Test: Education & Leadership (ICT) - Software Development MCQ

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications. ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audiovisual and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system.

• ICT is an umbrella term that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems, and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning.

Key Points

• ICT can be used as an assessment tool to evaluate students. The term ‘assessment’ in education means the procedure that is used to collect information about the knowledge, attitude, and skills of a learner. There are various ways to carry out assessment: oral, aural, written, and performance-based.
• Online assessment is an ICT-enable evaluation method. Online assessment is the process of conducting a test online to gauge the participants’ learning and mastery over a particular subject.
• An online assessment may be administered with a specific intent, such as ascertaining a candidate’s skills, knowledge, or learning abilities.
• In simple terms, an online assessment is a structured, meticulous evaluation of an individual’s skills, characteristics, knowledge, or expertise. The test is hosted online via modern web-based technologies.
• Online assessments comprise a series of questions that assess multiple aspects of a test-taker and are created based on the job role, level, and competency requirements.

Hence, it could be concluded that Online assessment is an ICT-enable evaluation method.

Additional Information

• Personal interviews: Personal interview is basically a meeting organized by a recruiter in which he evaluates a potential employee for prospective employment. However, this meeting should be considered as a two-way process between the candidate and the interviewer. So, it is not an ICT-enabled evaluation method, rather, it is a meeting to check one's capability.
• Pen and paper tests: It is a written exam (with a pen & paper), as opposed to an exam taken electronically (via computer). So, it is not an ICT-enabled evaluation method.
• A student portfolio is a compilation of academic work and other forms of educational evidence assembled for the purpose of (1) evaluating coursework quality, learning progress, and academic achievement; (2) determining whether students have met learning standards or other academic requirements for courses, grade-level promotion, and graduation; (3) helping students reflect on their academic goals and progress as learners; and (4) creating a lasting archive of academic work products, accomplishments, and other documentation. So, it is not an ICT-enabled evaluation method.

Information and communication technology (ICT) in education is the approach to education that makes use of ICT to assist, improve, and optimize information delivery.Key Points

• Today's children grow up surrounded by technology. Technology is enabling changes in the educational system.
• Through the use of technology, the teacher's role is changed from that of a traditional knowledge provider to that of a facilitator, who guides the student's learning processes and participates in collaborative problem-solving with them.
• Students may still easily access content information right now. More individuals will utilize the internet to find information during the next ten years.
• As a result, the teacher's job will no longer just involve giving pupils knowledge; it will involve guiding them in selecting the relevant information from a bundle of data and becoming a coordinator for them.

The National Policy on ICT in school education (2012) of India defines ICTs as “all devices, tools, content, resources, forums, and services, digital and those that can be converted into or delivered through digital forms, which can be deployed for realizing the goals of teaching-learning, enhancing access to and reach of resources, the building of capacities, as well as management of the educational system”.

Key Points

• ICT promotes high-order thinking and reasoning skills.
• ICT enables the use of innovative educational resources.
• ICT plays a very important role in gathering the attention of the students in one place.
• ICT can provide supportive or facilitative approaches in the classroom.
• ICT can play a major role in promoting pedagogy for the facilitation of effective and efficient learning.
• ICT can be used extensively to help the learner make the sense of the tasks assigned and learn what is required.

Hence, we can conclude that ICT promotes high-order thinking and reasoning skills.

ICT is a broad term, which comprises information technology and communication technology. Information technology includes radio, television, computer and Internet, teleconferencing, and mobile.

• All these information technologies are powered by mainly two types of communication technologies.
• These are satellite-based communication and terrestrial-based communication. 
• Satellite-based communication is the communication, which takes place between sender and receiver through a communication satellite.
• Terrestrial-based communication is the communication, which takes place through a network of transmitters spread across a geographical area, a country, or a state.

Key Points 
ICT: Communicating information effectively by making use of appropriate technology is called information and communication technology (ICT).

• ICTs are defined, as a “diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information.”
• These technologies include computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio and television), telephony, etc.
• Educational technology is concerned with using electronic gadgets such as television, radio, language labs, and various other projected media in the teaching-learning process.
• Teachers can use numerous ICT technologies to make teaching-learning more successful, hence embracing blended teaching-learning.
• The availability of the internet allows for virtual learning and is the main tool used in online learning.

Thus, it can be inferred that Textbook learning is not commonly used in ICT mode.

ICT is a broad and inclusive phrase that encompasses both information and communication technology.

Key Points

• ICT has the potential to help teachers and students achieve a variety of goals in the learning process.
• ICT in education is the use of information and communication technology to assist, enhance, and optimise the transmission of information. 
• It has been found in studies ICT can increase student learning and teaching approaches.
• Teachers have long used multimedia as a teaching-learning tool because it provides the opportunities to listen, watch, and work in a computer-mediated environment.
• The use of sound, images, and video allows the viewer to experience real-world scenarios. 

Therefore, Video clippings are an ICT-enabled teaching aid. 

Additional Information

• The use of multimedia in teaching has become more popular in recent years.
• It has the potential to be engaging, interesting, and motivating, as well as assist students in achieving learning objectives in novel ways. 

Key Points

• ICT has also become integral to the teaching-learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other devices for learning during class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where students watch lectures at home on the computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises.
• Teachers need specific professional development opportunities in order to increase their ability to use ICT for formative learning assessments, individualized instruction, accessing online resources, and fostering student interaction and collaboration.
• In many ways, ICT has become a part of children's everyday lives, even in preschools. The computer has now become a common tool for the education of preschool children because when used appropriately, it can reinforce their learning experiences.

It can be concluded that clear instructions are important in ICT-supported teaching-learning strategies.

The term Information Communication Technology (ICT)  refers to all devices, networking components, applications, and systems that combined allow people to interact in the digital world.

Key Points

• It consists of all components related to computer and digital technologies.
• It consists of a communication system such as radio, television, etc.
• Components, such as computers and telephones, have existed for decades whereas smartphones, digital TVs, and robots, are more recent entries. 
• Tesla automotive is an automobile company that has no link with communication technology.

Hence, we can conclude that option 1 is the correct answer to this question.

Important Points

• Information and communication technology (ICT) has brought new possibilities to the classroom.
• Internet and interactive multimedia are of great significance for teaching.
• It needs to be effectively integrated into the formal classroom activities for enriching the content and quality of teaching and learning.

Communicating information effectively by making use of appropriate technology is called Information and Communication Technology (ICT).

• It is an umbrella term that includes many communication devices such as radio, television, cellular phones, computers and network, satellite systems and so on.
• It is defined, as a “diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information."

Important Points

Two objectives of ICT are:

• To establish smart schools
  • ICT allows schools to use advanced technology and equipment in classrooms to give students a better learning experience.
  • These schools use gadgets such as laptops, teaching screens, and projectors to add a visual effect to learning.
• To increase the capacity of teachers
  • The concept of capacity building in education includes various aspects ranging from training teachers, developing the digital contents, implementing basic ICT infrastructure (computers and networking) and putting in place well-designed local ICT policies.
  • It helps teachers to interact with students.
  • It helps them in preparing their teaching, provide feedback.

Thus, it is clear that the objective of ICT is to establish smart schools and to increase the capacity of teachers.

Additional Information

Advantages of using ICT in education: 

• It is of great use in achieving various objectives of the teaching-learning process.
• It provides correct information in a comprehensive manner with different examples.
• It helps learners to broaden their information base.
• It provides variety in the presentation of content, which helps learners to learn according to their own pace.
• It helps in better understanding and long retention of information.

Information and communication technology (ICT) refers to the use of electronic technology to send save, create, display, share or exchange information. Radio, television, video, DVD, satellite systems, computers, etc. are included in the ICT technologies.

• The tools of ICT are not a single technology but a combination of hardware, software, multimedia, and delivery systems. It may be in the form of audio, visual, and audio-visual. 

Key Point

Advantages of ICT Tools:

• Cost efficient - ICT tools are cost efficient as sending an email is cheaper than phone calls. ICT has also helped to automate business practices, thus restructuring businesses to make them exceptionally cost-effective. ICT tools make availability of free e-contents.
• ICT as Auido-Visual aid - A teacher can use ICT tools as teaching aids to stimulate the interest of students in learning. For example, a teacher who is going to introduce adjectives to class Ist students. He can use graphics, visual presentation, and audio-visual aids to make classroom learning interesting.
• Direct classroom learning: ICT tools are used in direct classroom learning as these tools shift the learning from solitary learning to learning with others. It makes learning more active in nature as there is direct interaction of the learner with ICT tools. It places the learner at the center and encourages collaborative learning in the classroom.

Hint

• Reliance on technology: Errors can be caused by over-reliance on and trust in technology’s proper function. Technology can occasionally malfunction, misdirect users, or give incorrect information or recommendations that result in users changing a previously correct decision or following a pathway that leads to error. Over-reliance on technology can result in serious consequences.

Hence, it is clear that reliance on technology is not an advantage of ICT tools.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is defined as a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.

Key Points

Disadvantages of ICT:

• Not accessible everywhere- The majority of people may not be able to afford the handsets, mobile time, or data packages required to utilize mobile internet, even if they live in an area with service. And even when people can afford technology and connections, it can not be accessible due to language barriers, a lack of digital literacy, or other issues. 
• Impact on children- Social media have good and bad information. Children may tempt to open bad information. It may open up doors for the exploitation and abuse of children through the usage of ICTs. Since parental supervision and monitoring are limited, children can readily interact with strangers and exchange enormous data files.
• Risk of privacy- Information technology may have accelerated, sped up, and enhanced communication, but it has also raised privacy issues. Individuals are becoming more anxious that e-mail hacking and mobile phone signal surveillance could cause their formerly private information to become public knowledge. Aside from these problems, a few other hazards that could affect our daily lives include computer worms, trojan horses, malware, spam, and phishing.

Hence, we conclude that all the options are the backdrop of ICT except that "it is not very useful to children with special needs as technology is not very developed".

Hint

• Information and communication technologies (ICT), when made accessible and available, enable children with special needs to fully and effectively engage, on an equal basis, in all facets of society and development.

ICT (Information and communication technology) mediated teaching-learning refers to instruction via a technological channel such as television, radio or a computer.

• It creates learning as the ability to retain, synthesize, and apply conceptually complex information in meaningful ways. It encourages learning by doing. It enhances the learning environment and requires students to develop critical thinking research and evaluation skills.

Key Points

Dillemans, et. al. (1998) have identified six basic dimensions of an ICT-mediated teaching learning-

1. Information modality: This dimension refers to the ability of the available technology in an ICT-mediated teaching-learning environment to transmit verbal and nonverbal information.
2. Linearity: This dimension talks about the technologies which can be used to transmit information in a linear as well as nonlinear way in the environment.
3. Type of interaction: An effective ICT-mediated teaching-learning environment facilitates all types of interactions human-human as well as human-machine interaction.
4. Number of participants: As per the availability of resources in an ICT-mediated teaching-learning environment, the number of participants in a session is also an important issue. It depends upon the technology in the institution as well as learners and teachers. Their interaction through ICT-mediated teaching learning can be one alone, one to many, and many to many.
5. Time/place dependency: It talks about the ability of the technology to transmit information at different times and places. It may be synchronous or asynchronous or both
6. Immediacy: In an ICT-mediated teaching-learning environment, the amount of time for sending a message and getting a response to this message is improving day by day with advancements in technologies and their convergence.

Hence, we conclude that according to Dillemans, et. al., there are six dimensions of an ICT-mediated teaching-learning environment.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is defined as a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.

Key PointsAdvantages of ICT-

• It promotes multi-sensory learning that engages more than one sense at a time. The lessons can be presented to the students in a variety of methods that will best engage them in the material and excite their brains.
• Information and communication technologies (ICT), when made accessible and available, enable children with disabilities to fully and effectively engage, on an equal basis, in all facets of society and development.
• It allows students and teachers to access information (books, articles, blogs, etc.). Students can learn about their subjects by watching videos, pictures, and listening to audio content.

Hence, it is clear that ICT increases the communication gap between children and parents.

Hint

• ICT has increased the communication gap between child and parent as they become engrossed in various forms of technology, there may be less time for face-to-face interaction and developing close bonds among family members.

ICT in Research:

• Researchers mainly use ICT tools for its ability to ease the knowledge-gathering process and to enhance resource development.

Generally, ICT tools help researchers in the following research-related tasks:

• identify appropriate information sources
• critically analyze information
• research effectively
• manage information
• use the information to extend and communicate knowledge across subject fields
• search up to ten databases and electronic resources simultaneously
• receive results in a common format
• link to individual databases for more specialized searching
• Communicate findings
• select favourite resources and e-journals, save searches and records, and set up email alerts.

Additional Information

• Information and Communication Technology (ICT) refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications.
• ICT is an important tool in research as it speeds up research work.
• It helps to increase knowledge contribution within the research community.

Thus, it can be concluded that option 2 is the correct answer.

IT and ICTs are very often interchangeably used in the context of modern technology infrastructure. ICT is a broad and comprehensive term, which comprises information technology and communication technology. Information technology includes radio, television, computer and internet, teleconferencing and mobile technology.

Key Points

• All these information technologies have mainly two types of communication technologies.
  • Satellite based communication and
  • Terrestrial based communication.
• Satellite based communication is the communication, which takes place between sender and receiver through a communication satellite whereas terrestrial based communication is the communication, which takes place through a network of transmitters spread across a geographical area, a country, or a state.
• This type of communication is used in the transmission of radio and television in India.
• However, with the launch of a series of satellites by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), satellite based communication is being used for telecommunication.

Important Points

• Communicating information effectively by making use of appropriate technology is called information and communication technology (ICT).
• In all, ICT is an umbrella term that includes many communication devices such as radio, television, cellular phones, computers and network, satellite systems and so on.
• ICTs are defined, as a “diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, and to create, disseminate, store, and manage information.

Information and communication technology (ICT) refers to the use of electronic technology to send save, create, display, share or exchange information. Radio, television, video, DVD, satellite systems, computers, etc. are included in the ICT technologies.

• The tools of ICT are not a single technology but a combination of hardware, software, multimedia, and delivery systems. It may be in the form of audio, visual, and audio-visual. 

Key Point

Advantages of ICT Tools:

• Cost efficient - ICT tools are cost efficient as sending an email is cheaper than phone calls. ICT has also helped to automate business practices, thus restructuring businesses to make them exceptionally cost-effective. ICT tools make availability of free e-contents.
• ICT as Auido-Visual aid - A teacher can use ICT tools as teaching aids to stimulate the interest of students in learning. For example, a teacher who is going to introduce adjectives to class Ist students. He can use graphics, visual presentation, and audio-visual aids to make classroom learning interesting.
• Direct classroom learning: ICT tools are used in direct classroom learning as these tools shift the learning from solitary learning to learning with others. It makes learning more active in nature as there is direct interaction of the learner with ICT tools. It places the learner at the center and encourages collaborative learning in the classroom.

Hint

• Reliance on technology: Errors can be caused by over-reliance on and trust in technology’s proper function. Technology can occasionally malfunction, misdirect users, or give incorrect information or recommendations that result in users changing a previously correct decision or following a pathway that leads to error. Over-reliance on technology can result in serious consequences.

Hence, it is clear that reliance on technology is not an advantage of ICT tools.

Information and Communication Technology(ICT) is defined as a diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information.

Key Points

Role of ICT in Learning:

• ICT promotes the learner-centric curriculum approach by supporting the learners' needs and capabilities while promoting creative and critical thinking. 
• It fulfills the gaps between teaching and learning by promoting modern approaches such as multi-sensory learning that engages more than one sense at a time.
• The lessons can be presented to the students in a variety of methods that will best engage them in the material and excite their brains and ultimately enhances their teaching-learning experience.
• Information and communication technologies (ICT), when made accessible and available, enable children with disabilities to fully and effectively engage, on an equal basis, in all facets of society and development.
• It allows students and teachers to access information (books, articles, blogs, etc.). Students can learn about their subjects by watching videos, pictures, and listening to audio content.

Hence, it is clear that the role of ICT as a support and learning school management does not include the traditional approach through the medium of ICT.

Key Points

• ICT has also become integral to the teaching-learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other devices for learning during class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where students watch lectures at home on the computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises.
• Teachers need specific professional development opportunities in order to increase their ability to use ICT for formative learning assessments, individualized instruction, accessing online resources, and fostering student interaction and collaboration.
• In many ways, ICT has become a part of children's everyday lives, even in preschools. The computer has now become a common tool for the education of preschool children because when used appropriately, it can reinforce their learning experiences.

It can be concluded that clear instructions are important in ICT-supported teaching-learning strategies.

The advent of ICT in education has resulted in the utilization of a number of varied technologies in education and training. These technologies are:

Teleconferencing:

• This method propagates meeting through telecommunication.
• Audio and video conferences, computer and web-based conferences are some of the types of teleconferencing methods available.
• The main advantages of this method of interactive communication is that it saves time, less expensive, caters to large audiences, allows flexibility and accessibility.
• It becomes easier to teach children in remote locations.
• Centralized teaching and real-time learning are also the advantages of teleconferencing.

Emailing: It is a means of exchanging information electronically. It can be used as a way of communication between the instructors and students.

Blogging: It is an online journal where thoughts and ideas about a subject can be shared with the readers. It can be used as an educational tool to foster a community of l

Planning for the effective use of ICTs in education necessitates understanding the potential of technology to meet different educational objectives and, consequently, deciding which of these objectives to pursue.

• This decision affects the choice of technologies and the modalities of use.

Key Points

Following are the four objectives that may be enhanced by ICTs:

1. expanding access to all levels of education;
2. improving the quality of education;
3. enhancing lifelong learning; and
4. facilitating nonformal education

Hence, we can conclude that all of the above are the objectives of ICT.

The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. 

Key Point

The advantage of the internet to a teacher:

1. Access to more information: the internet is a repository of information. A teacher can explore knowledge through using this facility
2. Update knowledge: For a teacher, it is more desirable to deliver updated knowledge. Internet is the only source to get fresh and updated information at a faster rate.
3. Bridge the communication gaps: the internet helps to overcome communication in the classroom and also outside the class
4. Convenience and flexibility: they can adopt different teaching-learning styles and reduce suffering from test anxiety or have difficulty concentrating in a busy classroom.

Important Points

The other advantages of the internet in education are:

• Provide education in remote areas
• Widen the area of knowledge
• Provide a cost-friendly system
• Facilitate more than one course through ODL
• Increase the interest of students in higher education
• Provide free and easily accessible study materials, etc.

Therefore, the advantage of the internet to a teacher is he can update his knowledge and enrich it.