Test: Education & Leadership (Inclusive Education) - Software Development MCQ

Inclusive Education means education for all children in school as It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

Key Points 

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive education improves the quality and making provisions of education for all. Inclusive education welcomes and celebrates diversity.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Important Points 

Benefits of Inclusive Education include:

• Developing moral and ethical principles.
• Increasing communication and social skills.
• Increasing acceptance and appreciation of diversity.
• Fostering the potential of every child to grow and bloom.
• Addressing the diverse learning needs of every student.
• Valuing all learners equally and encouraging them to learn.
• Removing discrimination and providing adequate resources.
• Making adequate seating arrangements as per the child's requirement.

Hence, it could be concluded that at present the emphasis is on inclusive education. The objective behind inclusive education is Emphasis on Education of all Categories of learners.

Additional Information 

Basic Principles of Inclusive Education:

• Well constructed educational plan.
• Use of multilingualism as a resource.
• Equity and equal opportunities for all.
• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.
• Sensitization towards individual differences.

Inclusion in education means education for all children in school as it refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

Key Points 

Basic Principles of Inclusive Education:

• Well constructed educational plan.
• Use of multilingualism as a resource.
• Equity and equal opportunities for all.
• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.
• Sensitization towards individual differences.

So we can consider that equality is the main characteristic of inclusive education.

Hint

• Stereotyping is a process by which children are socialized into sex roles, and by which adults and children are denied opportunities for more individually varied development.
• Labeling the students and providing them special education is not a perfect way to cure misconceptions, labeling may hurt the feelings of the students, and according to the RTE- 2009,  students of all categories should learn under the same roof, i.e. inclusive education.

Important Points  

In Inclusive education the main objectives are- 

• flexibility in learning.
• Creating an environment in which the child can learn with diversity, not creating a special environment for learning.
• Equitable education for all, including challenging children.
• Emphasis on their learning to read instead of emphasizing teaching.
• To use different teaching methods according to the needs of each student, so that every child can have access to the knowledge.

Inclusive Education means education for all children in school as It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive education improves the quality and making provisions of education for all.
• Inclusive education welcomes and celebrates diversity.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Important Point 

In the above scenario given in the question, the best scenario reflecting inclusive education is Kanika who is a visually impaired child got admission to regular school. The other options like:

• Rubi Singh motivate the parents of the hearing-impaired child to admit him to school especially constructed for them (Special education)
• Manu is neglecting the needs of children and teach as per wish, she has not followed the inclusion in the classroom.
• Janeen while teaching takes the visually impaired kids to a different room for their facilitation. (Integrating education)

Key Points

Basic Principles of Inclusive Education:

• Equity and equal opportunities for all.
• Well constructed educational plan.
• Use of multilingualism as a resource.
• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.
• Sensitization towards individual differences.

Hence, we can conclude that the best scenario for inclusive education is that Kanika, a visually impaired child got admission to regular school.

A "person with a disability" is a person who, in the presence of other obstacles, has a long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairment that prohibits him from completely and fairly participating in society.

Key Points

• The Right of Persons with Disability  Act, 2016  places responsibility for ensuring PWDs have equal rights on the relevant governments.
• The number of disability categories has grown from 7 to 21. More disability categories may be added at the discretion of the central government.
• Of 21 disabilities one disability is Blindness.

Blindness is defined as the absolute lack of sight after best correction:

• Visual acuity of less than 3/60 or less than 10/200 (Snellen) in the better eye with the best feasible correction
• Or a field of vision that is limited to an angle of less than 10 degrees.

Hence, it can be concluded that according to RPWD 2016, Visual acuity is less than 10/200(Snellen) in the better eye is the condition that suited for blindness.

The Government of India has implemented various policies such as the Right to Education Act, Persons with Disability Act, to ensure the inclusion of a person suffering from disability in the schooling system and the society at large.

The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD Act), 2016

• Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) 2016 has replaced the existing PWD Act, 1995.
• In this Act, disability has been defined based on an evolving and dynamic concept.
• The types of disabilities have been increased to 21 and the Central Govt has the power to add more types of disabilities.
• The 21 disabilities are given below: -

1. Blindness
2. Low-vision
3. Leprosy Cured Persons
4. Hearing Impairment (deaf and hard of hearing)
5. Locomotor Disability
6. Dwarfism
7. Intellectual Disability
8. Mental Illness
9. Autism Spectrum Disorder
10. Cerebral Palsy
11. Muscular Dystrophy
12. Chronic Neurological Conditions
13. Specific Learning Disability
14. Multiple Sclerosis
15. Speech and Language Disability
16. Thalassemia
17. Hemophilia
18. Sickle Cell Disease
19. Multiple Disabilities including Deaf-Blindness
20. Acid Attack Victims
21. Parkinson’s Disease

​​Hence, it can be concluded that all are included in the RPWD Act, 2016. 

The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPwD) 2016 has included Learning Disabilities and defines the condition as follows:

• ‘specific learning disabilities" means a heterogeneous group of conditions wherein there is a deficit in processing language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself as a difficulty to comprehend, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations and includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, dyspraxia, and developmental aphasia’

Key Points​Dysgraphia: Dysgraphia is a writing disability. There are many signs which will indicate that the learner may have dysgraphia.

For example, a learner with dysgraphia may:

• have difficulty in writing correct spellings
• show poor spatial planning on paper (misuse of lines and margins) mix uppercase and lowercase letters
• have trouble forming letters (inconsistent form and size)
• have trouble writing on lines have difficulty organizing ideas
• have trouble thinking and writing at the same time

Additional Information

Dyslexia: Dyslexia is characterized by trouble reading. It may also be referred to as a reading disability. There are many signs which would indicate that the learner may have dyslexia.

For example, a learner with dyslexia may:

• have difficulty in reading words, writing words, or spelling words
• have trouble speaking, for e.g. they can read a text slowly but not quickly
• have trouble recalling familiar words
• shows disparity between listening and reading comprehension of text

Dyspraxia: It is a type of learning disability associated with motor skill development, especially fine motor skills. Dyspraxia means that movement and coordination are affected. It is a motor planning disorder, not a muscular deficit.

Dyscalculia: Dyscalculia is a mathematical disability. In this disability, the learner has difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics. There are many signs which would indicate that the learner may have dyscalculia. For example, learners with dyscalculia may:

• have trouble in counting have trouble arranging the things in order or sequence shows the difficulty in understanding fractions
• Does not understand how to use steps in a mathematical operation
• have trouble understanding concepts of quantity, place value, and positive and negative values have trouble understanding the concepts of months, weeks, days, etc.
• have trouble adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing.

Thus, Dysgraphia's learning disability directly affects the ability to write coherently.

The term inclusive means including or involving. It means involving all the children with disabilities, different castes, creeds, religions, social, economic, or cultural backgrounds in one classroom. Inclusion celebrates the disability in a classroom. 

Key Points

• In inclusion, all the children are brought into the mainstream. 
• The education system will make suitable modifications to suit the needs of children of various diversities. 
• Students in an inclusive school or classroom should be provided with all the adaptations, and resources as per their needs of students. 
• The aim of inclusive education is to make students independent or self-reliant. 
• It is very important for social integration of the society which means bringing society together through inclusive education. 
• It involves children without segregation of children with disabilities, children who are socially, economically, culturally, and linguistically disadvantaged.

Hence, it can be concluded that providing equal opportunities to every student irrespective of their disability, caste, and creed. 

Inclusive Education means education for all children in school. It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

Key Points

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive education improves the quality and making provisions of education for all. It seeks to maximize the potential of all students.
• Inclusive education is a continuous process, not an achieved state or product. It welcomes and celebrates diversity.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.
• It is the shift in service from the care of disabled children to their education and personal development.

Additional Information 

Basic Principles of Inclusive Education:

• Equity and equal opportunities for all.

• Well constructed educational plan.

• Use of multilingualism as a resource.

• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.

• Sensitization towards individual differences.

Hence, we can conclude it enhances learning only for students with special needs, is not a characteristic of inclusive education

Disability: A disability is defined as any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.

Key Points Intellectual disability: A condition characterized by significant limitation both in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem solving) and in adaptive behavior which covers a range of every day, social and practical skills, including –

1. “specific learning disabilities” means a heterogeneous group of conditions wherein there is a deficit in processing language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself as a difficulty to comprehend, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations and includes such conditions as perceptual disabilities, dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, dyspraxia and developmental aphasia;
2. “autism spectrum disorder” means a neuro-developmental condition typically appearing in the first three years of life that significantly affects a person’s ability to communicate, understand relationships and relate to others, and is frequently associated with unusual or stereotypical rituals or behaviours.

Thus, the option - it does not include Autistic Spectrum Disorder is not true about Intellectual Disability.

Additional InformationThe Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016  makes five broad categories of disabilities. Under each of these categories various disabilities are further described. The Act has made a provision to include any other category as may be notified by the Government of India. This Act defines disability as follows:

1) Physical disability

• Locomotor disability
• Visual impairment
• Hearing impairment
• Speech and language disability

2) Intellectual disability

• specific learning disabilities
• autism spectrum disorder

3) Mental behavior

4)Disability caused due to:

• chronic neurological conditions
• blood disorder

5) Multiple disabilities 

Inclusive Education means education for all children (General and specific students) in school. It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive education improves the quality and making provisions of education for all.
• Inclusive education welcomes and celebrates diversity.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Additional Information

Basic Principles of Inclusive Education:

• Equity and equal opportunities for all.

• Well constructed educational plan.

• Use of multilingualism as a resource.

• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.

• Sensitization towards individual differences.

Hence, it could be concluded inclusive education refers to learning opportunity with rights for all category of learners.

Visual impairment for children with poor vision, children who can see light but no shapes, to children who have no perception of light at all. However, for general discussion, it is useful to think of this population as representing two broad groups: those with low vision and those who are legally blind.

Key Points

• ​A child is termed legally blind when its visual acuity (sharpness of vision) is 20/200 or worse after correction, or when the field of vision is less than 20 degrees; in the best eye after correction.
• Low vision includes problems (after correction) such as dimness of vision, haziness, film over the eye, foggy vision, extreme near- or farsightedness, distortion of vision, spots before the eyes, colour distortions, visual field defects, tunnel vision, no peripheral vision, abnormal sensitivity to light or glare, and night blindness.
• Visually impaired children can be classified as Children with poor vision and Such children who can see light but cannot see shapes.

​Hence, we can conclude that Both I and II are the correct statement regarding the visually impaired.

Hearing loss is the inability of an individual to hear sounds adequately. Hearing loss is damage to the outer or middle ear that interferes with sound waves reaching the cochlea.

Key Points

• Hearing impairment in the child may result due to various birth complications.
• Infectious diseases such as measles, meningitis, mumps, diphtheria, whooping cough, pneumonia, etc. may cause hearing impairment. Head injury, and high fever with convulsions are some other causes of deafness.
• Hearing impairment may also be caused by certain medications. It is well documented that certain antibiotics have side effects including 1 hearing loss, even though these drugs are used as life-saving drugs. 
• Hearing loss is damage to the outer or middle ear that interferes with sound waves reaching the cochlea is related to the operator.

Hence, we can conclude that Only I is the correct statement.

The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 is the disability legislation passed by the Indian Parliament to fulfill its obligation to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which India ratified in 2007.

Key Points

• The RPWD Act, 2016 provides that “the appropriate Government shall ensure that the PWD enjoy the right to equality, life with dignity, and respect for his or her integrity equally with others.” The Government is to take steps to utilize the capacity of the PWD by providing an appropriate environment.
• The acts encourage the government to establish more special schools for disabled persons.
• The Act replaced the existing Persons With Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995.
• These acts mandated the government to build and equipped all its offices with Ramp and disabled persons friendly.

Hence, we can conclude that Only । is not correct about the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act.

A child has special educational needs if they have a learning problem or disability that makes it more difficult for them to learn than most children their age.

Key Points Children with special needs include -

• Physical Impairment - Children with physical disabilities may have locomotor problems that are related to muscles and joints of the body which affect the mobility of limbs and extremities.
•  Hearing disability - Students with hearing disabilities have difficulty listening. It includes children with mild hearing loss or complete loss of hearing called deafness.
•  Speech Impairment - This can range from problems with articulation or loudness to complete loss of voice. It can be caused due to deafness.
• Visual Impairment - It includes children who have a visual disability. They cannot read the usual text and may need some learning aids, such as braille in case of blindness.

Hence we conclude that Deafness is the extreme inability to discriminate conversational speech through the ear.

Inclusive Education means education for all children (General and specific students) in school. It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

Key Points

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive education requires that schools should be free from the effects of negative forms of discrimination.
• Inclusive education improves the quality and makes provisions of education for all.
• Inclusive education welcomes and celebrates diversity.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Hence, we can conclude that inclusive education requires that schools should be free from the effects of negative forms of discrimination.

Inclusion is one of the major challenges facing the education system worldwide set within the overall framework of Education for all. The aim is the development of schools that can respond to students’ diversity focusing in particular on groups of students that are vulnerable to marginalization, exclusion, and underachievement.

Key Points

•  Inclusive education means creating effective classrooms where the educational needs of all children are addressed irrespective of ability or disability.
•  The planning for inclusive education should be followed by implementation.
• It’s an approach that seeks to address the learning needs of all children, youth, and adults with a specific focus on those who are vulnerable to marginalization and exclusion.
• The school environment changes, and the curriculum changes to accommodate the needs of all children irrespective of caste, creed, religion degree of disability, or ability. 
• With regard to social and educational implications, we must also understand the terms mainstreaming, integration, and inclusion.
• Inclusive education is when regular schools are equipped to meet educational needs.      

Thus, it is concluded that the planning for inclusive education should be followed by implementation.

Inclusive Education is an approach to educate all children who are at risk for neglect in the education system. It expects that all learners learn together through access to common educational provisions.

Key PointsFeatures of inclusive education-

• Emphasis here is on providing support to every child to participate in the ongoing classroom activities. 
• It celebrates unity in diversity rather than segregating children on the basis of their social, economic, and linguistic background.
• The education system will make suitable modifications to suit the needs of children.
• All the required support will be made available to the students in the regular classroom.
• It follows the principle that 'Segregation is against the law of nature'. The Sun has no restriction on giving its heat and light, the wind never says no to anybody on this earth. Nature provides equal opportunities for its members to develop to their fullest abilities without any discrimination.

Hence, we conclude that the concept of inclusive education excludes the segregation of children on the basis of their background.

Inclusion expresses commitment to educate each child, to the maximum extent appropriate, in the school and classroom he/she would otherwise attend. It involves bringing the support services to the child (rather than moving the child to the services) and requires only that the child will benefit from being in the class (rather than having to keep up with the other students) proponents of inclusion generally favour newer forms of education service delivery. Key Points

• It supports civil rights because RTE act clarifies that the act includes disabled children, who are also entitled to free and compulsory
  education from 6-14 years age group. This law says that placement of special need children in general classrooms is a civil right.
• Inclusion also promotes real acceptance- that is powered not by feelings of rejection or pity or overprotection but by an understanding them as equals with slightly different needs. For example you can help a child in wheel chair to participate in sports by pushing his/her wheel chair to the sports ground and you can also include him/her to be a refree or score-keeper; in games like football, cricket and also as referee or any other role like line-man, cheer leaders, etc.
• It ameliorates learning experiences because it is concerned with overcoming barriers to participations that may be experienced by any student; it is a never ending process dependent on continuous pedagogical and organizational development with the main stream.

​Hence, it can be concluded that the point "It makes differences more "different" is the incorrect statement about the importance of "Inclusive Education".

Diversity in literary terms means differences. The term diversity, when used in discourse related to people or communities or in social contexts is more specific, indicates that a group of people is made up of individuals who are different from each other in some way or the other or it means collective differences among people, that is, those differences which mark off one group of people from another.

• For example, differences in culture, language, gender, appearance (e.g. skin color, hair type) lifestyle, social and economic status, family structure, abilities, (e.g. physical, social, creative, and intellectual), values, and beliefs.

Key Points 

• Social inclusion refers to a process by which efforts are made to ensure equal opportunities for all, regardless of their background, be it money, class, ethnicity, gender, race, or whatever the index of diversity be, to enable full and active participation in all aspects of life, including civic, social, economic, and political activities, as well as participation in decision-making processes.
• Social inclusion can be approached as a goal, an objective, and a process. Its process affects almost all societal activities, and should therefore be approached from various dimensions.
• If a society is inclusive it means that it understands, accepts, and respects diversity, it not only recognizes diversity but also embodies it so that each member of the diverse society can achieve their full potential in life.

Thus, it is concluded that Social inclusion is a process by which efforts are made to ensure equal opportunities for all, regardless of their background.

Hint

• ​Social exclusion or social marginalization is a term used across disciplines including education, sociology, psychology, politics, and economics. Because of social exclusion, the affected individuals or communities are prevented from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live.

The persons, whose physical, sensory, or mental activities are restricted permanently due to some injury, ailment, (mental/physical), or some kind of deformities developed before birth, are called disabled persons. 

Key Points

• Children with disabilities are at risk for education due to their problems in learning academic skills. Depending on the kind of disability children will face problems in school.
• Extermination refers to the removal of the disabled from the mainstream of the general population through killing, mutilating, burning, exiling, abandoning, or making them vanish from the scene somehow or the other.

Hence, we conclude that the correct answer is extermination.

Additional Information

• Social inclusion refers to a process by which efforts are made to ensure equal opportunities for all, regardless of their background, be it money, class, ethnicity, gender, race, etc.
• Euthanasia is the deliberate killing of an individual in order to end suffering.
• Feticide refers to the act of killing the fetus.