: It is a technique mainly used to develop the motor skills of a child.
• Interaction within the community, at health clinics, at school: Such types of interactions are beneficial to develop the social skills of a child.
• Keeping the child safe and free from harm, providing shelter and clothing, preventing and attending to illness: It is a basic requirements for ensuring the overall development of a child. Such an environment is necessary for better upbringing in terms of social, physical, emotional, and mental development.

Mental health is a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community.

Key Points 

Mentally healthy persons possess the following characteristics:

• Ability to adjust: This ability enables them to understand every new situation to adopt themselves and to adjust well. It also helps to develop interpersonal relationships and to deal positively with all.
• Capacity of self-evaluation: This ability makes them able to evaluate themselves from various perspectives.
• Self-confidence: This ability makes them able to accept and trust themselves and makes learners feel very confident in all areas.
• Emotional Maturity:  This ability helps them to inform and communicate moral judgments and decisions.
• Critical thinking: This ability makes them able to analyze information with an objective perspective.
• Decision making: This is an ability that helps them to constructively take decisions by gathering relevant information.
• Acceptance of reality: This is the ability to understand reality and accept it accordingly. 
• Problem-solving: This ability enables them to find constructive solutions to our problems in day-to-day life.

Hence, through mental health, a person can adjust very well.

Mental health is not just the absence of negatives (psychopathology or symptoms of illness), but the presence of positives. To further elaborate, mental health is conceptualized as a multifaceted construct. Defining mental health is not very easy as it includes several issues that need to be considered carefully.

Key Points

Signs of Mentally Healthy Person

• Maintain self-esteem, self-confidence and make a person free from excessive anxiety, depression, worry, and disturbing fears.
• Maintain tolerance ability and the ability to accept others, whose beliefs, standards, and tastes differ from the others. 
• Maintaining harmony or balance between the needs, desires, aspirations, and attitudes of the individual with respect to the prevailing conditions in the external environment.
• No mental or personality disorder.
• It is goal-directed behavior.
• Make the person emotionally mature by fulfilling their emotional and social needs.
• Recognize one's own abilities or skills.
• Manage or deal with the pressure of daily life.

Hence, we can conclude that immaturity is not a sign of a mentally healthy person.